SNIST (EEE Dept.

5. SCOTT CONNECTION
1. AIM: To obtain a balanced two phase supply from 3-phase system by using scott
connection.
2. Name Plate Details :
Main Transformer :
Rating = .. KVA
Primary Volts = V
Secondary Volts = .V
Teaser Transformer:
Rating = .. KVA
Primary Volts = V
Secondary Volts = .V
3.

Apparatus:
Note: Prepare a list of apparatus require based on the name plate details and circuit
diagram in the following format.
S.No
1.
2.
3.

4.

Item
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Variac

Type Range Quantity

Theory:
In order to supply power to power phase electric furnaces, to inter link three phase and
two phase systems, three phase to two phase conversion or vice versa is essential.
The common type of connection used to achieve the above conversion is Scott
Connection. Two single phase transformers of identical rating with suitable tappings
provided on primaries of both are required for this connection.
Transformer A 50% tapping and is called the Main Transformer
Transformer B 86.6% tapping and is called the Teaser Transformer
The voltage across the primary, CO of the Teaser transformer will be 86.6% of the
voltage across the primary AB of a main transformer (Refer to Figure 5.2). The neutral
point of the three phase system will be on the Teaser transformer, such that the voltage
between O & N is 28.8% of the applied voltage. Thus the neutral point divides the Teaser
primary winding, CO in the ratio of 1:2. The phasor diagram of voltages across the
primaries and secondaries has shown in figure 5.1

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SNIST (EEE Dept.)

The voltage across the two secondaries a1a2 and b1b2 should be same in magnitude but
in phase quadrature, which may be verified experimentally by recording the voltage
across the secondaries Va1a2, Vb1b2 and the voltage across a2b2 with a1 and b1 connected
together.
The voltage Va1a2 and Vb1b2 will be in phase quadrature, if the following relationship holds
good between the three voltages.
Va 2b 2 Va1a 2 2 Vb1b2 2

The behaviour of the above circuit can be studies experimentally, at equal loading on the
two secondaries with Upf load (if the two secondaries of main and teaser transformers
carry equal currents, then the current flowing in the primary windings on three phase
side will also be equal).

5. Circuit Diagram:

Fig.5.2 Scott Connection

6.

Procedure:
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SNIST (EEE Dept.)

1.

Connect the circuit diagram as shown in figure 5.2

2.

Ensure that the switches S1 and S2 are open.

3.

Adjust the 3-phase variac for min voltage at its output.

4.

Switch on the AC supplies and apply the rated voltage across the primaries of the
transformers.

5.

Record the voltage V1,V2 and V3 and verify that the output is a balanced two
phase supply

6.

Switch the voltage AC supplies and remove the dotted connected of the two
secondaries and the voltmeter V3. Adjust the variac to minimum output.

7.

Switch on the AC supply again. Adjust the output voltage of the variac as per the
rated voltages of the primaries of the transformers.

8.

Close the switches S1 and S2 to load both the secondaries. Adjust equal loading
conditions also.

9.

Switch off the load from both secondaries and adjust the variac, so that its output
voltages is minimum and then switch off the supply.

7. Test Reading:
For balanced two phase supply
S.No V1(V) V2(V) V3(V)

S.No

(A)m

(A)T

Under loaded conditions

(A)1
(A)2
(A)3

V1(V)

V2(V)

8. Phasor diagram:
Draw phasor diagram to scale for 3-phase as well as 2-phase system
9. Result:
Three phase to two phase conversion is obtained by using Scott connection.
10.

Viva Questions:

I.

How many transformers are needed for scott connection?

2.

Is it possible to obtain 3-Phase balanced system from two-phase system?

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SNIST (EEE Dept.)

3.

Why is it essential that 86.6% tapping must be there in teaser transformer?

4.

What tapping should be available on the main transformer and why?

5.

Comment about the iron losses occurring in main teaser transformers, especially
from the consideration of their inequality?

6.

What is the major field of application of a 2 - Phase ac system which is obtained

from scott connection?

7.

What is the phasor difference between the output voltage of scott connection?

8.

If the load on the two secondaries of scott connected transformers are different,
what will be the position of current in primary windings?

9.

Where is the position of neutral point of 3 -Phase balanced ac system in this

connection?

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SNIST (EEE Dept.)

6. 3-phase of synchronous motor

1. AIM:

To draw 'V' curves and inverted 'V' curves of a 3 - Phase Synchronous

motor by loading at different loads.

2.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Specifications
Power

3-ph synchronous motor

..Watts

Voltage =

..Volts

Current =

..Amps

Speed =
Excitation:

..rpm
Volts

Voltage

Amps

Current
3.

APPARATUS:
Note: Prepare a list of apparatus required based on the' name plate details and circuit
diagram in the following format.
S.NO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

4.

ITEM
Wattmeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Tachometer
Rheostats

TYPE

RANGE

QUANTITY

THEORY: The variations of the stator current against the field current of a synchronous
motor for a constant mechanical output is called a V-curve. This curve is drawn taking
field current on X-axis and armature current on Y-axis. Inverted V curves are drawn
taking field current on X-axis and power factor on Y-axis.

4.1.

Normal Excitation: The armature current is minimum at a particular value of field

current, which is called the normal field excitation. The operating p.f of the motor is unity
at this excitation and thus the motor is equivalent to a resistive type of load.

4.2.

Under Excitation: A field current below the normal excitation is called excitation. Here
Ia increases and operating p.f. of motor decreases. The power factor is lagging when it is
under excited (equivalent to inductive load).

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SNIST (EEE Dept.)

4.3

Over Excitation: A field current above the normal excitation is called over , excitation.
Here Ia again increases and operating p.f decreases, but it is leading here. Hence the
motor draws leading current.

5.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

6.1 Circuit diagram for V and inverted V curve on 3-phase synchronous motor
6. PROCEDURE
1.

Connect the circuit as shown in figure 6.1.

2.

Switch on the ac supply feeding to 3 - synchronous motor and start the motor using
starter (starter

safe guard the motor from sudden failure of power supply and load).

3.

Ensure that the motor is running on no load.

4.

In this case, field winding is excited .by the excitation unit.

5.

Set the rheostat in the field circuit of the motor to the position of normal excitation
Here armature will draw minimum current from mains. Note down the readings 1 the
meters connected in the circuit.

6.

Reduce the excitation in steps and note down corresponding armature current
& wattmeter readings. If may be reduced till rated Ia flows (Ia

7.

as If

).

Again set back rheostat position for normal excitation, now increase the excitation steps
and note down the readings of all the meters.

8.

Repeat the steps 5, 6 and 7 for full load and half load

9.

Reduce the load on motor and switch off the supply.

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SNIST (EEE Dept.)

7.0 TEST READINGS:

S. No

V(V)

WR (W)

WR (W)

Ir.(A)

Ia.(A)

Cos

8. GRAPHS: Draw graphs of armature current Vs field current and power factor Vs field
current. The graphs should be as shown in figure 6.2

Fig 6.2: V and inverted V curves of synchronous motor

9. PRECAUTIONS:
1. Loose connections are to be avoided.
2. The readings are to be taken without any parallax error. .
3. If the wattmeter show negative reading then reverse the connections of M and L.
10.RESULT: 'V' and inverted 'V' curves of a synchronous motor are drawn to scale by loading
the motor at different loads.
11. VIVA QUESTIONS:
1)

How is the synchronous motor started in this experiment?

2)

What are the basic differences between 3 - induction motor & synchronous
motor.

3)

What is the magnitude of starting torque in 3- p synchronous motor?

4)

What are the various methods of starting of synchronous motor?

5)

What type of load the synchronous motor is equivalent under normal excitation?

6)

What type of load the synchronous motor will operated when under excited?

7)

What type of load the synchronous motor will operate when over excited?

8)

Is it possible to operate a synchronous motor on any other speed than the synchronous

speed?
9)

What is meant by unity power factor compounding curve?

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SNIST (EEE Dept.)

7)

What is the purpose of damper winding?

7. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION

MOTOR
1.

AIM : To determine the equivalent circuit parameters of single phase induction motor

from no-load and blocked rotor test.

1.

NAME PLATE DETAILS :

Specifications
Power

1- Ph Induction motor

..Watts

Voltage =

..Volts

Current =

..Amps

Speed =
Excitation:

..rpm
Volts

Voltage

Amps

Current
3.

APPARATUS:
Note: Prepare a list of apparatus required based on the name plate details and circuit
diagram in the following format.
S.NO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

ITEM
Wattmeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter I
Variac
Tachometer

TYPE

RANGE

QUANTITY

4. THEORY: No-load and blocked rotor tests are performed on 1 - phase induction motor to
determine its parameters of equivalent circuit. Equivalent circuit in figure is drawn on the
basis of double field revolving theory, in which the iron loss component has been
neglected. The motor consists of a stator winding, represented by its resistance Rl and
leakage reactance XI and two imaginary rotors, generally called as forward and backward
rotors. Each rotor has been assigned to the actual rotor values in terms of stator. Exciting
branch has been shown with exciting reactance only (refer to Fig. 7.2), with one-half of
the total magnetizing reactance assigned to each rotor.
If the forward rotor operates at a slip 8, then the backward rotor has a slip of (2-S). The
complete parameters of equivalent circuit can be calculated from the following steps.

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SNIST (EEE Dept.)

I)

Measurement of AC resistance of stator main winding : The DC resistance of main

winding of stator i.e. Rdc is measured by V-I method at full load current. The effective
value of resistance is taken 1.3 times Rdc(Ref.4.4)
a)

Parameters from blockset rotor test : V

SC
The equivalent impedance referred to stator in, ZSC =

I SC

The equivalent resistance RSC from figure 7.3 is given by

R1
WSC

2 2

2
2
I SC

RSC = R1+

R SC R 1 R 12

WSC
2
I SC

Since resistance of main stator minding R 1 in already measured, effective rotor resistance
R2 at line frequency in.
R2 = RSC R1
=

WSC

- R1

2
I SC

From figure 7.3

1 1
X 2
2 2

XSC = X1 +

XSC= X1 + X12

Since the leakage reactances X1 & X2 cant be separated out, it in a common practice to
assume.
X1 =X2
X1=X2= XSC
Where XSC =
b)

2 R2
Z SC
SC

Parameters from No load test:-

At no load power factor is

Cos 0

W0
V0 I 0

No load equivalent impedance is

Z0 = V0 / I0
X 0 Z 0 1 Cos 2 0

X 0 Z 0 Sin 0

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SNIST (EEE Dept.)

From figure 7.2,
Z0 = R0 +jX0

R 12
R

1
4

1 1

j X1 2 X 2 X m

X 0 X1 1 X12 X m
2
since X1 &

X12 are

already known from blocked rotor test, magnetizing reactance, Xm can

be calculated from the above given equation.

5.

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:

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SNIST (EEE Dept.)

Note: 1)
2)

For No load test LPF watt meter to be used.

For Blocked rotor test UPF watt meter to be used.

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SNIST (EEE Dept.)

6.1.

From No-load test Under no-load, motor runs at rated voltage and frequency. s is
extremely small under no-load and then the equivalent circuit can be simplified as
1) Term R2| 2S concerning to forward rotating field becomes quite large and can be treated
as infinite (open circuit of this branch, refer to Fig. 7.2)
2) Term R21 (2(2-S)) reduces to

R21 /4 which is much smaller than Xm/2 and as such

the exciting branch of backward rotating field may be considered to be open as shown in
fibrure 7.2.
7.

PROCEDURE:

7.1.

For NO Load Test:

1.

Connect the circuit diagram as shown in the figure 7.4.

2.

Ensure that the motor is unloaded and the variac is set at zero position

3.

Switch ON the supply and increase the voltage gradually, till the rated voltage is
reached, thus t~e motor runs at rated speed under no load.

4.

Record the readings of all the meters connected in the circuit.

5.

Switch off the supply after reducing the voltage to zero.

7.2 For blocked rotor test :

6)

Change the ranges of all the instruments, which are suited for this test in Fig
7.4.

7)

Block the rotor either by tighteningihe belt or by hand

8)

Switch on the a.c. supply and increase the voltage gradually, so that the current drawn by
the motor under blocked rotor condition is equal to the full load current of the motor.

9)

Record the readings of all the meters connected in the circuit.

10)

Switch off the supply fed to the motor.

11)

Measure the resistance per phase of the stator winding.

8.

TEST READINGS

NO LOAD TEST
S.NO

V0 (V)

I0 (A)

W0 (W)

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SNIST (EEE Dept.)

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
S.NO

VSC (V)

ISC (A)

V (V)

I (A)

WSC (W)

Ra TEST
S.NO

Ra = V/I

9. CALCULATIONS: (Refer to figure 7.1, 7.2 & 7.3)

1
X1
Xm R 2
J 2
2 2S
2

Z f R f JX f
1
1

R2
X 2 Xm

2S 2
2

i)

= ohms

where
Zf = forward impedance

R 12
X1
Xm
J 2
2 2( 2 S)
2

1
1

R2
X
Xm
J 2
2( 2 S)
2
2

ii) Zb = Rb+iXb=

=. ohms

where Zb = backward impedance

iii) Zt = Zf+Zb+Z1 (where Z1=R1+JX1]= ohms
iv) current drawn by the motor at above slip = I1 =V/Zt =. Amps
v) Cos = Rt/Zt
vi) Voltage across forward rotor = Ef = I1 x Zf = .volts
viii) Impedance of the rotor

R1
Z3= 2S2

X1
2

2

1/ 2

=. Ohms

I3 =Ef/Z3 = .. Amps
T = I32 [R2 1 / 2S] in syn - watts
viii) Voltage across backward rotor = Eb = I1 x Zb = . volts

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SNIST (EEE Dept.)

Z5=

R 12

2( 2 S)

X1

2 1/ 2

=. Ohms

I5 = Eb /Z5 =A; T6 = I2 2 [R2 1 / 2 (2-S)] in syn watts

ix) Net torque (T) = Tf Tb syn - watts
Mechanical output Pm= Tnet (1-S) syn watts
P0 = Pm - Friction and windage losses =.. watts
Pi = V I 1 Cos watts
P0
100
=
P
i

10.

GRAPH : Draw a graph of Efficiency Vs Output

11.

RESULT: Efficiency of single phase induction motor is calculated using equivalent

circuit parameters of 1 - phase induction motor.

12. VIVA QUESTIONS :
1)

State the conditions, under which no load test is performed.

2)

Which theory is commonly used for the analysis of induction motor. ?

3)

What is the basis, on which the equivalent circuit of this motor has been
drawn?

4)

What is the slip of forward and backward rotors?

5)

How many windings are provided on the stator of split phase induction
motor

6)

What is the phase displacement in space between the two windings?

7)

How the phase splitting can be increased between the two windings?

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SNIST (EEE Dept.)

8)

At what speed of the motor, starting winding is disconnected from the main
supply?

9)

How is the starting winding disconnected from the supply?

10)

What will happen, if the starting winding is not disconnected during

normal running condition?

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SNIST (EEE Dept.)

8. SLIP TEST
1.

AIM: To measure direct axis and quadrature axis synchronous reactance of synchronous
machine by performing slip test.

2.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Specifications
Voltage

D.C.Shunt motor

Alternator

Current
Speed
Power
Excitation:
Voltage
Current
3. APPARATUS:
Note: Prepare a list of apparatus required based on the name plate details and circuit ~ diagram in
the following format.
S.NO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

ITEM
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Tachometer
Rheostats
Variac

TYPE

RANGE

QUANTITY

4.THEORY:
4.1. Direct axis synchronous reactanc: Xd: Direct axis synchronous reactance of synchronous
machine is given by
Xd =

Open circuit (or excitation ) voltage for a given field current

short circuit current for the same field current

Thus Xd can be determined by performing O.C & S.C test on an alternator.

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SNIST (EEE Dept.)

4.2. Quadrature axis synchronous reactance (Xq.) : For slip test, the machine should be driven
at a speed, slightly less than the synchronous speed, with its field circuit open. 3-phase balanced
reduced voltage at rated frequency is applied to the armature terminals of an alternator. This
voltage is to be adjusted so that the current drawn by the stator winding is fun load current.
Under these conditions of operation, the variation of the current drawn by the stator winding and
no voltage across the field winding is as shown in the figure 8.1.
WAVE FORMS:

These wave forms clearly indicates that these are changing between minimum and max values.
When the crest of the stator mmf wave coincides with the direct axis of the rotating field, the
induced emf in the open field is zero, the voltage across the stator terminals is maximum and
current drawn by stator winding is minimum. Thus the approximate value of he direct-axis
synchronous reactance Xds is given by
Xds = Emax /Imin
When the crest of the stator mmf wave coincides with the quadrature axis of the rotating field,
the induced emf in the open circuit field is maximum, voltage across the stator terminals is
minimum and current drawn by the stator winding is maximum.
Hence = Xqs = Emin /Imax
The most accurate value of quadrature axis synchronous reactance Xq is given by
Xq =(Xqs/Xds) x Xd
= (Emin/Imax x (Imin/Emax) Xd

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SNIST (EEE Dept.)

5.CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

6.
6.

PROCEDURE :
6.1. For O.C. & S.C. Test:
1)

Connect the circuit as shown in figure 8.2

2)

Switch on D.C mains, feeding the D.C motor and the field circuit of an
alternator

3)

Set the speed of the motor and hence the alternator at its rated value by
varying rheostat, R1 provided in the field circuit of the motor.

4)

Note down the D.C voltage of the alternator and the field current, repeat the
process for various values of field current and obtain D. C characteristics.

5)

Set the position of R2 again for minimum possible current in the field circuit of
the alternator.

6)

Short circuit the stator winding of the alternator by an ammeter shown in Fig 8.2

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SNIST (EEE Dept.)

7)

Note down the S.C current and field current, repeat the process till S.C
current becomes equal to full load current and then obtain S.C.C.

6.2. For slip test:

1.

Connect the circuit as shown in figure 8.3.

2.

Ensure that the position of rheostat in the field circ:uit of dc motor is

minimum.

3.

Switch on the dc supply. Adjust the speed of the alternator by varying

the resistance in the field circuit of the motor. Slip should be extremely low,
preferably less than 0.1.

4.

Ensure that the setting of 3-phase variac is at zero position.

5.

Switch on 3-phase ac supply to the stator of an alternator.

6.

Ensure that the direction of rotation of alternator, when run by the dc motor and
when run as a 3-phase induction motor at reduced voltage is the same.

7.

Adjust the voltage applied to \the stator winding till the current in the Stator
winding is approximately full load rated ,value.

8.

Now reduce the speed of the a1ternator gradually and observe the current in

the

stator winding, applied voltage to the stator winding and the induced voltage in
the open field circuit fluctuates from minimum to maximum values which may be
recorded by the meters connected in the circuit.
9.

Adjust the speed so that the swings are maximum.

10.

Reduce the applied voltage to the stator winding of alternator and switch of 3phase AC supply.

11.

Decrease the speed of the DC motor and the switch off DC supply.

7. TEST READINGS;
O.C test
S.No.
V0

8.

S.C.Test
ISC

Imax

Slip test
Imin
Vmax

Vmin

CALCULATIONS:

Direct axis synchronous reactance(Xd) , ( From O.C and S.C test data)
Quadrature axis synchronous reactance (Xq) = (Xqs/Xds) *Xd (from Test Readings)

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SNIST (EEE Dept.)

9.

VIVA QUESTIONS :
1.

Define direct axis synchronous reactance (Xd).

2.

Define quadrature axis synchronous reactance (Xq).

3.

What is the accurate formula for Xq ?

4.

What is normally the range of steady state reactance of large rating

synchronous machine?

5.

Why synchronous machines are built with hiph values of steady state
reactances?

6.

What is the relation..-ship between XIIq , XIq, Xq for a salient pole

synchronous machine without damper winding?

7.

Out of two direct axis reactances, XIId and XId, which one is lesser?

8.

When is the induced emf maximum in the open field circuit?

9.

List the conditions under which slip test is performed?

10.

At what speed, the alternator should be driven during slip test?

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SNIST (EEE Dept.)

9. BRAKE TEST ON THREE PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE

INDUCTION MOTOR
1.

Aim: To perform brake test on three-phase induction motor and plot the performance
curves.

2.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Specifications
Voltage

3 - Phase induction motor

Current
Speed
Power
Excitation:
Voltage
Current
2.

APPARATUS:
Note: Prepare a list of apparatus required based on the name plate details and circuit
diagram in the following format.
S.NO
1.
2.
3.
4.

3.

ITEM
wattmeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Tachometer

TYPE

RANGE

QUANTITY

THEORY: When 3 - phase A.C supply is fed to the stator of an induction motor it
establishes a rotating magnetic field which rotates at synchronous speed. Due to the relative
velocity between the rotating magnetic field and rotor of an induction motor an e.m.f is
induced in the rotor conductors and the torque is developed on the rotor. Therefore the rotor
also starts rotating in the direction of rotating magnetic field to reduce the relative speed.
As the torque depends upon the relative speed between stator field and the rotor, the rotor
adjusts its speed automatically to such a value that .the torque is just sufficient to drive the
shaft against the extemalload and the losses in the motor. The ratio of relative speed to the
synchronous speed is known as slip.
When the load on the shaft is increased, the rotor speed decreases so that the increased
relative velocity develops sufficient torque to drive the shaft against the increased load.

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SNIST (EEE Dept.)

The total losses in the motor includes stator and rotor copper losses, magnetic losses and
mechanical losses. The copper losses are directly proportional to the square of the load
current. The magnetic losses in the rotor are negligible, as the frequency of rotor e.m.f is
very small. The magnetic losses in the stator are constant, as the supply frequency is
constant. The mechanical losses consists of frictional and .windage losses which depends on
the speed of the rotor. As the speed variation of the motor is small, the mechanical losses are
almost constant.

Fig. 9.1: Brake test on 3 - phase induction motor

6.PROCEDURE:
1)

Connect the circuit as shown in figure 9.1.

2)

Ensure that the motor is unloaded and the variac is at zero output
voltage.

3)

Switch on 3 - phase ac mains and start the motor at reduced applied

voltage. Increase the voltage, till it reaches its rated value.

4)

Observe the direction of rotation of the motor. In case it is reverse,

change the phase sequence of the Supply voltage.

5)

Take the readings of all the meters and the speed under no load.

6)

Increase the load on the motor gradually by turning of the hand wheels,
thus tightening the belt. Record the readings of all the meters and the speed at
every setting of the load. Observations may be continued upto the full load current
rating of the motor.

7)

Reduce the load on the motor and finally unload it completely.

44

SNIST (EEE Dept.)

S.No

8)

Stop the motor by switching off the Supply.

9)

Note-down the effective diameter of the brake drum.

7.

TEST READINGS:

Line

Input

W1

W2

S1

S2

Speed

Voltage(V)

Current(A)

(W)

(W)

(Kg)

(Kg)

(rpm)

8.CALCULATIONS:
S.No

Current

Input Power

Torque

Output

Slip

p.f

(A)

(w1 +w2)

(S1~S2) x

Power

S= (Ns-

r x 9.81

.2NT/60

N) /Ns

0/p

(N-m)

(w)

()

I/p

Sample calculations:
Wattmeter reading W1 = .Watts.
W2 = .Watts.
Input to the motor is Wl .Watts
Spring readings are Sl = kgs

and S2= .kgs

Radius of the brake drum r =.. mts

Torque on the shaft = 9.81(S1-S2) r = N-m
Speed of the machine (N) = r.p:m
Output = 2IINT/60 = .. Watts
B.H.P = Output/746 =
Efficiency = (Output / Input) * 100 = .%
8.

GRAPH: Draw graphs of

i)

Efficiency V s Output

ii)

Speed Vs Output

iii)

Torque V s Output

45

SNIST (EEE Dept.)

The above graphs are as shown in .Fig. 9.2

Fig. 9.2 Performance Characteristics of 3- phase Induction Motor 10.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Loose connections are to be avoided.
2. Circuit connections should not be made while power is ON.
3. Readings of the meters must be taken without parallax error.
4. Ensure that there is no load on motor while starting.

11.

RESULT: Brake test on 3- phase induction motor is performed and the above
characteristics are plotted.

12.

VIVA Questions::
1. How is the direction rotation of three phase induction motor reversed?
2. Can the rotor of 3 - phase induction motor reaches its synchronous speed?
3. Why is starter necessary for a three phase induction motor?
4.Explain the effect of change in supply voltage on starting torque?
5. What is the percentage of slip at full load?
6. What is the approximate value of p.f under no load?
7. What will be the efficiencies (approx.) of a large & small size induction
motors when running with full load?
8. Under what condition load test is performed?
9.

Why does the speed falls with increase of load?

10.

Can this experiment be conducted with one wattmeter, if so "how?

11. Why is it essential to start the motor at reduced voltage?

12. For what size of motors DOL starter is preferred?

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SNIST (EEE Dept.)

10. REGULATION OF THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR BY,

ZPF OR POTIER METHOD
1.AIM: To determine the regulation of Alternator by ZPF or potier method.
2.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Specifications
Voltage

DC Shunt motor

Alternator

Current
Speed
Power
Excitation:
Voltage
Current
3.

APPARATUS:

S.No Apparatus
1.
Voltmeter
2.

Ammeter

3.

Tachometer

4.

Rheostats

5.

Variac

6.

Synchronizing switch

4.

Type

Range

Quantity

THEORY: Zero power factor saturation curve method is most reliable for determining

the regulation of alternator because it properly takes the effect of armature leakage reactance
drop and the saturation in to account. The following experimental data is needed to determine the
regulation by this method.
i) Open circuit characteristics at the rated speed of the alternator. (ref to fig 10.4)
ii) Field current corresponding to full load short circuit current. (ref to fig 10.4)
iii) Field current corresponding to full load, rated voltage, zero power factor
(ref to fig 10.4)
iv) AC resistance of the stator winding per phase of the alternator

5.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

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SNIST (EEE Dept.)

10.2 ZPF test on alternator

6.PROCEDURE:
6.1 For O.C and S.C Test
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SNIST (EEE Dept.)

1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure 10.1
2) Switch on DC mains, feeding the DC motor and the field circuit of the alternator
3) Set the speed of the motor and hence the alternator at its rated value by varying rheostat, R 1
provided in the field circuit of the motor.
4) Note down the OC voltage of the alternator and the field current, repeat the process for
various values of field current and obtain OC characteristics.
5) Set the position of R2 again for minimum possible current in the field circuit of the
alternator.
6) Short circuit the stator winding of the alternator by closing the switch provided for this
purpose in the circuit diagram.
7) Note down the SC current and field current, repeat the process till SC current becomes equal
to full load current and obtain S.C.C.
8) Measure DC resistance of the stator winding by usual voltmeter-ammeter. To obtain AC
resistance = 1.3 Rdc may be used (refer to Fig 10.3)
6.2 For ZPF Method:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 10.2
2) Ensure that the alternator is on no-load
3) Switch on the DC supply and start the motor.
4) Obtain the rated speed by varying R1 in field of the motor.
5) Switch on the dc supply to the field of alternator and adjust the field current, so that the
generated voltage of alternator is equal to bus-bar voltage.
6) Synchronize the alternator output with supply and then take the readings of If, Ia and V.
7) Repeat the experiment for different voltage settings of the alternator obtain ZPF
characteristic.

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SNIST (EEE Dept.)

7.TEST READINGS:
O.C.TEST
S.NO

O.C.VOLAGE (V) Volts

FIELD CURRENT (I) Amps

S.C.TEST
S.NO

S.C.CURRENT (I) Amps

FIELD CURRENT (I) Amps

O.C.TEST
S.NO

O.C.VOLAGE (V) Volts

FIELD CURRENT (I) Amps

ZPF TEST
VOLTAGE

ARMATURE CURRENT

(V) Volts

(Ia FULL LOAD) Amps

FIELD CURRENT (I) Amps

Ra TEST
VOLTAGE

CURRENT(I) Amps

RESISTANCE (V/I) Ohms

(V) Volts

8.

CALCULATIONS:
1.

Draw OCC & ZPF for a common field current base.

2.

Take V as reference.

3.

Ia is drawn at appropriate assumed power factor angle.

4.

Determine the armature leakage reactance ( xal ) and Fa from potier triangle

5.

Determine the air gap voltage E by the relation E V I a (ra+ jxal)

6.

According to the magnitude of E, obtain Fr from o.c. and draw its leading E by 900.

7.

Draw Fa in a phase with Ia, and Find F as shown in figure.

8.

Corresponding to F, excitation voltage E0 is recorded from o.c.c. and voltage regulation

is obtained using the formula

% regulation = V E0 / V 100

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SNIST (EEE Dept.)

Figure 10.5 Phasor Diagram

9.
10.

GRAPH: ZPF characteristics as shown below.

Result:
Regulation of an alternator is determined by using ZPF characteristics.

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SNIST (EEE Dept.)

11.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1.

What is meant by synchronization?

2.

What will be the wattmeter reading when reactive load is connected across output
of alternator?

3.

How synchroscope is helpful in synchronization process?

4.

What will happen if the synchronization switch is closed at wrong

instant

5.

Why ZPF method gives more accurate results?

6.

Why is the regulation of alternator generally high?

7.

What information is obtained from potier triangle.

8.

How does the value of regulation affects the cost of the alternator

9.

Why is ZPF method most reliable in finding regulation?

10.

How many readings are needed to plot ZPF characteristic?

11.

What information is needed to plot ZPF characteristic?

12.

What is the operating condition of the incoming alternator when it is just

synchronised with the bus bar?

13.

Why is the stator winding of three phase alternator always star connected?

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