OFDM

1/9/2017
IntroductiontoOFDMorthogonalFrequencydivisionmultiplexingpart3GaussianWaves
Published June 27, 2011 by Mathuranathan
Introduction to OFDM orthogonal

Frequency division multiplexing part 3
(6 votes, average: 4.33 out of 5)
In the previous article, the architecture of an OFDM transmitter was
described using sinusoidal components. Generally, an OFDM signal can be
represented as
N 1
OF DM signal = c(t) = sn (t)sin(2f n t)

n=0
s(t)
Fn
= symbols mapped to chosen constellation (BPSK/QPSK/QAM etc..,)
= orthogonal frequency
This equation can be thought of as an IFFT process ( Inverse Fast Fourier

Transform). The Fourier transform breaks a signal into different frequency
bins by multiplying the signal with a series of sinusoids. This essentially
translates the signal from time domain to frequency domain. But, we
always view IFFT as a conversion process from frequency domain to time
domain.
FFT is represented by
N 1
2kn
X(k) = x(n)sin(
n=0
N 1
2kn
) + j x(n)cos(
N
n=0
)
N
where as its dual , IFFT is given by

1
1
http://www.gaussianwaves.com/2011/06/introductiontoofdmorthogonalfrequencydivisionmultiplexingpart3/
1/13
1/9/2017
N 1
2kn
x(n) = X(k)sin(
n=0
N 1
2kn
) j X(k)cos(
N
n=0
)
N
The equation for FFT and IFFT differ by the co-efficients they take and the
minus sign. Both equation does the same thing. They multiply the incoming
signal with a series of sinusoids and separates them into bins.In fact, FFT
and IFFT are dual and behaves in a similar way.IFFT and FFT blocks are
interchangeable.
Since the OFDM signal ( c(t) in the equation above ) is in time domain, IFFT
is the appropriate choice to use in the transmitter, which can be thought of
as converting frequency domain samples to time domain samples. Well,
you might ask : s(t) is not in frequency domain and they are already in time
domain; so whats the need to convert it into time domain again ? The
answer is IFFT/FFT equation comes handy in implementing the conversion
process and we can eliminate the individual sinusoidal multipliers
required in the transmitter/receiver side. The following figure illustrates,
how the use of IFFT in the transmitter eliminates the need for separate
sinusoidal converters. Always remember that IFFT and FFT blocks in the
transmitter are interchangeable as long as their duals are used in receiver.
OFDM implementation using FFT and IFFT

2/13
1/9/2017
The entire architecture of a basic OFDM system with both transmitter and
receiver will look like this
A Complete OFDM communication system
An OFDM system is defined by IFFT/FFT length N ,the underlying

modulation technique ( BPSK/QPSK/QAM), supported data rate, etc..,. The
FFT/IFFT length N defines the number of total subcarriers present in the
OFDM system. For example, an OFDM system with N=64 provides 64
subcarriers. In reality, not all the subcarriers are utilized for data
transmission. Some subcarriers are reserved for pilot carriers (used for
channel estimation/equalization and to combat magnitude and phase
errors in the receiver) and some are left unused to act as guard band.
OFDM system do not transmitany data on the subcarriers that are near the
two ends of the transmission band ( Not necessarily at the ends of the
bands, implementation may differ). These subcarriers are collectively
called guard band. The reservation of subcarriers to guard bands helps to
reduce the out of band radiation and thus eases the requirements on
transmitter front-end filters.The subcarriers in the guard band are also
called Null subcarriers or virtual subcarriers.
For example IEEE 802.11 standard[1] specifies the following parameters for
its OFDM physical layer.
FFT/IFFT size = 64 ( implies 64 subcarriers in total = used + unused = Nfft)
Number of data subcarriers = 48 ( Nd)
3/13
1/9/2017
Number of pilot subcarriers = 4 (Np)

Derived parameters from the above specification.
Number of total USED subcarriers = 52 ( Nu = Nd+ Np )
Number of total UNUSED subcarriers = 12 ( Nun = Nfft Nu ).
According to the spec, these 52 used subcarriers are distributed in the
following way. The 52 used subcarriers are named as 1,2,3,,26 and
-1,-2,-3,,-26. The used subcarriers 1 to 26 are mapped to 1 to 26 of IFFT
inputs and the subcarriers -1,-2,..,-26 are mapped to the IFFT inputs 38 to
63. The remaining IFFT inputs 27 to 37 and the input 0 (dc input) are set to
0 .In this manner the 12 null subcarriers are mapped to IFFT inputs.
Full Matlab Code available at Simulation of Digital Communication Systems
using Matlab an ebook by Mathuranathan Viswanathan
Reference:
[1] IEEE 802.11 specification Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM) PHY specification for the 5 GHz band chapter 17
See also:
(1) Introduction to OFDM orthogonal Frequency division multiplexing
(2) Role of Cyclic Prefix in OFDM
(3) Simulation of OFDM system in Matlab BER Vs Eb/N0 for OFDM in
AWGN channel
Books on OFDM
4/13
1/9/2017
Share this:
Tweet
Share
Share
More
Previous Post
Introduction to OFDM orthogonal Frequency division multiplexing part
2
Next Post
Introduction to OFDM orthogonal Frequency division multiplexing part
4 Cyclic Prefix
Mathuranathan
Mathuranathan Viswanathan - Founder and Author @
gaussianwaves.com which has garnered worldwide
readership. He is a masters in communication
engineering and has 9 years of technical expertise in
channel modeling and has worked in various
technologies ranging from read channel design for hard
drives, GSM/EDGE/GPRS, OFDM, MIMO, 3GPP PHY layer
and DSL. He also specializes in tutoring on various
subjects like signal processing, random process, digital
communication etc.., LinkedIn Profile
5/13
1/9/2017
L AT E ST A RT I C L E S O F D M
M U LT I - C A R R I E R M O D U L AT I O N O F D M O RT H O G O N A L F R E Q U E N C Y
D I V I S I O N M U LT I P L E X I N G
18Comments
Gaussianwaves
Recommend
Share
Login
SortbyBest
Jointhediscussion
SunnyKabbinadaayearago
superb!!
Reply Share
Kenny2yearsago
Goodarticle.Initially,Ididn'tunderstandwhytheconstellationmapperinthediagramhad
multipleoutputs.ButitallmakessenseafterreadingthelinktoyourPREVIOUSarticle.
Thanksverymuch.
Reply Share
Mathuranathan
Mod >Kenny 2yearsago
Thanksforyourinterest.youarewelcome
Reply Share
MaxFrjus2yearsago
Hi!
CouldanyonehelpmetoimplementinMATLAB,thecodeforTimedomainchannel
equilizationforOFDMplease?
Thanksalot!
Reply Share
yasser3yearsago
pleasewhereisthearticlethatillustratetheSTO(symboltimeoffset)andCFO(carrier
frequencyoffset)effectandestimationforofdm?ineedsomehintsonthemtobe
implementedinmatlab
Reply Share
bilo4yearsago
Hi,
what'smeanthiskindofsubcarriermapping:
Thelogicalfrequencysubcarriers1to61aremappedtothesamenumberedIFFTinputs
6/13
1/9/2017
Thelogicalfrequencysubcarriers1to61aremappedtothesamenumberedIFFTinputs
whilethelogicalfrequencysubcarriers61to1(HowcanimappingthecomplexData
intologicalfrequency60to1:what'smeansthelogicalfrequency61to1)are
mappedintoIFFTinputs67to127respectively.Therestoftheinputs,62to66andthe0
(DC)input,aresettozero?
regards,
Reply Share
Mathuranathan>bilo4yearsago
ThesubcarriermappingusingIFFTisdescribedhere
http://www.gaussianwaves.com/2...
Reply Share
Sai4yearsago
RespectedSir,
Thanksforeverything.Ihaveunderstoodeverythingyouexplainedme.Ihaveonefinal
setofquestionsthough.Ihopeyouwon'tfinditaburden.
http://s1355.photobucket.com/u...
Iamunabletounderstandtheconnectionsgiventothemultiportswitchandtheuseof
the'PAD'blockinthemodel.Whyarewepaddingzeroesthere?andwhatisthe'err'that
iscomingoutfromthedemodulatorblocks.Theinternalblockdiagramofthefirst
demodulatorblockisinthelinkbelow
Thelastquestionis,whenweareprovidingtwothresholdvaluesi.eSnrUpand
SnrDown,theyshouldbetwodifferentvalues,buttheadaptivemodulationcontrolblock
:http://s1355.photobucket.com/u...
hasthesameinputfromtheoutputofdelayblock.Howisitpossible??
ThankyouSir.
Reply Share
Mathuranathan>Sai4yearsago
Hi,
Usuallyzerosarepaddedtofitthefixedframesize.The"err"signalisusedto
calculateEVM(ErrorVectorMagnitude)whichisametrictomeasurethe
constellationerrorinthereceivedsignal.Itcomparesthereceivedconstellation
withtheidealconstellation.
SnrUpandSnrDownblocksareimplementedasLookUpTables(LUTs).You
havetoseehowtheLUTsareconfiguredfortheseblocks.
ExampleConfiguration:
7/13
1/9/2017
ExampleConfiguration:
SnrUpBlock:
IndexValue
1.0.5
2.1
3.1.5
SnrDownblock:
IndexValue
1.0.25
2.0.5
3.0.75
FromtheaboveexamplesofLUTs,whentheindexissame(ex:'1'),thenfor
SnrUpavalueof'1'ischosenandforSnrDownavalueof'0.5'ischosen.So
thereisnothingwrongwiththemodel.
Reply Share
Sai4yearsago
RespectedSir,Ihaveonemorequestionifyoudon'tmind.Iamcurrentlyworkingonthe
simulinkmodelof802.11g.IamunabletounderstandthisblockthatIhaveattachedin
thecomment.
Thankyou.
Reply Share
Lookslikepackererrorrate(PER)isbeingcalculated.Theindividualdatabits
receivedbythereceiverarecomparewiththesentones.
ThisgivestheBitErrorRate(BER).Thedelayblock$latexZ^{50}$controlsthe
packetlength(maybeinbits).Thetwo$latexZ^{1}$blocksfeedingbackwards
indicateaccumulator.Itaccumulatesthevalues.Thetoponeaccumulatesthe
packeterrorsandthebottomoneaccumulatethenumberofpacketstransmitted.
DividingpacketerrorsandnumberofpacketstransmitterwillgivePER.
Checktheannotationsontheimagebelow
<imgsrc="http://www.gaussianwaves.com/g..."/>
Reply Share
SaiKrishna>Mathuranathan4yearsago
RespectedSir,
ThemoredeeplyIamstudyingthismodelthemoredoubtsI'mgetting!
Kindlyhelpmeoutwiththisone
8/13
1/9/2017
PleaseexplainmetheuseofHermitianTransposethereandits
operation.
andalsothishttp://s1355.photobucket.com/u...
Whyarevarianceandsnrdbbeingaddedbeforegivingthemastheinput
tovarianceofAWGNblock.
Thankyou!
Reply Share
Mathuranathan>SaiKrishna4yearsago
HiSai,
PleasecheckthefollowingpostfordetailsonHermitian
Transpose.Checkundertheheading"ConjugateTranspose".
http://www.gaussianwaves.com/2...
HermitianTransposeoperationinvolvestwothings:1.Taking
transposeofamatrixand2.Takingcomplexconjugateofallthe
matrixelements.HermitianTransposeisapplicabletocomplex
matricesonly
Thefirstimage(referredbyyou)isshownbelowwithannotation.
ItcalculatesthenormalizedSNRwherethesignalpoweris
normalizedto1.ThenoisepowerinthedenominatoroftheSNR
canbecalculatedbycomputingthenoisecovariancematrix.
Computingnoisecovariancematrixisequivalenttocalculating
noisepower.
seemore
Reply Share
Sai4yearsago
ThanksalotSir!Sothefinaloutput(bitrate18mbps)thatIamgettinginthedisplaybox
meansthatatthelasttimeslotQPSKschemeisselectedandthebitratecorresponds
tothatmodulationscheme!
Thankyou:)!
Pleasedovisitmyblogwww.theresplendentlife.wordpre....
Reply Share
SaiKrishna4yearsago
RespectdSir,
9/13
1/9/2017
ThisisSaiagain.Ifweconsiderthe802.11gPHYmodel,modulationschemeslike
BPSK,QPSK,16QAM,64QAMareallused.Butthefinalbitrateofthe802.11gmodelsis
asinglevaluewhichrangesfrom2mbpsto54mbps.
Asyousaidthatthebitratedependsonthemodulationschemesselectedataparticular
time,weshouldget4differentbitratesbutthatainthappening.Thereisonlyonesingle
bitrateattheoutput.
http://www.mathworks.com/matla...thissiteprovidesthesimulinkmodelof802.11g
PHYlayer.Youcanclearlyunderstandmyquestionifyousimulatethatmodel.
Kindlyhelp!
Thankyou.
Reply Share
Mathuranathan>SaiKrishna4yearsago
HiSai,
Gotthecontextinwhichyouaretalkingabout...Letmegothrough802.11gspec
andgetbacktoyousoon.
Updated
Ihavegonethrough802.11gspecificationandforthemodulationformat
concernedyouhavetorefer802.11aspecificationwhichisavailablehere..
http://standards.ieee.org/geti...
Checkchapter18onOFDMPHYspecification,subtopic18.3.2.3Modulation
dependentparameters.
Thesupporteddataratesarelistedhere.802.11gspecificationgivesyouseveral
optionstochooseyourmodulationformattogetdesireddatarate.Onlyone
modulationformatissupportatonetime.Thereisnomixingofdifferent
modulationtypes.IFyouchooseOFDMBPSKanda1/2codingscheme,you
get6Mbpsdatarate(for20MHzchannelspacing)Seeattachedimagebelow.If
youchooseOFDMQPSKwith1/2ratecodingscheme,youget12Mbpsdata
rate.
seemore
Reply Share
Sai4yearsago
WhatisthemethodtocalculatebitrateinOFDM?
GenerallyifwewanttocalculatebitrateweuseBitrate=Baudrate*Numberofbitsper
symbol.SoforageneratePSKorASKit'dbeBitrate=Baudrate,forQPSKit'dbe
Bitrate=2*Baudrate,for16QAMit'dbe4*Baudrate.ButinOFDMweusemultiple
modulationschemeslikeBPSK,QPSK,16QAMand64QAM.Insuchcasewithwhat
shouldwemultiplythebaudrate?What'dbetheformula?
10/13
1/9/2017
shouldwemultiplythebaudrate?What'dbetheformula?
Reply Share
HiSai,
ThereisnothingspecialinOFDMasfarascalculationofbitrateisconcernedas
youmightthink.Itusesonlyoneunderlyingmodulationtechniqueatonetime.
SothesamecalculationcanbeappliedtoOFDMaswell.Forexample,ifOFDM
usesQPSKastheunderlyingmodulationtechnique,thebitratecalculationwillbe
sameasthatofnormalQPSK.
Reply Share
ALSOONGAUSSIANWAVES
IntroductiontoMultipleAntenna
Systems
ConstructingtheAutoCorrelation
MatrixinMatlab
9comments2yearsago
1comment2yearsago
mikelThankyouverymuchforyour
AliQadirHello,IsthereanyExample
fastreply!
youconsideredforconstructingAR(1)
CorrelationMatrix?
HowtogenerateAWGNnoisein
Matlab/Octave(withoutusinginbuilt
CapacityofaSISOsystemovera
fadingchannel
32comments2yearsago
6comments2yearsago
Alam Thankyou.lookingforwardfor
Mathuranathanbothareequivalent
thearticle
Subscribe d AddDisqustoyoursiteAddDisqusAdd
Privacy
Log in with:
SEARCH ARTICLES
11/13
1/9/2017
Search...
Go
SEARCH QUESTIONS
Searchquestions&answers
Search
GRAB THIS EBOOK TODAY
LIKE THIS WEBSITE ? SUBSCRIBE
Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by
email.
Join 103 other subscribers
EmailAddress
Subscribe
12/13
1/9/2017
RECENT QUESTIONS
Is anyone working on two dimensional spreading in OFDM

0 Answers | 0 Votes
Correlation Matrix
1 Answer | 0 Votes
Frequency selective Rician channel
1 Answer | 0 Votes
Ideas for project related to digital communication
0 Answers | 0 Votes
Matlab plot
2 Answers | 0 Votes
RECENTLY SUBMITTED
13/13

OFDM

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

OFDM

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

1/9/2017

Published June 27, 2011 by Mathuranathan

Introduction to OFDM orthogonal

OF DM signal = c(t) = sn (t)sin(2f n t)

= symbols mapped to chosen constellation (BPSK/QPSK/QAM etc..,)

This equation can be thought of as an IFFT process ( Inverse Fast Fourier

where as its dual , IFFT is given by

OFDM implementation using FFT and IFFT

A Complete OFDM communication system

An OFDM system is defined by IFFT/FFT length N ,the underlying

Number of pilot subcarriers = 4 (Np)

Mod >Kenny 2yearsago

GRAB THIS EBOOK TODAY

LIKE THIS WEBSITE ? SUBSCRIBE

Is anyone working on two dimensional spreading in OFDM

Вам также может понравиться