Myself

Mahesh Manjrekar
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Mahesh Manjrekar

Manjrekar at Education Awareness Event
Born
13 May 1953 (age 63)

Mumbai, India
Occupatio Film actor, director, producer, singer,

n
editor, politician
Years acti
1984present
ve
Political
Maharashtra Navnirman Sena
party
Religion
Hindu
Spouse(s) Medha Manjrekar
Children
Ashwami Manjrekar, Satya Manjrekar
Website
http://www.maheshmanjrekar.com/[1]
Mahesh Vaman Manjrekar (Marathi: ) (born 13 May 1953)[2] is an Indian film

director, actor, writer and producer.[3] He is credited with directing the critically acclaimed
films Vaastav: The Reality (1999), Astitva (2000) and Viruddh... Family Comes First (2005). He has
won a National Film Award and two Star Screen Awards. Besides direction, he has acted in several
films, including some of his own productions. He first gained acclaim as an actor for his performance
in the 2002 film Kaante, and later played negative roles in the Telugu film Okkadunnadu (2007) and
as the gangster Javed in the film Slumdog Millionaire (2008). He played the role of Shivaji
Maharaj in Marathi film Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy. He also played the role of Harpist Dongara in
the Aakhri Chunauti series of episodes in C.I.D.. Manjrekar was acclaimed for the negative role as
inspector D.R. Talpade in the movie Wanted starring superstar Salman Khan. He was also
suspected to have links with the Mumbai underworld and was questioned by the police. [4] He was
an MNS candidate from Mumbai North West in 2014 Lok Sabha Elections but lost to Gajanan
Kirtikar of Shiv Sena.[5][6]
Contents
[hide]
1Filmography
o
1.1Actor
1.2Television
1.3Director
1.4Producer
2Awards
3References
4External links
Filmography[edit]
Actor[edit]
Ye
ar
Film
Role
Languag
e
1999
Vaastav: The Reality
As himself in Song
Hindi
2001
Ehsaas: The Feeling
Michael
Hindi
2003
Kaante
Raj "Balli" Y
Hindi
2003
Pran Jaye Par Shaan Na Jaye
Munna Bhai Hatela
Hindi
2004
Plan
Sultan
Hindi
2004
Run
Ganpat Chowdhury
Hindi
2004
Musafir
Lukka
Hindi
2005
It Was Raining That Night
Brij Bhushan
English/Ben
gali
2006
Zinda
Joy Fernandes
Hindi
2006
Jawani Diwani: A Youthful

Joyride
Chappu Bhai
Hindi
2007
Dus Kahaniyaan
2007
Okkadunnadu
Hindi
Sonu Bhai
Telugu
Ye
ar
Film
Role
Languag
e
2007
Padmashree Laloo Prasad

Yadav
Advocate Prasad Pritam

Pradyuman
Hindi
2008
Meerabai Not Out
Manoj Anant Achrekar
Hindi
2008
Slumdog Millionaire
Don Javed
Hindi/Englis
h
2008
Homam
Daddy
Telugu
2009
Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy
Shivaji Maharaj
Marathi
2009
Wanted
Inspector Talpade
Hindi
2009
99
AGM (Aatmaram Gyanshekhar

Machve)
Hindi
2009
Fruit and Nut
Khandar Zala
Hindi
2009
Teen Patti
Dagdu Seth
Hindi
2010
Adhurs
Don Baba, the main villain
Telugu
2010
Dabangg
Haria (Rajo's father)
Hindi
2010
Don Seenu
Navin duggal
Telugu
Ye
ar
Film
Role
Languag
e
2011
Ready
Ram Kapoor (Prem's father)
Hindi
2011
Fakta Ladh Mhana
Bababhai
Marathi
2011
Bodyguard
Ranjan Mahatre
Hindi
2012
Tukkaa Fitt
2012
OMG: Oh My God!
2012
Jai Jai Maharashtra Maza
2013
Himmatwala
Sher Singh
Hindi
2013
Shootout at Wadala
Inspector Bhinde
Hindi
2013
Once Upon a Time In Mumbaai

Dobara
Local gangster Rawa
Hindi
2013
Arrambam
Mahadev Rane
Tamil
2013
Rajjo
Begam
Hindi
2014
Jai Ho
Auto-Rickshaw Driver
Hindi
2014
Rege
Pradeep Sharma
Marathi
2014
Singham Returns
Chief Minister Vikram Adhikari
Hindi
Hindi
Lawyer Sardesai
Hindi
Marathi
Ye
ar
Film
Languag
e
Role
2014
Ardhangini by Abhishek
Mukherjee
2015
Bajirao Mastani (film)
2015
Akhil
2016
Guntur Talkies
Jakie
Telugu
2016
Badsha - The Don
Shyam Vhai
Bengali
2017
Friends Unlimited (FU)
Running
Marathi
Bangla
Shahuji Raje Bhonsle
Hindi
Telugu
Television[edit]
Ye
ar
Serial
Role
Notes
Channel
2nd
Runner up
Sony TV
200 Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Dancing

6
With The Stars
Himself (Contestant)
200
Monica Mogre
9
Criminal in Case File No.

1
Zee TV
200
Specials @ 10
9
Director of Har Kadam

Par Shaque
Sony TV
200 Arre Deewano Mujhe

9
Pehchano
Himself (contestant)
STAR
Plus
201
Maharashtracha Superstar
0
Himself (Judge)
Zee
Marathi
201
C.I.D.
0
HD (Harpeez Dongra)
Sony TV
201
Agent Raghav - Crime Branch
5
Dilip Chauhan
& TV
Director[edit]
Vaastav: The Reality
Astitva (2000)
Kurukshetra (2000)
Jis Desh Mein Ganga Rehta Hai (2000)
Nidaan (2000)
Ehsaas: The Feeling (2001)
Tera Mera Saath Rahen (2001)
Hathyar (2002)
Pitaah (2002)
Pyaar Kiya Nahin Jaatha (2003)
Rakht (2004)
It Was Raining That Night (2005)
Matichya Chuli (2006)
Viruddh... Family Comes First
Vaah! Life Ho Toh Aisi! (2005)
Shikshanachya Aaicha Gho (2010)
City of Gold
Ami Shubhash Bolchi (2011)
Fakt Ladh Mhana (2011)
Kaksparsh (2012)
Kutumb (2012)
Natsamrat (2016)
Dear Dad (2016)
Producer[edit]
Pran Jaye Par Shaan Na Jaye (2003)
It Was Raining That Night (2005)
Shala (2012)
Awards[edit]
Astitva (2000) National Award for Best Regional Film (Marathi)
Astitva (2000) Screen Weekly Awards for Best Story (Marathi)
Kaante (2003) IIFA Best Performance in a Comic Role
References[edit]
1.
Jump up^ "Mahesh Manjarekar's Official Website Launch". MarathiStars.
2.
Jump up^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0542498/
3.
4.
Jump up^ "The day my work suffers, I'll retire". Rediff.com. 12 November 2001. Retrieved 21
August 2011.
Jump up^ "Manjrekar refuses to reveal Chhota Shakeel's name".
5.
Jump up^ "Mahesh Manjrekar was MNS Candidate from Mumbai North West". IANS.
news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
6.
Jump up^ "Celeb politicians: who won and who lost". Hindustan Times. 16 May 2014.
Retrieved 17 October 2014.
External links[edit]
Mahesh Manjrekar at the Internet Movie Database

[show]
Stardust Award for Best Supporting Actor

[show]
Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Dancing with the Stars

WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 7315795
ISNI: 0000 0001 1740 0041
BNF: cb16263531z (data)
Categories:
1958 births
Indian male film actors
Indian male film directors
Indian male film producers
Indian male screenwriters
Living people
People from Mumbai
Hindi-language film directors
Male actors in Hindi cinema
Marathi people
Marathi film directors
Male actors in Marathi cinema
Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa participants
Candidates in the 2014 Indian general election
Maharashtra Navnirman Sena politicians
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Karunanidhi
"Kalaignar" redirects here. For the television channel, see Kalaignar TV.
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by
adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly
sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (April
2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
M Karunanidhi

3rd, 4th, 10th, 12th, 14th Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
In office
13 May 2006 15 May 2011
Preceded by
J. Jayalalithaa
Succeeded by
J. Jayalalithaa
Constituency
Chepauk
In office
13 May 1996 13 May 2001
Preceded by
J. Jayalalithaa
Succeeded by
J. Jayalalithaa
Constituency
Chepauk
In office
27 January 1989 30 January 1991
Preceded by
Janaki Ramachandran
Succeeded by
J. Jayalalithaa
Constituency
Harbour
In office
15 March 1971 31 January 1976
Preceded by
President's rule
Succeeded by
President's rule
Constituency
Saidapet
In office
10 February 1969 4 January 1971
Preceded by
V. R. Nedunchezhiyan (acting)
Succeeded by
President's rule
Constituency
Saidapet
Personal details
Born
Daksinamoorthy
3 June 1924 (age 92)
Thirukuvalai,
Tanjore district,
Madras Presidency,
British India
Nationality
Indian
Political party
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Spouse(s)
Padmavathi (deceased)
Dayalu
Rajathi
Children
M. K. Muthu
M. K. Alagiri
M. K. Stalin
M. K. Tamilarasu
M. K. Selvi
M. K. Kanimozhi
Residence
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Religion
Atheism
Signature
Website
Official website
In this Indian name, the name Muthuvel is a patronymic, not a family name, and the person should
be referred to by the given name, Karunanidhi.
Muthuvel Karunanidhi (born as Daksinamoorthy on 3 June 1924)[1][2] is an Indian politician who has
served as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu on five separate occasions. He is the head of the Dravida
Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK),[3] a Dravidian political party in the state of Tamil Nadu. He has been the
leader of the DMK since the death of its founder, C. N. Annadurai, in 1969.[4] He holds the record of
winning his seat in every election in which he has participated, in a political career spanning more
than 60 years.[5][6] In the 2004 Lok Sabha Elections, he led the DMK-led DPA (UPA and Left Parties)
in Tamil Nadu and Puducherry to win all 40 Lok Sabhaseats. In the following 2009 Lok Sabha
Elections, he was able to increase the number of seats for the DMK from 16 to 18 seats, and led the
UPA in Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, to win 28 seats, even with a significantly smaller coalition. He is
also a playwright and screenwriter in Tamil cinema. He is popularly called Kalaignar.[7][8][9] Since
1975, Karunanidhi has published six volumes of his autobiography, Nenjukku Neethi.[10]
Contents
[hide]
1Personal life
2Screenwriting
3Literature
3.1Films
4Politics
o
4.1Entry into politics
4.2Rise to power
4.3Editor and publisher
4.4World Tamil Conference
5Awards and titles
6Controversies
o
6.1Desecrating Hindu Gods
6.2Ram Setu remarks
6.3Connections with LTTE
6.4Allegations of nepotism[citation needed]
6.4.1Involvement in 2G Scam
7Elections contested and positions held

o
7.1Posts in legislature
8See also
9Notes
10References
11External links
Personal life[edit]
M.Karunanidhi was born as Dakshinamoorthy[2] in Thirukuvalai, Nagapattinam district[11][12] on 3 June
1924 to Muthuvel and Anjugam.[1] He married three times; his wives are the late Padmavathy, Dayalu
Ammal and Rajathi Ammal.[13][14] Karunanidhi's first wife Padmavathy was a sister of Chidambaram S.
Jeyaraman, notable Tamil musician, music director and playback singer. She died young.
Karunanidhi's sons are M. K. Muthu, M. K. Alagiri, M. K. Stalin, and M. K. Tamilarasu. His daughters
are Selvi and Kanimozhi. Kanimozhi is a Rajya Sabha MP. M. K. Muthu, his eldest son was born to
Padmavathy, who died at a young age. Alagiri, Stalin, Selvi and Tamilarasu were born to Dayalu,
while Kanimozhi is the only daughter from his third wife, Rajathi. He has donated his house, that is to
be converted into a free hospital for the poor after the lifetime of him and his wife Dayalu . [15][16] He is
an atheist.[17]
Screenwriting[edit]
See also: Parasakthi (1952 film) and Tamil cinema and Dravidian politics
Karunanidhi began his career as a screenwriter in the Tamil film industry.[18] Through his wit and
oratorical skills he rapidly rose as a popular politician. He was famous for writing historical and social
(reformist) stories which propagated the socialist and rationalistideals of the Dravidian movement to
which he belonged. He first began using Tamil cinema to propagate his political ideas through the
movie Parasakthi.[19] Parasakthi was a turning point in Tamil cinema, as it espoused the ideologies of
the Dravidian movement and also introduced two prominent actors of Tamil filmdom, Sivaji
Ganesan and S. S. Rajendran.[20] The movie was initially banned but was eventually released in
1952.[20] It was a huge box office hit, but its release was marred with controversies. The movie was
opposed by orthodox Hindus since it contained elements that criticized Brahmanism.[21] Two other
movies written by Karunanidhi that contained such messages were Panam and Thangarathnam.
[19]
These movies contained themes such as widow remarriage, abolition of untouchability, selfrespect marriages, abolition of zamindari and abolition of religious hypocrisy.[20] As his movies and
plays with strong social messages became popular, they suffered from increased censorship; two of
his plays in the 1950s were banned.[20]
Karunanidhi rose to fame as a scriptwriter for the Modern Theatres Studio in Salem about 350
kilometers from Madras or present day Chennai. T R Sundaram, the owner of Modern Theatres
Studio at Yercaud foot hills, was instrumental in honouring the talents of Karunanidhi, Jayalalithaa
and M G Ramachandran. Even today, whenever Karunanidhi visits Salem, he takes a ride through
Modern Theatres ( now a gated community of exclusive bungalows)and goes up to the first hair pin
bend on the Yercaud hill road to relive nostalgia.
Literature[edit]
Karunanidhi is known for his contributions to Tamil literature. His contributions cover a wide range:
poems, letters, screenplays, novels, biographies, historical novels, stage-plays, dialogues and movie
songs. He has written Kuraloviam for Thirukural, Tholkaappiya Poonga, Poombukar, as well as many
poems, essays and books. Apart from literature, Karunanidhi has also contributed to the Tamil
language through art and architecture. Like the Kuraloviyam, in which Kalaignar wrote about
Thirukkural, through the construction of Valluvar Kottam he gave an architectural presence
to Thiruvalluvar, in Chennai. At Kanyakumari, Karunanidhi constructed a 133-foot-high statue of
Thiruvalluvar in honour of the scholar.
The books written by Karunanidhi's include Sanga Thamizh, Thirukkural Urai, Ponnar
Sankar, Romapuri Pandian, Thenpandi Singam, Vellikizhamai, Nenjukku Needhi, Iniyavai
Irubathu and Kuraloviam. His books of prose and poetry number more than 100.
Karunanidhi's stage plays include: Manimagudam, Ore Ratham, Palaniappan, Thooku Medai,
Kagithapoo, Naane Arivali, Vellikizhamai, Udhayasooriyan and Silappathikaram.
Films[edit]
At the age of 20, Karunanidhi went to work for Jupiter Pictures as a scriptwriter. His first
film, Rajakumaari, gained him much popularity. It was here that his skills as a scriptwriter were
honed. He wrote 75 screenplays including: Rajakumaari, Abimanyu, Manthiri
Kumari, Marudhanaattu Ilavarasi, Manamagal, Devaki, Parasakthi, Panam, Thirumbi
Paar, Naam, Manohara, Ammaiappan, Malaikkallan, Rangoon Radha, Raja
Rani, Pudhaiyal, Pudhumai Pithan, Ellorum Innattu Mannar, Kuravanji, Thayillapillai, Kaanchi
Thalaivan, Poompuhar, Poomalai, Mani Makudam, Marakka Mudiyuma?, Avan Pithana?, Pookkari,
Needhikku Thandanai, Paalaivana Rojakkal, Pasa Paravaikal, Padadha Theneekkal, Niyaya

Tharasu, Pasakiligal, Kannamma, Uliyin Osai, Pen Singam,Ilaignan and Ponnar Shankar
Ponnar Shankar (2011)
Ilaignan (2011)
Pen Singam (2010)
Uliyin Osai (2008)
Pasa Kiligal (2006)
Kannamma (2005)
Mannin Maindhan (2005)
Puthiya Parasakthi (1996)
Madurai Meenakshi (1993)
Kavalukku Kettikaran (1990)
Nyaya Tharasu (1989)
Paasa Paravaigal (1988)
Paadatha Thenikkal (1988)
Neethikku Thandanai (1987)
Paalaivana Rojakkal (1985)
Kaalam Pathil Sollum (1980)
Pillaiyo Pillai (1972)
Avan Pithana? (1966)
Poomalai (1965)
Poompuhar (1964)
Kaanchi Thalaivan (1963)
Iruvar Ullam (1963)
Thayilla Pillai (1961)
Arasilangkumari (1961)
Kuravanji (1960)
Pudhumai Pithan (1957)
Pudhaiyal (1957)
Raja Rani (1956)
Rangoon Radha (1956)
Malaikkallan (1954)
Thirumbi Paar (1953)
Panam (1952)
Manohara (1952)
Manamagal (1952)
Parasakthi (1952)
Manthiri Kumari (1950)
Marudhanaattu Ilavarasi (1950)
Abimanyu (1948)
Rajakumaari (1947)
Politics[edit]
Entry into politics[edit]
Karunanidhi entered politics at the age of 14, inspired by a speech by Alagiriswamii of the Justice
Party, and participated in Anti-Hindi agitations. He founded an organisation for the local youth of his
locality. He circulated a handwritten newspaper called Manavar Nesan to its members. Later he
founded a student organisation called Tamil Nadu Tamil Manavar Mandram, which was the first
student wing of the Dravidan Movement. Karunanidhi involved himself and the student community in
social work with other members. Here he started a newspaper for its members, which grew
into Murasoli, the DMK party's official newspaper.
The first major protest that aided Karunanidhi in gaining ground in Tamil politics was his involvement
in the Kallakudi agitation in Kallakudi. Original name of this industrial town was Kallakudi and it was
changed to Dalmiapuram after a cement mogul who built a cement plant there. DMK wanted to
change the name back to Kallakudi. In the protest Karunanidhi and his companions erased the name
Dalmiapuram from the railway station and lay down on the tracks blocking the course of trains. Two
people died in the protest and Karunanidhi was arrested. [22]
Rise to power[edit]
Karunanidhi was first elected to the Tamil Nadu assembly in 1957 from the Kulithalai assembly
of Thiruchirapalli district. He became the DMK treasurer in 1961 and deputy leader of opposition in
the state assembly in the year 1962 and when the DMK came to power in 1967, he became the
minister for public works. When Annadurai expired in 1969, Karunanidhi became the Chief Minister
of Tamil Nadu and the first leader of DMK, since the leader post was left vacant for Periyar when
Annadurai was alive (Annadurai was the general secretary only). He has held various positions in
the party and government during his long career in Tamil Nadu political arena. However, he suffered
multiple electoral defeats against his primary opponent M.G.Ramachandran's ADMK until the latter's
death in 1987.
After a brief stint as Chief Minister during the late 1980s (his government was dismissed by the
Central government on accusations of degrading Law and Order situation in the state), Karunanidhi
became the CM of Tamil Nadu in 1996 following a sweeping electoral win in the preceding elections.
Following a 5-year rule, his party again lost at the elections to J. Jayalalithaa's AIADMK in 2001. He
was however back in power when he took over as chief Minister of Tamil Nadu on 13 May 2006 after
his coalition defeated his main opponent J. Jayalalithaa in the May 2006 elections.[23] He
currently represents the constituency of Tiruvarur in the Tamil Nadu state Legislative Assembly. He
has been elected to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly 12 times and once to the now abolished
Tamil Nadu Legislative Council. At the end of the 5-year administration, the DMK lost the majority of
seats in the legislative assembly of Tamil Nadu when elections were held in 2011, thereby ceding
power again to the AIADMK under J. Jayalalithaa.
Editor and publisher[edit]

He started Murasoli on 10 August 1942. He was the founding editor and publisher of Murasoli during
his boyhood as a monthly, then a weekly, and now a daily. He used his talents as a journalist and
cartoonist to bring issues relevant to his political ideology before the public. He writes daily letters
addressed to his party workers by name; he has been writing these for over 50 years. In addition he
has served as editor for Kudiyarasu and gave life to the journal Mutharam. He is the founder of State
Governments News Reel, Arasu Studio and also the Government Journal Tamil Arasu, published in
Tamil and English.
World Tamil Conference[edit]

He delivered the special address on the inaugural day of 3rd World Tamil Conference held in Paris in
1970, and also on the inaugural day of 6th World Tamil Conference held in Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia)
in 1987. He penned the song "Semmozhiyaana Tamizh Mozhiyaam", the official theme song for
the World Classical Tamil Conference 2010, that was set to tune by A. R. Rahman.[24]
Awards and titles[edit]
Annamalai University awarded him an honorary doctorate in 1971.[25]
He was awarded "Raja Rajan Award" by Tamil

University, Thanjavur for his book "Thenpandi Singam".[25]
On 15 December 2006, the Governor of Tamil Nadu and the

Chancellor of Madurai Kamaraj University, Surjit Singh Barnala
conferred an honorary doctorate on the Chief Minister on the

occasion of the 40th annual convocation.
In June 2007,[26][27][28] the Tamil Nadu Muslim Makkal Katchi

announced that it would confer the title 'Friend of the Muslim
Community' ('Yaaran-E-Millath') upon M. Karunanidhi.
In June 2016, Karunanidhi received the Distinguished Statesman

award [29]from the Rocheston Accreditation Institute, New York.
Controversies[edit]
He has been indicted by the Sarkaria commission for corruption in allotting tenders for
the Veeranam project.[30] Indira Gandhi dismissed the Karunanidhi government based on charges of
possible secession and corruption. His Government was the first state Government in India to be
dismissed on charges of corruption. In 2001 Karunanidhi, former chief secretary, K.A. Nambiar, and
a host of others were arrested on charges of corruption in the construction of flyovers in Chennai.
[31]
He and his party members were also charged under Sections 120(b) (criminal conspiracy), 167
(public servant framing an incorrect document with intent to cause injury), 420 (cheating) and 409
(criminal breach of trust) of the IPC, and Section 13 (2) read with 13 (1)(d) of the Prevention of
Corruption Act, but no prima facie evidence was found against him and his son M K Stalin. [32][citation needed]
Desecrating Hindu Gods[edit]

Karunanidhi and senior party members reportedly[citation needed] participated in a rally in Villupuram on 15
September 2012, to celebrate the DMK founding day, where they were reportedly received by a
group of dancers made up as Hindu gods.[citation needed] Dressed in costumes depicting Shiva, Parvathy,
Murugan and Vinayaka, the dancers put up a show for this group of "atheist" leaders. [citation needed] This
development has not gone down well with the Hindu leaders with the TN Hindu Maha Sabha
president K. Srikandan sending a petition to the chief minister's cell and the director general of
police, demanding the arrest of rally organiser K. Ponmudy and other office-bearers of the DMK
under the National Security Act. Karunanidhi and the DMK leaders have been criticized by Hindu
outfits and Casteist organizations for following the rationalistic principles of Periyar E.V.Ramasamy
which emphasize on abolition of caste and religious superstitions.[33]
Ram Setu remarks[edit]

In response to the Sethusamudram controversy, Karunanidhi questioned the existence of the Hindu
God Rama. He asked:
Some say there was a person over 1.7 million years ago. His name was Rama. Do not touch the
bridge (Ramar Sethu) constructed by him. Who is this Rama? From which engineering college did
he graduate? Is there any proof for this?[34]
His remarks caused a firestorm of controversy. BJP leader Ravi Shankar Prasad accused
Karunanidhi of religious discrimination when noting "We would like to know from Karunanidhi if he
would make a similar statement against religious head of any other religion; chance are he may
not."[35]
Nationalist Congress Party spokesman D. P. Tripathi said, "Where is the need of asking for evidence
on the existence of Ram when lots of people have unreserved faith in him?" [36]
In response to these statements, Karunanidhi defiantly stated, "Anyway, neither Valmiki nor Ram is
here now [to vouch for claims of Ram's existence]. There is only a group that thinks of people as
fools. They will be proved wrong."[36]
Several days later, he commented:

I have not said anything more than Valmiki, who authored Ramayana. Valmiki had even stated that
Rama was a drunkard. Have I said so?[37] Further adding: "Even my god is Ramasami"
Connections with LTTE[edit]

The interim report of Justice Jain Commission, which oversaw the investigation into Rajiv Gandhi's
assassination, indicted Karunanidhi for abetting the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE).[38] The
interim report recommended that Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi and the DMK party be
held responsible for abetting Rajiv Gandhi's murderers. The final report contained no such
allegations.[39] In April 2009, in an interview to NDTV, Karunanidhi made a controversial remark
stating that "Prabhakaran is my good friend" and also said, "India could not forgive the LTTE for
assassinating Rajiv Gandhi".[40][41]
Allegations of nepotism[citation needed][edit]

Karunanidhi has been accused by opponents, by some members of his party, and by other political
observers of trying to promote nepotism[citation needed]. Many political opponents and DMK party senior
leaders have been critical of the rise of M. K. Stalin in the party.[citation needed] But some of the party men
have pointed out that Stalin has come up on his own. He has faced a lot of hardship since 1975,
when he was jailed under the Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA) and was beaten up in jail
so brutally during the Emergency that a fellow DMK party prisoner died trying to save him. [42] Stalin
was an MLA in 1989 and 1996 when his father Karunanidhi was the Chief Minister, but he was not
inducted into the Cabinet. He became Chennai's 44th mayor and its first directly elected mayor in
1996. It was only in his fourth term as MLA that he was made a Minister in the Karunanidhi cabinet
and then in 2009 was made the Deputy Chief Minister. His daughter Kanimozhi is a Rajya
Sabha MP now.
Involvement in 2G Scam[edit]
As per the chargesheet filed by CBI, Kanimozhi has 100% stake in her family owned Kalaignar TV,
her step-mother Dayalu Ammal owns 60% stake in the same channel. CBI alleges that Kanimozhi
was an "active brain" behind the channel's operations[48] and she worked along with former telecom
minister A. Raja to get DB Realty promoter Shahid Balwa to circuitously route 2 billion (US$36.2
million) to Kalaignar TV. According to CBI, Kanimozhi was in regular touch with A Raja regarding
launching of Kalaignar TV channel and its other pending works.[49] CBI alleges that A Raja was
further pursuing the cause of Kalaignar TV not only for getting registration of the company from
Ministry of Information and Broadcasting but also for getting it in the DTH operator TATA Sky's
bouquet. She was also summoned by the Income Tax Department, Chennai for alleged tax evasion
charges.[49][citation needed]
On 3 July 2012, briefing the Joint parliamentary committee probing the scam, ED claimed that it has
enough evidence to convict DMK chief Karunanidhi's wife and daughter Kanimozhi.[43][citation needed]
Elections contested and positions held[edit]
Vote
percentag
e
Opposition
Candidate
Opposition
Party
Oppositio
n vote
percentag
e
Yea
r
Constituenc
y
Result
1957
Kulithalai
Won
K. A.
Dharmalingam
INC
1962
Thanjavur
Won
A. Y. S. Parisutha
Nadar
INC
1967
Saidapet
Won
S. G.
Vinayagamurthy
INC
1971
Saidapet
Won
N. Kamalingam
INC
1977
Anna Nagar
Won
50.1
G. Krishnamurthy
ADMK
30.98[44]
1980
Anna Nagar
Won
48.97
H.V.Hande
ADMK
48.31[44]
1989
Harbour
Won
59.76
K.A.Wahab
Muslim
League
13.84[45]
1991
Harbour
Won
48.66
K. Suppu
ADMK
47.26[45]
1996
Chepauk
Won
77.05
N.S. Nellai Kannan
INC
17.24[46]
2001
Chepauk
Won
51.91
R. Damodharan
INC
43.5[46]
2006
Chepauk
Won
50.96
Dawood Miah Khan
Independent
38.25[46]
2011
Thiruvarur
Won
62.9
M. Rajendran
ADMK
33.93[47]
Yea
r
Constituenc
y
Result
2016
Thiruvarur
Won
Vote
percentag
e
Opposition
Candidate
R. Pannerselvam
Opposition
Party
Oppositio
n vote
percentag
e
ADMK
Posts in legislature[edit]
Assembly
From
To
Position
Party - Number of
seats
/Seats contested
Third Assembly
1962
1967
Deputy Leader of the

Opposition
50/143[48]
Fourth Assembly
1967
1969
State Minister for Public

Works
138/233[49]
Fourth Assembly
10 February
1969
5 January 1971
Chief Minister (1)[50]
136/233[51]
Fifth Assembly
15 March 1971
31 January
1976
182/203[52]
Sixth Assembly
25 July 1977
17 February
1980
Leader of the Opposition

(1)[50]
48/230[53]
Seventh Assembly
27 June 1980
18 August
1983
Leader of the Opposition

(2)[50]
37/112[54]
Ninth Assembly
27 January
1989
30 January
1991
150/202[55]
Eleventh
Assembly
13 May 1996
14 May 2001
173/182[56]
Thirteenth
Assembly
13 May 2006
14 May 2011
96/132[57]
Fourteenth
Assembly
16 May 2011
Present
MLA
23/124
See also[edit]
List of political families
Karunanidhi family
Notes[edit]
1.
^ Jump up to:a b Mohan, Gopu (31 May 2009). "Karunanidhi's

Kutumbam". The Indian Express. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
2.
^ Jump up to:a b "With Them / Against Them: The DMK's bitter battles
with the state BJP continue, so how long can they hang on at the
Centre?". Outlook India. Retrieved 22 November2013.
3.
Jump up^ "DMK's Official Homepage". Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.

9 December 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
4.
Jump up^ "Biography of Karunanaidhi in official party website".

Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
5.
Jump up^ "I am not a rich person:TN CM Karunanidhi

proclaims". Asian Tribune. 2 December 2010. Retrieved 22
November 2013.
6.
Jump up^ "Karunanidhi wife pulls out stake in Sun TV". Indian
Express. 8 November 2005. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
7.
Jump up^ "M Karunanidhi: India's 91-year-old politician who is still

fighting". BBC News. 13 May 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
8.
Jump up^ "Kalaignar survives 4 challenging years". The Economic

Times. 14 May 2010. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
9.
Jump up^ "Hint of a secret in Kalaignar's largely set script". E P

Unny. Indian Express. 29 April 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
10. Jump up^ "At 92, age no bar for Karunanidhi's passion for
screenwriting". Zee News. 7 June 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
11. Jump up^ "Thirukuvalai Population - Nagapattinam, Tamil
Nadu". 2011 Census of India.
12. Jump up^ Menon, Jeya (20 April 2005). "Karunanidhi's been nice, but
his village not blind to Amma option". The Indian Express.
Thirukuvalai. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
13. Jump up^ "In South India, more the merrier". The Times of India. 2
May 2006. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
14. Jump up^ N., Sathiya Moorthy (2 November 2008). "Rama, Ravana
battle again in TN". Madras: Rediff. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
15. Jump up^ "Karunanidhi Donates his House to Establish Free Hospital
for Poor". Asian Tribune. 3 June 2010. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
16. Jump up^ "The Wives & Wherefores". The Outlook. New Delhi. 8
June 2009. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
17. Jump up^ http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/antihindu-rhetoricnothing-new-for-atheist-dmk-chief/219610/
18. Jump up^ "The Last Lear The Long Profile of Karunanidhi in The
Caravan". The Caravan India. Archived from the original on 26 March
2012. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
19. ^ Jump up to:a b Guneratne 2003, p. 216
20. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Hardgrave, Jr, Robert L (1973). "Politics and the
Film in Tamilnadu: The Stars and the DMK". Asian Survey. 13 (3):
288305. doi:10.1525/as.1973.13.3.01p0314o.
21. Jump up^ A., Srivathsan (12 June 2006). "Films and the politics of
convenience". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 22
November 2013.
22. Jump up^ Ramaswamy 1997, p. 226
23. Jump up^ Krishnakumar (25 April 2006). "The Sachin of TN politics".
Rediff.com. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
24. Jump up^ T., Ramakrishnan (16 May 2010). "Front Page : Theme
song launched for world classical Tamil meet". The Hindu.
Retrieved 22 November 2013.
25. ^ Jump up to:a b "Awards". Drkalaignar.org. Retrieved 19
December 2011.[dead link]
26. Jump up^ "TMMK to confer Karunanidhi with 'Friend of the
Community' title". newkerala.com. United News of India. 3 June
2007. Chennai, 3 June: Tamil Nadu Chief Minister and DMK President
M Karunanidhi, who turned 84 today, will be conferred with the 'Friend
of the Muslim Community' title by the Tamil Nadu Muslim Makkal
Katchi.
27. Jump up^ United News of India (3 June 2007). "MK awarded 'Friend
of the Community' title". oneindia.in.[dead link]
28. Jump up^ United News of India (4 June 2007). "Karunanidhi turns
84". news.webindia123.com. The Tamil Nadu Muslim Makkal Katchi
has decided to confer 'Yaaraan-E-Millath (meaning friend of the
Muslim community) title on Mr Karunanidhi to mark the occasion.
29. Jump up^ . One India http://tamil.oneindia.com/news/tamilnadu/usfirm-honours-karunanidhi-256753.html. Missing or empty |
title= (help)
30. Jump up^ "The Hindu : What the Sarkaria Commission said". The
Hindu. 10 June 2001. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
31. Jump up^ "Welcome to Frontline". 29 (01). Frontline.
32. Jump up^ "Karunanidhi held in pre-dawn swoop Jailed on
corruption charges". Blonnet.com. 31 December 2011. Archived
from the original on 1 June 2006. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
33. Jump up^ S. Thirunavukarasu (18 September 2012). "DMK lands in
'divine' trouble". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
34. Jump up^ Which engineering college did Rama study, asks Karuna,
New India Press Archived9 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
18 September 2007
35. Jump up^ "Karuna earns BJP's wrath for comments on Lord Ram".
Rediff. 17 September 2007. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
36. ^ Jump up to:a b "DMK chief rubbishes Ram again". The Pioneer. 20
September 2007. Archived from the original on 17 August 2007.
37. Jump up^ As per Valmiki, Rama was a drunkard: Karunanidhi[permanent dead
link]
AndhraNews.net
38. Jump up^ "India Today Cover Story Jain Commission Revelations:
Damning the DMK]". India Today. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
39. Jump up^ "No adverse comments on DMK leaders in Jain
report". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 14 February 2004. Retrieved 22
November 2013.
40. Jump up^ "Karunanidhi flip flops, says can't forgive LTTE". CNN-IBN.
Retrieved 22 November2013.
41. Jump up^ TamilNet (21 April 2012). "Karunanidhi: "Tamil Eelam Still
Around the Corner"". Tamilnet.tv. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
42. Jump up^ "Politics: Special Series; M K Stalin". India Today. 1
November 1999. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
43. Jump up^ "Enough proof to nail Karuna's wife, Kanimozhi in 2G
scam: ED tells JPC". Times of India. 4 July 2012. Retrieved 4
July 2012.
44. ^ Jump up to:a b "Party wise comparison since 1977 in Anna Nagar
constituency". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 10
November 2013.
45. ^ Jump up to:a b "Party wise comparison since 1977 in Harbour
November 2013.
46. ^ Jump up to:a b c "Party wise comparison since 1977 in Chepauk
November 2013.
47. Jump up^ Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 2011,
p. 191
48. Jump up^ Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review
1962-70 1967, pp. 6-7
1967-70 1971, p. 7
50. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g "Details of Successive legislative assemblies
constituted under the constitution of India". Tamil Nadu Legislative
Assembly. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 22
November 2013.
1967-70 1971, p. 145
1971-76 1976, p. 157
1977-80 1980, p. 9
54. Jump up^ Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections
1980, p. 10
1989, p. 10
1996, p. 11
2006, p. 11
References[edit]
Guneratne, Anthony R.; Wimal Dissanayake; Sumita S.

Chakravarty (2003). Rethinking Third Cinema. Routledge. ISBN 0415-21354-1.
Ramaswamy, Sumathy (1997). Passions of the tongue: language

devotion in Tamil India, 18911970. University of California
Press. ISBN 0-520-20805-6 ISBN 978-0-520-20805-6.
"Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 196267" (PDF). Fort St. George, Madras: Legislative Assembly
Department. June 1967.
Department. 1980.
"Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 2011" (PDF).

New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 2011.
"Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections

1980" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. 1980.

Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2010.

Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2010.

The Last Lear: A Long Profile of Muthuvel Karunanidhi by Vinod K

Jose in The Caravan magazine
Muthuvel Karunanidhi: One Hundred Tamils of 20th Century[dead link]
Political offices
Preceded by
C. N. Annadurai
Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu

First Tenure
19691976
Vacant
President's Rule
Title next held by
M. G. Ramachandran
Vacant
Vacant
Second Tenure
19891990
President's Rule
Title last held by
Janaki Ramachandran
Title next held by
J. Jayalalithaa
Third Tenure
19962001
Preceded by
J. Jayalalithaa
President's Rule

Fourth Tenure
20062011
[show]
Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu

[show]
Dravidian political parties

WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 80705248
LCCN: n80045166
ISNI: 0000 0000 7883 6861
GND: 136344690
SUDOC: 063464594
Categories:
1924 births
Dravidian movement
Living people
Indian atheists
Tamil screenwriters
Succeeded by
J. Jayalalithaa
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians
Indians imprisoned during the Emergency (India)
Leaders of the Opposition in Tamil Nadu
Karunanidhi family
Chief ministers from Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Tirukkural commentators
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Jayalalithaa
In this Indian name, the name Jayaram is a patronymic, not a family name, and the person should
be referred to by the given name, Jayalalithaa.
J Jayalalithaa
Jayalalithaa in 2014
In office
23 May 2015 5 December 2016
Preceded by
O. Panneerselvam
Succeeded by
O. Panneerselvam
Constituency
Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar
In office
16 May 2011 27 September 2014
Preceded by
Karunanidhi
Succeeded by
O. Panneerselvam
Constituency
Srirangam
In office
2 March 2002 12 May 2006
Preceded by
O. Panneerselvam
Succeeded by
Karunanidhi
Constituency
Andipatti
In office
14 May 2001 21 September 2001
Preceded by
Karunanidhi
Succeeded by
O. Panneerselvam
Constituency
Did not contest
In office
24 June 1991 12 May 1996
Preceded by
President's rule
Succeeded by
Karunanidhi
Constituency
Bargur
Personal details
Born
Komalavalli
24 February 1948
Mandya, Mysore State (now Karnataka), India
Died
5 December 2016 (aged 68)
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Political party
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Profession
Actress, politician
Religion
Hinduism
Jayalalithaa Jayaram[a] (24 February 1948 5 December 2016) was an Indian actress and politician
who served five terms as the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, for over fourteen years between 1991
and 2016. From 1989 she was the general secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam (AIADMK), a Dravidian party whose cadre revered her as their Amma (mother), Puratchi
Thalaivi (revolutionary leader) and Thanga Tharagai (golden maiden). Critics in the media and the
opposition accused her of fostering a personality cult, and of demanding absolute loyalty from
AIADMK legislators and ministers who often publicly prostrated themselves before her.[3]
Jayalalithaa first came into prominence as a leading film actor in the mid-1960s. Though she had
entered the profession reluctantly, upon the urging of her mother to support the family, Jayalalithaa
worked prolifically. She appeared in 140 films between 1961 and 1980, primarily in
the Tamil, Telugu and Kannada languages. Jayalalithaa received praise for her versatility as an actor
and for her dancing skills, earning the sobriquet "queen of Tamil cinema".[4] Among her frequent costars was M. G. Ramachandran, or MGR, a Tamil cultural icon who leveraged his immense
popularity with the masses into a successful political career. In 1982, when MGR was chief minister,
Jayalalithaa joined the AIADMK, the party he founded. Her political rise was rapid; within a few years
she became AIADMK propaganda secretary and was elected to the Rajya Sabha, the upper
house of India's Parliament. After MGR's death in 1987, Jayalalithaa proclaimed herself his political
heir and, having fought off the faction headed by Janaki Ramachandran, MGR's widow, emerged as
the sole leader of the AIADMK. Following the 1989 election, she became Leader of the Opposition to
the DMK-led government headed by Karunanidhi, her bte noire.
In 1991 Jayalalithaa became chief minister, Tamil Nadu's youngest, for the first time. She earned a
reputation for a punishing work ethic and for centralising state power among a coterie of
bureaucrats; her council of ministers, whom she often shuffled around, were largely ceremonial in
nature. The successful cradle-baby scheme, which enabled mothers to anonymously offer their
newborns for adoption, emerged during this time. Despite an official salary of only a rupee a month,
Jayalalithaa indulged in public displays of wealth, culminating in a lavish wedding for her foster son
in 1995. In the 1996 election, the AIADMK was nearly wiped out at the hustings; Jayalalithaa herself
lost her seat. The new Karunanidhi government filed several corruption cases against her, and she
had to spend time in jail. Her fortunes revived in the 1998 general election, as the AIADMK became
a key component of Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee's 199899 government; her withdrawal of
support toppled it and triggered another general election just a year later.
The AIADMK returned to power in 2001, although Jayalalithaa was personally disbarred from
contesting due to the corruption cases. Within a few months of her taking oath as chief minister, in
September 2001, she was disqualified from holding office, and forced to cede the chair to loyalist O.
Panneerselvam. Upon her acquittal six months later, Jayalalithaa returned as chief minister to
complete her term. Noted for its ruthlessness to political opponents, many of whom were arrested in
midnight raids, her government grew unpopular. Another period (200611) in the opposition followed,
before Jayalalithaa was sworn in as chief minister for the fourth time after the AIADMK swept
the 2011 assembly election. Her government received attention for its extensive social-welfare
agenda, which included several subsidised "Amma"-branded goods such as canteens, bottled water
and salt. Three years into her tenure, she was convicted in a disproportionate-assets case,
rendering her disqualified to hold office. She returned as chief minister after being acquitted in May
2015. In the 2016 assembly election, she became the first Tamil Nadu chief minister since MGR in
1984 to be voted back into office. That September, she fell severely ill and, following 75 days of
hospitalization, died on 5 December 2016 due to cardiac arrest.
Contents
[hide]
1Early life, education, and family
2Film career
2.1Early career
2.2Later career
3Political career
o
3.1Early political career
3.2Leader of the Opposition, 1989
3.3First term as Chief Minister, 1991
3.4Loss of power, 1996
3.5Second term as Chief Minister, 2001
3.6Third term as Chief Minister, 2011
3.7Disproportionate Assets case, 2014
3.8Return as Chief Minister, 2015
3.9Elected as Chief Minister in 2016
4Death and reactions
5Legislative career
o
5.1Elections contested
6Awards and honours
7Notes
8References
9Further reading
10External links
Early life, education, and family[edit]

Jayalalithaa was born on 24 February 1948 at Melukote, Pandavapura taluka, Mandya district, then
in Mysore State (now Karnataka) to Jayaram and Vedavalli in a Tamil Brahmin(Iyengar) family.[5][6]
[7]
Jayalalitha was given her grandmother's name Komalavalli at the time of birth. [8] The name
Jayalalitha was adopted at the age of one for the purpose of using the name in school and colleges.
It was derived from the names of two houses where she resided in Mysore. One was "Jaya Vilas"
and the other "Lalitha Vilas". Her paternal grandfather, Narasimhan Rengachary, was in the service
of the Mysore kingdom as a surgeon, and served as the court physician to Maharaja Krishna Raja
Wadiyar IVof Mysore. Her maternal grandfather, Rangasamy Iyengar, moved to Mysore
from Srirangam to work with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. He had one son and three daughters
Ambujavalli, Vedavalli and Padmavalli. Vedavalli was given in marriage to Narasimhan Rengachary's
son, Jayaram. The couple Jayaram-Vedvalli had two children: a son Jayakumar and a daughter,
Jayalalitha.[9] Her mother, her relatives and later co-stars and friends referred her as Ammu. [10]
Jayalalitha's father, Jayaram, was a lawyer but never worked and squandered most of the family
money. He died when Jayalalitha was two years old. The widowed Vedavalli returned to her father's
home in Bangalore in 1950.[3] Vedavalli learnt shorthand and typewriting to take up a clerical position
to help support the family in 1950. Her younger sister Ambujavalli had moved to Madras, working as
an air hostess. She also started acting in drama and films using the screen name Vidyavathy. On the
insistence of Ambujavalli, Jayalalithaa's mother Vedavalli also relocated to Madras and stayed with
her sister from 1952. Vedavalli worked in a commercial firm in Madras and began dabbling in acting
from 1953 under the screen name Sandhya. Jayalalitha remained under the care of her mother's
sister Padmavalli and maternal grandparents from 1950 to 1958 in Mysore. [3][9] While still in
Bangalore, Jayalalithaa attended Bishop Cotton Girls' School.[11] In later interviews, Jayalalithaa
spoke emotionally about how she missed her mother growing up in a different city. She had the
opportunity to visit her mother during summer holidays. [9]
After her aunt Padmavalli's marriage in 1958, Jayalalitha moved to Madras and began to live with
her mother. She completed her education at Sacred Heart Matriculation School (popularly known as
Church Park Presentation Convent or Presentation Church Park Convent). [9][12] She excelled at school
and was offered a government scholarship to pursue further education.[11] She won Gold State Award
for coming first in 10th standard in the state of Tamil Nadu. She appears not to have accepted the
admission offer from Stella Maris College.[3] She was fluent in several languages, including Tamil,
Telugu, Kannada, Hindi, Malayalam and English.[13]
Her brother Jayakumar, his wife Vijayalakshmi and their daughter Deepa lived in T.Nagar Chennai.
Her brother died in 1995 in an accident.[14]
Film career[edit]
See also: Jayalalitha filmography
Early career[edit]
In Chennai, Jayalalitha was trained in Carnatic music, western classical piano[15] and various forms of
classical dance, including Bharatanatyam, Kuchipudi, Mohiniyattam, Manipuri Kathak.[16] She learnt
Bharatnatyam and dance forms under K.J.Sarasa.She had also learnt Kuchipudi under Padma
Bhushan Guru Dr. Vempati Chinna Satyam. She became an accomplished dancer and gave her
debut dance performance at the Rasika Ranjani Sabha in Mylapore in May 1960. [17] The Chief Guest
at the Arangetram was Shivaji Ganesan , who expressed wish that Jayalalitha becomes a film star in
future.[18]
While a child, Jayalalithaa acted in the Kannada-language film Sri Shaila Mahathme (1961), which
had Rajkumar and Krishna Kumari in lead roles.[19] She had been taken to the studio by her mother
as she was shooting in the same premises for a different film. While Jayalalithaa was watching the
shooting, a problem arose as the child actor playing the Goddess Parvathy in a school drama scene
in the film failed to show up and the producer Neerlahalli Thalikerappa and director Aroor Pattabhi
asked Sandhya if Jayalalitha could be asked to act in the dance sequence. Sandhya agreed and
Jayalalitha was swiftly dressed up as Parvathy and the scene was shot. [20]
She played Krishna in a three-minute dance sequence held on stage in the Hindi
film Manmauji (1962) and danced with Kumari Naaz who played Radha. Y. G. Parthasarathy ran the
drama troupe United Amateur Artistes (UAA), which staged English and Tamil plays. Soon
Jayalalitha while a schoolgirl began acting in some plays of Parthasarathy along with her mother and
aunt. She acted in small roles in plays such as Tea House of the August
Moon and Undersecretary between 1960 and 1964. Shankar Giri, the son of the former Indian
President V. V. Giri, saw her small role in the English play Tea Houses of August Moon and was
impressed. Shankar Giri approached her mother Sandhya and told he wanted to cast her daughter
in an English film called The Epistle. Sandhya reluctantly agreed with the condition that shooting
should be held only during weekends or school holidays. [17]
Sandhya had acted in the 1964 Tamil film Karnan, produced and directed by Kannada film-maker B.
R. Panthulu. Jayalalithaa accompanied her mother to a party related to the film and was spotted by
Panthulu, who then decided to cast her opposite Kalyankumar in the Kannada movie Chinnada
Gombe. He promised to finish all shooting within two months in order not to interfere with her
education. Since Jayalalitha would be studying for her PUC in two months' time, Sandhya had
declined the offer initially.[21] Sandhya agreed when that promise was made and Jayalalithaa started
acting and she was paid 3,000 (equivalent to 110,000 or US$1,700 in 2016). Panthulu kept his
promise and completed shooting in six weeks. Jayalalithaa had forgotten all about films after acting
in her Kannada debut film and had got ready to attend classes at Stella Maris as she had an
ambition to be a lawyer. But the Kannada debut film became a blockbuster in 1964 and she became
a well-known face. Meanwhile, Jayalalithaa continued acting in Parthasarathy's plays. She played
the leading role in plays such as Malathi, The Whole Truth, and the dance drama Kaveri Thanda
Kalaiselvi between 1960 and 1966. She made her debut as the lead actress in Kannada films while
still in school, age 15, in Chinnada Gombe (1964).[21] She also appeared in a dance sequence of a
song named "Malligeya Hoovinantha" in the movie Amarashilpi Jakannachari (1964).[3]
She made her debut in Tamil theatre in April 1964, when she played a sales girl in the drama
named Undersecretary. Parthasarthy and Sandhya were the lead characters, while Jayalalitha and
Cho Ramaswamy were paired together and A. R. Srinivasan was also involved. The play was based
on the lives of middle aged couple and Jayalaitha played character of sales girl in the drama. Her
performance caused Parthasarthy to make her lead heroine in a drama named Malathy. Meanwhile,
the films she had shot during her vacation in AprilMay 1964 Chinnada Gombe and Manushulu
Mamathalu became blockbusters. By end of 1965 she had become popular among film producers
and directors.[21] She was approached by C. V. Sridhar for her Tamil film debut as well. Between 1964
and 1966 she did around 35 shows of drama named Malathy and later discontinued as she became
very busy in films.[17] It was during the year 1964, financial debts had increased of Sandhaya and she
suggested her daughter to make use of the increasing film offers coming her way.[22]
Jayalalithaa's debut in Tamil cinema was the leading role in Vennira Aadai (1965), directed by C. V.
Sridhar. She made her debut in Telugu films as lead actress in Manushulu Mamathalu opposite
Akkineni Nageshwara Rao. Her last Telugu release was also opposite Akkineni Nageswara Rao in
the film Nayakudu Vinayakudu, which was released in 1980.[23] She was the first heroine to appear
in skirts in Tamil films.[24] She acted in one Hindi film called Izzat, with Dharmendra as her male costar
in 1968.[25] She starred in 28 box-office hit films with M.G. Ramachandran between 1965 and 1973.
The first with MGR was B.R. Panthalu's Aayirathil Oruvan in 1965 and their last film together
was Pattikaattu Ponnaiya in 1973.[27]
[26]
Jayalalitha donated gold jewelleries she had to the then Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri during
the 1965 Indo-Pak war.[28]
She had 11 successful releases in Tamil in 1966. In the opening credits of Arasa Katalai, for the first
time her name was affixed with the phrase Kavarchi Kanni.[29] In 1967 she bought her bungalow,
Veda Nilayam, in Poes Gardens for 1.32 lakh (equivalent to 49 lakh or US$73,000 in 2016).
[30]
Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar was on the lookout for a regular heroine for his production
after he had fight with the actress Savithri after the release of Vetaikkaran, and he signed Jayalalitha
on in 1965. She became a regular heroine for production house Devar films from 1966. [31]
Jaishankar was romantically paired with Jayalalithaa in eight Tamil films including Muthuchippi, Yaar
Nee?, Nee (film), Vairam, Vandhale Magarasi, Bommalattam (1968 film)(1968), Raja Veetu
Pillai and Avalukku Aayiram Kangal whereas the films Thanga Gopuram and Gowri Kalyanam had
him play elder brother to her. Jayalalitha acted in twelve films as heroine opposite N. T. Rama Rao,
in Telugu Gopaludu Bhoopaludu (1967), Chikkadu Dorakadu (1967), Tikka
Shankaraiah (1968), Niluvu Dopidi (1968), Baghdad Gaja Donga (1968), Kathanayakudu (1969
film) (1969), Kadaladu Vadaladu (1969), Gandikota Rahasyam (1969), Ali Baba 40
Dongalu (1970), Shri Krishna Vijayam (1970), Shri Krishna Satya (1971), Devudu Chesina
Manushulu (1973). Jayalalitha had 7 films with Akkineni Nageswara Rao in Telugu Manashulu
Mamatalu (1965), Aastiparulu (1966), Brahmachari (1968), Aadarsa
Kutumbam (1969), Adrushtavanthalu (1969), Bharya Biddalu (1971), Nayakudu Vinayakudu (1980).
She also made guest appearance in Telugu film Navarthi (1966). Her films in Telugu included two
films with Krishna and one each with Sobhan Babu, Jaggaiah, Ramakrishna and Haranath. [32] She
has been given on-screen credit as Kalai Selvi in most of her Tamil films since 1967. [21]
Later career[edit]
List of Best Actress awards for J.Jayalalithaa
Wins
Award
Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress
5[33]
Tamil Nadu Cinema Fan Award for Best Actress
8[34]
Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Tamil
5[35]
Filmfare Award for Best Actress Telugu
1[34]
Russian Film festival
1[34]
Madras Film Association Awards for Best Actress
7[36]
Between 1965 and 1973, Jayalalithaa starred opposite M. G. Ramachandran in a number of

successful films, including Aayirathil Oruvan, Kavalkaran, Adimai Penn, Engal
Thangam, Kudiyirundha Koyil, Ragasiya Police 115 and Nam Naadu.[25][37] Cho Ramaswamy cast her
in the lead role in his directorial venture Yarrukkum Vetkam Illai.[38]
She acted with Ravichandran in 10 films Gowri Kalyanam (1966), Kumari

Penn (1966), Naan (1967), Magarasi (1967), Maadi Veettu Mappilai (1967), Panakkara
Pillai (1968), Moondru Yezhuthu (1968), Andru Kanda Mugam (1968), Avalukku Aayiram
Kangal and Baghdad Perazhagi (1974).[21] In 1972, she acted opposite Sivaji Ganesan in Pattikada
Pattanama, which went on to win the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil in 1973.
In 1973, she acted in Sri Krishna Satya, which won her the Filmfare Award for Best Actress in
Telugu.[39] Her other films with Sivaji Ganesan include Galatta Kalyanam and Deiva Magan; the latter
holds the distinction of being the first Tamil film to be submitted by India for an Academy Award for
Best Foreign Language Film.[40]
Jayalalitha was paired opposite Sivaji Ganesan in 17 films. She acted in six films with R.
Muthuraman as a romantic leading pair Dhikku Theriyadha Kaattil, Thirumangalyam, Kanavan
Manaivi, Avandhan Manidhan, Suryagandhi, Anbu Thangai[21] and Muthuraman played supporting
roles in Kannan En Kadhalan, Major Chandrakanth, Naan (1967 film), En Annan, Adi
Parashakti, Thaer Thiruvizha, Dharmam Engey, Chitra Pournami and Oru Thaai Makkal. She made
her debut in Malayalam with Jesus (1973).[41] Her 100th film was Thirumangalyam (1974), directed
by A. Vincent.[42]
She was romantically paired opposite Sivakumar in Kandan Karunai and Shri Krishna
Leelai.Sivakumar played supporting roles in Shakti Leelai, Yarrukum Vetkam Ilali, Thirumangalyam,
Annaivelakanni, Kavalkaran, Motoram Sunderapillai and Ganga Gowri.[43]
The heroes of her films never objected to the title of the film being conferred on the female lead
played by Jayalalitha. Adimai Penn, Kanni Thaai, and Kannan En Kadhalan had Ramachandran as
the lead male hero but the story and the title was built around the character played by Jayalalithaa.
Similarly, Engerindo Vandhaal, Sumathi En Sundari, and Anbai Thedi had Sivaji Ganeshan as the
male lead but the title and the story was built around her character. She did many female-centric
films where the story revolved on her character, such as Vennira Adai, Yaar Nee?, Kumari
Penn, Nee, Gowri Kalyanam, Magaraasi, Muthu Chippi, Thanga Gopuram, Avalukku Ayiram
Kangal, Annamitta Kai, Vandhaale Magaraasi, Suryagandhi, Thirumangalyam, Yarukkum Vetkam
Illai, and Kanavan Manaivi.
She received the title "Nadippuku Ilakkium Vahuthuvar" and also won Tamil Nadu Cinema Fan
Award for Best Actress for her 100th film in 1974.[44] Her last film in Tamil was Nadhiyai Thedi Vandha
Kadal (1980).[25] Her last film as the heroine was Nayakudu Vinayakudu in Telugu,[45] which became
the highest grosser of the year in Telugu.
Her successful Kannada films include Badukuva Daari (1966), Mavana Magalu (1965), Nanna
Kartavya (1965), Chinnada Gombe (1964) and Mane Aliya (1964). Jayalalithaa holds the record for
having been the Tamil actress with maximum silver jubilee hits in her career 85 hits of 92 Tamil
films as main female lead heroine and in addition she also has all 28 films in Telugu as silver jubilee
hits.[22] She was the highest paid Indian actress from 19651980. She made guest appearances in
nine films and six of her films were dubbed into Hindi. She had 119 box office hits between 1961 and
1980, of the total 125 films she did as the main female lead. She made a brief appearance in
1992's Neenga Nalla Irukkanum.[46]
Jayalalithaa won the Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress for Thanga Gopuram in 1971,
Raman Thediya Seethai in 1972, Suryagandhi in 1973, Thirumangalyam in 1974, Yarukkum Vetkam
Illai in 1975.[47] She acted in mythological films like Kandan Karunai, Aadhi Parashakti, Shri Krishna
Satya, Shri Krishna Vijayam, Shri Rama Katha, Shri Krishna Leelai, Shakti Leelai, Ganga
Gowri, Annai Velankanni, and Jesus. Her period dramas include Ayirathil Oruvan, Neerum
Neruppum, Mani Magudam, Adimai Penn, Ali Baba 40 Dongalu, Arasa Katalai, and Baghdad
Perazhagi. She acquired the reputation of being a multi-faceted actor equally comfortable in fantasy
and mythological genres as well as in modern social dramas [48] and hence in 1969, in Tamil
Conference, she was given the tag of Kaveri Thandha Kalai Selvi.[49] She and Saroja Devi have been
cited as the first female superstars of Tamil Cinema. She did double roles in eight films. [50] Her
performance in Pattikada Pattanama, Suryagandhi were critically acclaimed and won her
consecutive Filmfare Award for Best Actress in 1972 and 1973 respectively.
From 1968-73, Jaya at peak of career took interviews and wrote columns in the magazines
like Bommai. She wrote a column-Ennanga Selar in magazine Tughlaq in the 1970s. She also wrote
short story "Oravin Kaidhigal" for the magazine Kalki, Manadhdai Thotaa Malargal
for Thaai magazine in the early 1980s etc.[51] She wrote about her own life in a serialised memoir in
the Tamil weekly magazine Kumudam.[52]
In 1980, she decided to voluntarily decline any new film offers. The journalist Brian Laul wrote an
article specifying Jayalalitha was trying for a comeback but was not being offered any roles.
Jayalalitha chose to respond to him by writing a letter, in which she mentioned that she was not
struggling to make any comeback and that she turned down the offer from producer Balaji to star
opposite in Billa opposite Rajnikanth. She added she wanted to pursue other interests and was not
interested in pursuing her film career any further.[53]
Political career[edit]
Early political career[edit]
Jayalalithaa claims that MGR, who had been chief minister for the state since 1977, was
instrumental in introducing her to politics.[3][54] In 1982, she joined the AIADMK, which was founded by
MGR.[55] Her maiden public speech, "Pennin Perumai" ("The Greatness of a Woman"), was delivered
at the AIADMK's political conference in the same year.[56]Her seat number in Rajya Sabha was
185,which was same as that of C.N.Annadurai had while he was in Rajya Sabha. [57]Even the then
Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and the Rajya Sabha member Khushwant Singh came to witness her
speech which was widely acclaimed for its clarity of diction and elegant prose. [58] In 1983, she
became propaganda secretary for the party and was selected as its candidate in the by-election for
the Tiruchendur Assembly constituency.[55]
MGR wanted her to be a member of the Rajya Sabha because of her fluency in English. [59] Indira
Gandhi lauded Jayalalitha for the various speeches she made on issues including the one on
internal security in Rajya Sabha.[60] Jayalalithaa was made nominated and elected to that body in
1984 and retained her seat until 1989.[61] Her success in her role as propaganda secretary caused
resentment among high-ranking members of the party. By engineering a rift between her and MGR,
these members influenced MGR to stop her writing about her personal life in a Tamil magazine.
Despite these machinations, she remained admired by the rank and file of the party.[3]
In 1984, when MGR was incapacitated due to a stroke, Jayalalithaa was said to have attempted to
take over the position of chief minister or the party on the pretext that his health would prevent him
from the proper execution of his duties.[62] She successfully led the campaign in the 1984 general
elections, in which the ADMK allied with the Congress. [61] Following his death in 1987, the AIADMK
split into two factions: one supported his widow, Janaki Ramachandran, and the other favoured
Jayalalithaa. Janaki was selected as the Chief Minister on 7 January 1988 with the support of 96
members; due in part to irregularities by speaker P.H. Pandian, who dismissed six members to ease
her victory, she won a motion of confidence in the house. However, Rajiv Gandhi used Article 356 of
the Constitution of India to dismiss the Janaki-led government and impose president's rule on the
state.[3][63][64]
Jayalalithaa contested the subsequent 1989 elections on the basis of being MGR's political heir.[65][66]
Leader of the Opposition, 1989[edit]

She was elected to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly in 1989 as a representative of
the Bodinayakkanur (State Assembly Constituency). This election saw the Jayalalithaa-led faction of
the AIADMK win 27 seats and Jayalalithaa became the first woman to be elected Leader of the
Opposition. In February 1989, the two factions of ADMK merged and they unanimously accepted
Jayalalithaa as their leader and the "Two leaves" symbol of the party was restored. [17]
On 25 March 1989, amidst heavy violence inside the house among the ruling DMK party members
and the opposition, Jayalilatha was brutally attacked and visibly molested by the ruling DMK
members in front of the assembly speaker on the behest of Chief Minister Karunanidhi. [67] Jayalalitha
left the Assembly with her torn saree -drawing a parallel with the shameful disrobing of Draupadi in
the epic Mahabharata.[68][69][70][71][72] At the peak of the situation, Jayalalithaa was about to leave the
house, she vowed to not enter the house "until as a Chief Minister".[73][74] In spite of some sections of
media terming it as a theatrics, it received a lot of media coverage and sympathy from the public. [75][76]
[77]
During the 1989 general elections, the ADMK allied with the Congress party and was handed a
significant victory. The ADMK, under her leadership, also won the by-elections in Marungapuri,
Madurai East and Peranamallur assembly constituencies.[61]
First term as Chief Minister, 1991[edit]

In 1991, following the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi days before the elections, her alliance with
the Indian National Congress enabled her to ride the wave of sympathy that gave the coalition
victory.[78][79] The ADMK alliance with the Congress won 225 out of the 234 seats contested and won
all 39 constituencies in the centre.[61] Re-elected to the assembly, she became the first female, and
the youngest, chief minister, of Tamil Nadu, to serve a full term, serving from 24 June 1991 to 12
May 1996.[61][64] In 1992, her government introduced the "Cradle Baby Scheme". At that time the ratio
of male to female in some parts of Tamil Nadu was skewed by the practice of female infanticide and
the abortion of female foetuses. The government established centres in some areas, these being
equipped to receive and place into adoption unwanted female babies. The scheme was extended in
2011.[80] Her party had 26 elected members to the assembly. Her government was the first to
introduce police stations operated solely by women. She introduced 30% quota for women in all
police jobs and established as many as 57 all-women police stations. There were other all-women
establishments like libraries, stores, banks and co-operative elections. [81] She began to be referred
as Thanga Gopuram, Thanga Chillai and Thanga Tharagai (Golden Maiden) by her followers.[82]
Loss of power, 1996[edit]

The Jayalalithaa-led AIADMK lost power in the 1996 elections, when it won 4 of the 168 seats that
they contested.[83] Jayalalithaa was herself defeated by the DMK candidate in Bargur Constituency.
[84]
The outcome has been attributed to an anti-incumbency sentiment and several allegations of
corruption and malfeasance against her and her ministers.[79][83] The wedding event of her foster son
Sudhakaran, who married a granddaughter of the Tamil film actor Shivaji Ganesan, was held on 7
September 1995 at Chennai and was viewed on large screens by over 150,000 people. The event
holds two Guinness World Records: one is for the most guests at a wedding and the other is for
being the largest wedding banquet.[3][85][86] Subsequently, in November 2011, Jayalalithaa told a special
court than the entire 6 crore (equivalent to 25 crore or US$3.7 million in 2016) expenses
associated with the wedding were paid by the family of the bride.[87] There were several corruption
cases filed against her by the ruling DMK government headed by Karunanidhi. Jayalalitha was
arrested on 7 December 1996 and was remanded to 30-day judicial custody in connection with
the Colour TV scam, which charged her with receiving kickbacks to the tune of 10.13
crore (equivalent to 42 crore or US$6.3 million in 2016). The investigation alleged that the amount
through the TV dealers were routed in the form of cheques to a relative of Sasikala, who had quoted
Jayalalitha's residence as hers. She earlier filed an anticipatory bail in the trial court, which was
rejected on 7 December 1996.[88] She was acquitted in the case on 30 May 2000 by the trial court
and the High Court upheld the order of the lower court. [89][90]
Second term as Chief Minister, 2001[edit]

Jayalalithaa was barred from standing as a candidate in the 2001 elections because she was found
guilty of criminal offences, including allegedly obtaining property belonging to a state-operated
agency called TANSI. Although she appealed to the Supreme Court, having been sentenced to five
years' imprisonment, the matter was not resolved at the time of the elections. [91] Despite this, the
AIADMK won a majority and she was installed as Chief Minister as a non-elected member of the
state assembly on 14 May 2001.[64] She was also convicted in Pleasant Stay hotel case on 3
February 2000 by a trial court to one-year imprisonment. Jayalalithaa was acquitted in both the
TANSI and Pleasant Stay Hotel cases on 4 December 2001 and the Supreme Court upheld the
order of the High Court on 24 November 2003.[92][93]
Her appointment was legally voided in September 2001 when the Supreme Court ruled that she
could not hold it whilst convicted of criminal acts.[91] O. Panneerselvam, a minister in her party, was
subsequently installed as the Chief Minister. However, his government was purported to have
been puppeted and micro-managed by Jayalalithaa.[64][94]
Subsequently, in March 2003, Jayalalithaa assumed the position of Chief Minister once more, having
been acquitted of some charges by the Madras High Court.[95] This cleared the way for her to contest
a mid-term poll to the Andipatti constituency, after the sitting MLA for the seat, gave up his
membership, which she won by a handsome margin. [96]India's first company of female police
commandos was set up in Tamil Nadu in 2003. They underwent the same training as their male
counterparts, covering the handling of weapons, detection and disposal of bombs, driving,
horseriding, and adventure sports.[97]
Third term as Chief Minister, 2011[edit]
Jayalaithaa with U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in July 2011
In April 2011, the AIADMK was part of a 13-party alliance that won the 14th state assembly elections.
Jayalalithaa was sworn in as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu for the third time on 16 May 2011,
having been elected unanimously as the leader of the AIADMK party subsequent to those elections.
[98]
On 19 December 2011, Jayalalithaa expelled her long-time close aide Sasikala Natarajan and 13
others from the AIADMK after she became aware that Sasikala and her family were working against
her.[99] Most of the party members welcomed her decision,[100] and on 2 February
2012, Tehelka magazine claimed that Natarajan and some of her relatives were conspiring to kill her
by poisoning her food over a period of time.[101] The matter was resolved by 31 March when Sasikala
Natarajan was reinstated as a party member after issuing a written apology.[102]Sasikala in her written
apology mentioned that she had no ambitions either in the party or in the government and wanted to
serve Jayalalitha and added that she became aware of misdeeds done by her family members when
Jayalalitha was in power.Only after Sasikala promised to be not in touch with her family members,
Jayalalitha allowed Sasikala back in her house and party.[103]
Disproportionate Assets case, 2014[edit]

See also: Disproportionate Asset case against Jayalalithaa
On 27 September 2014, Jayalalithaa was sentenced to four years in jail and fined 100
crore (equivalent to 112 crore or US$17 million in 2016) by the Special Court in Bangalore. She
was convicted in an 18-year-old disproportionate assets case that was launched by Janata Party
President Subramanian Swamy (now a member of Bharatiya Janata Party) on 20 August 1996 on
the basis of an Income Tax Department report on her. Jayalalithaa's close aide Sasikala Natarajan,
her niece Ilavarasi, her nephew and the chief minister's disowned foster son Sudhakaran were also
convicted. They were sentenced to four years in jail and fined 10 crore (equivalent to 11 crore or
US$1.7 million in 2016) each. Special Judge John Michael D'Cunha convicted her to owning assets
to the tune of 66.65 crore (equivalent to 255 crore or US$38 million in 2016) (which includes
2,000 acres (810 ha) of land, 30 kilograms (66 lb) of gold and 12,000 saris) disproportionate to her
known sources of income during 199196 when she was chief minister for the first time. The verdict
was delivered by a makeshift court in the Parappana Agrahara prison complex in the presence of
Jayalalithaa and the other accused. She was automatically disqualified from the post of CM and the
legislative assembly of Tamil Nadu and was the first Indian chief minister to be disqualified.[104] O.
Panneerselvam, a minister in her party, succeeded her as the Chief Minister on 29 September 2014.
[105]
On 17 October 2014, the Supreme Court granted her two months' bail and suspended her
sentence.[106] On 11 May 2015, a special Bench of the Karnataka High Court set aside her conviction
on appeal and acquitted her and the alleged associates Sasikala Natarajan, her niece Ilavarasi,
her nephew and Jayalalithaa's disowned foster son Sudhakaran.[107]
Return as Chief Minister, 2015[edit]

The acquittal allowed her once again to hold office and on 23 May 2015, Jayalalithaa was sworn
in[108] as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for the fifth time. She was subsequently re-elected by the
electorate of the Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar (State Assembly Constituency) of North Chennai in the
by-election held on 27 June 2015. In a landslide victory, she polled more than 88 per cent votes of
the 74.4 per cent turnout, winning by a margin of over 150,000 votes. [109]
Elected as Chief Minister in 2016[edit]

Jayalalithaa was again elected as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu in the May 2016 elections. She
retained the R. K. Nagar constituency with a margin of 39,545 votes over her DMK rival. [110] She
became the first leader in Tamil Nadu to serve consecutive terms as Chief Minister since the death of
MGR in 1987.[111] In her victory speech, she commented, "Even when 10 parties allied themselves
against me, I did not have a coalition and I placed my faith in God and built an alliance with the
people. It is clear that the people have faith in me and I have total faith in the people." [112]
Death and reactions[edit]
Jayalalithaa's memorial.
On 22 September 2016, Jayalalithaa was admitted to Apollo Hospitals in Chennai, as she suffered
from infection and acute dehydration. Her official duties were handed over to her aide O.
Panneerselvam on 12 October 2016.[113] She was also said to be suffering from severe pulmonary
infection and septicaemia, which were cured. On 4 December 2016, she was re-admitted to the
critical care unit after suffering a cardiac arrest around 16:45.[114] The hospital released a press
statement stating that her condition was "very critical" and that she was on life support. [115] On 5
December 2016, the hospital officially announced her death 23:30 IST.[116][117]
Government of India declared a one-day national mourning with the national flag in all government
buildings flying at half-mast. While a seven-day mourning from 612 December 2016 was observed
by Government of Tamil Nadu,[118] also three day state mourning from 68 December 2016 were
observed by Government of Kerala,[119] and Government of Puducherry.[120] One day state mourning
on 6 December 2016 was observed by Government of Karnataka,[121] Government of Punjab,
[122]
Government of Uttarakhand and Government of Bihar.[123] Her body was kept in state at her
residence in Poes Garden and Rajaji Hall. Her last rites were performed on the evening of 6
December 2016 and she was interred in the northern end of the Marina Beach in Chennai in
sandalwood casket, near the grave of her mentor M. G. Ramachandran.[124] Various film celebrities
including Rajinikanth, Vijay, Dhamu, Nayanthara, Prabhu, Suriya, Sivakarthikeyan, Silambarasan, Vij
ay Sethupathi, Dhanush, Sarathkumar, Radha
Ravi, Vyjanthimala, Vadivelu, Ilaiyaraaja, Sachu, Sivakumar, Saroja
Devi, Thanu, Karthi, Ponvannan, Nassar, Vishal, Vivek, Kushboo, Sundar C, Vijayakumar, Arun
Vijay, Revathi, Simran[125] as well as several politicians,[126] including President Pranab Mukherjee,
Prime Minister Narendra Modi, C. Vidyasagar Rao, M. K. Stalin, Vaiko, Vijaykanth, Rahul
Gandhi, Ghulam Nabi Azad, Venkaiah Naidu and Pon Radhakrishnan and more paid homage to her
at Rajaji Hall.[127] The final rites were performed by Sasikala and her nephew Deepak Jayakumar.[128]
Legislative career[edit]
Elections contested[edit]
Ye
ar
Constituency
Resul
t
Vote
percen
tage
Oppositio
n
Candidat
e
Opposi
tion
Party
Opposi
tion
vote
percent
age
1989
Bodinayakkanur
Won
54.51
Muthumano
karan
DMK
27.27[129]
1991
Bargur
Won
69.3
T. Rajendar
TMK
29.34[84]
1991
Kangayam
Won
63.4
N. S.
Rajkumar
Mandradiar
DMK
32.85[130]
1996
Bargur
Lost
43.54
E. G.
Sugavanam
DMK
50.71[84]
2001
Nominat
Andipatti, Krishnagiri, Bhuvanagir
ion
i, Pudukkottai
rejected[1
31]
Ye
ar
Resul
t
Constituency
Vote
percen
tage
Oppositio
n
Candidat
e
Opposi
tion
Party
Opposi
tion
vote
percent
age
2002
Andipatti
Won
58.22
Vaigai Sekar
DMK
27.64[96]
2006
Andipatti
Won
55.04
Seeman
DMK
36.29[132]
2011
Srirangam
Won
58.99
N Anand
DMK
35.55[133][134]
2015
R.K. Nagar
Won
88.43
C
Mahendran
CPI
5.35[135]
2016
R.K. Nagar
Won
55.87
Shimla
Muthuchozh
an
DMK
33.14[136]
Awards and honours[edit]

In 1972, Jayalalithaa was awarded the Kalaimamani by the Government of Tamil Nadu.[137] She has
received several honorary doctorates and other honours, beginning with an award from
the University of Madras in 1991.[137][138]
Notes[edit]
1.
Jump up^ In 2001, Jayalalitha appended an additional letter a to her

name for numerological reasons.[1][2]
1.
Jump up^ Shashi Tharoor. "'Scrabble' in real life". The Hindu.. 23

December 2001.
2.
Jump up^ Tusha Mittal. "Chasing The Poll Stars". Tehelka.. May
2009.
3.
^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i Srinivasaraju, Sugata (21 March 2011). "The

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115.Jump up^ "CM in grave situation, says Apollo Hospitals
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postponed". The Hindu. 1 October 2009. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
117.Jump up^ "Jayalalitha passes away". Indian Express. 5 December
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mourning for Amma, Tricolour to fly at half mast". Indian Express. New
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119.Jump up^ "Three-day official mourning declared in Kerala after
Jayalalithaa's demise". The New Indian
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120. Jump up^ "Jayalalithaa death: Pondicherry announces 3-day state
mourning". Indian Express. Puducherry. 7 December 2016.
121. Jump up^ "Jayalalithaa death: Karnataka declares a day of

mourning". Indian Express. Bengaluru. 6 December 2016.
122. Jump up^ "One day's state mourning in Punjab on
Jayalalithaa's". United News of India. 6 December 2016. Retrieved 17
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123. Jump up^ Ankita, Bhandari (6 December 2016). "Central govt
announces one-day mourning after Jayalalithaa's death". Zee
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124. Jump up^ "Jayalalithaa To Be Buried In Sandalwood Casket Next
To Mentor MGR". NDTV. 6 December 2016.
125. Jump up^ "Rajinikanth, Dhanush, Vijay pay tribute to Jayalalithaa
at Rajaji Hall, see pics". Retrieved 9 December 2016.
126. Jump up^ "Nayan flies down from Bangalore, Kollywood bid adieu
to J Jayalalithaa". Sify.com. 15 December 2015. Retrieved 8
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127. Jump up^ "Jayalalitha last rites: Amma's Death: Jayalalithaa buried
with full state honours". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 8
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Is Her Nephew". The Quint. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
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listed for final hearing in July". The Hindu. Retrieved 10
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Government of Tamil Nadu. Retrieved 10 November 2013.[dead link]
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Further reading[edit]
Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2007). Historical dictionary of the Tamils. United

States: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-470-82958-5.
Swaminathan, Roopa (2002). M.G. Ramachandran: Jewel of the Masses.

Rupa Publications. p. 1986. ISBN 9788171678976.
Velayutham, Selvaraj (2008). Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's

Other Film Industry. Routledge. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-415-39680-6.
Sir Stanley Reed, ed. (1983). The Times of India directory and year book
including who's who. Bennett Coleman. Times of India Press.
Vassanthi (2008). Cut-outs, Caste and Cines Stars. Penguin Books

India. ISBN 9780143063124.
Vanitha, Rose (2005). Love's Rite. Penguin Books

India. ISBN 9780144000593.
Das, Sumita (2005). Refugee Management: Sri Lankan Refugges in Tamil

Nadu, 19832000. Mittal publications. ISBN 9788183240666.
Jagmohan (2007). My Frozen Turbulence In Kashmir. Allied

Publishers. ISBN 9788181242174.
Find more aboutJayalalithaaat Wikipedia's sister projects
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Quotations from Wikiquote
Profile at BBC News
Jayalalithaa: From Alluring Actress to Powerful Politician-by D.B.S.

Jeyaraj
BBC News article Jayalalitha returns to power (dated 2 March

2002)
BBC Controversial life of Jayalalitha
BBC Hardtalk RealPlayer video of Jayalalitha (RealPlayer required)
J.Jayalalitha at the Internet Movie Database

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Filmfare Award for Best Telugu Actress

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Categories:
Jayalalithaa
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Tamil Brahmins
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People from Mandya district
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Narendra Modi
Narendra Modi

14th Prime Minister of India
Incumbent
Assumed office
26 May 2014
President
Pranab Mukherjee
Preceded by
Manmohan Singh
14th Chief Minister of Gujarat
In office
7 October 2001 22 May 2014
Governor
Sunder Singh Bhandari

Kailashpati Mishra
Balram Jakhar
Nawal Kishore Sharma

S. C. Jamir
Kamla Beniwal
Preceded by
Keshubhai Patel
Succeeded by
Anandiben Patel
Member of the Indian Parliament for Varanasi

Incumbent
Assumed office
16 May 2014
Preceded by
Murli Manohar Joshi
Member of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly for Maninagar

In office
1 January 2002 16 May 2014
Preceded by
Kamlesh Patel
Succeeded by
Suresh Patel
Personal details
Born
Narendra Damodardas Modi

17 September 1950 (age 66)
Vadnagar, Bombay State(presently Gujarat), India
Political party
Bharatiya Janata Party
Spouse(s)
Jashodaben Modi (m. 1968)(estranged)
Residence
7, Lok Kalyan Marg, New Delhi
Alma mater
University of Delhi
Gujarat University
Religion
Hinduism
Signature
Website
Official website
Government website
This article is part of a series about
Narendra Modi
Early life and education
Public image
Early political career
Gujarat Legislative Assembly
2002
2007
2012
Prime Minister of India
Campaign
Achhe din aane waale hain
Modi Aane Wala Hai
Swearing-in
Council of Ministers
Timeline
Mann Ki Baat
International trips
Premiership
National policy [show]
Foreign policy [show]
Narendra Damodardas Modi (Gujarati: [nendd r dd amodd dd as modd i] ( listen), born 17

September 1950) is an Indian politician who is the 14th and current Prime Minister of India, in office
since 26 May 2014. Modi, a leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), was the Chief
Minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014, and is the Member of Parliament from Varanasi.
Born to a Gujarati OBC family in Vadnagar, Modi helped his father sell tea as a child, and later ran
his own stall. He was introduced to the right-wing Hindu nationalist organisation Rashtriya
Swayamsevak Sangh at the age of eight, beginning a long association with the organisation. He left
home after graduating from school, partly because of an arranged marriage which he rejected. Modi
traveled around India for two years, and visited a number of religious centres. He returned to Gujarat
and moved to Ahmedabad in 1969 or 1970. In 1971 he became a full-time worker for the RSS.
During the state of emergency imposed across the country in 1975, Modi was forced to go into
hiding. The RSS assigned him to the BJP in 1985, and he held several positions within the party
hierarchy until 2001, rising to the rank of general secretary.
Modi was appointed chief minister of Gujarat in 2001, due to Keshubhai Patel's failing health and
poor public image following the earthquake in Bhuj. Modi was elected to the legislative assembly
soon after. His administration has been seen as complicit in the 2002 Gujarat riots,[1][2][3][4][5] or
otherwise criticized for its handling of it, although a court found no evidence to prosecute Modi. [6][7]His
policies as chief minister, credited with encouraging economic growth, have received praise, [8] and
several industrial projects were begun during his tenure. His administration has been criticised for
failing to significantly improve health, poverty, and education indices in the state. [4][5]
Modi led the BJP in the 2014 general election, which gave the party a majority in the Lok Sabha, the
first time a single party had achieved this since 1984. Modi himself was elected to parliament from
Varanasi. Since taking office, Modi's administration has encouraged foreign direct investment in the
Indian economy, increased spending on infrastructure, and reduced spending on health and social
welfare programs. Modi has encouraged efficiency in the bureaucracy, and centralized power
through the abolition of the planning commission. Modi has begun a high-profile sanitation
campaign, and loosened environmental and labor laws. A Hindu nationalist and member of
the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), Modi remains a controversial figure domestically and
internationally.[4][9][10][11][12][13][14]
Contents
[hide]
1Early life and education
2Early political career, 19752001
3Chief Minister of Gujarat

o
3.1Taking office
3.22002 Gujarat riots
3.32002 election
3.4Second term
3.5Development projects
3.6Development debate
3.7Final years
42014 Indian general election
5Prime Minister
o
5.1Economic policies
5.2Health and sanitation policies
5.3Hindutva and education policy
5.4Foreign policy
5.5Defence policy
5.6Environmental policies
5.7Governance and other initiatives
6Personal life
7Image
8Books
9Awards and recognition

o
9.1State honours
10References
o
10.1Notes
10.2Citations
10.3Sources
11Further reading
12External links
Early life and education

Narendra Modi was born on 17 September 1950 to a family of grocers in Vadnagar, Mehsana
district, Bombay State (present-day Gujarat). He was the third of six children born to Damodardas
Mulchand Modi (c.1915 - 1989) and Hiraben Modi.[15] Modi's family belonged to the Modh-GhanchiTeli (oil-presser) community,[16][17][18][19] which is categorised as an Other Backward Class by the Indian
government.[19][20]
As a child, Modi helped his father sell tea at the Vadnagar railway station, and later ran a tea stall
with his brother near a bus terminus.[21][22] Modi completed his higher secondary education in
Vadnagar in 1967, where a teacher described him as an average student and a keen debater, with
an interest in theatre.[21] Modi had an early gift for rhetoric in debates, and this was noted by his
teachers and students.[23] Modi preferred playing larger-than-life characters in theatrical productions,
which has influenced his political image.[24][25]
Modi with his mother, Hiraben, on his 63rd birthday on 17 September 2013.
At age eight, Modi discovered the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), and began attending its
local shakhas (training sessions). There, Modi met Lakshmanrao Inamdar, popularly known as Vakil
Saheb, who inducted him as a balswayamsevak (junior cadet) for RSS and became his political
mentor.[26] While Modi was training with the RSS, he also met Vasant Gajendragadkar and Nathalal
Jaghda, Bharatiya Jana Sangh leaders who were founding members of the BJP's Gujarat unit in
1980.[27][28]
Engaged while still a child to a local girl, Jashodaben Narendrabhai Modi, Modi rejected the
arranged marriage at the same time he graduated from high school.[29] The resulting familial tensions
contributed to his decision to leave home in 1967. [30]
Modi spent the ensuing two years travelling across Northern and North-eastern India, though few
details of where he went have emerged.[31] In interviews, Modi has described visiting Hindu ashrams
founded by Swami Vivekananda: the Belur Math near Kolkata, followed by the Advaita
Ashrama in Almora and the Ramakrishna Mission in Rajkot. Modi remained only a short time at
each, since he lacked the required college education. [32][33][34] "Modi's life is said to have Vivekananda's
deep influence. People close to Modi have often been quoted, saying that Modi has molded many
aspects of his life as Vivekananda's."[35]
Reaching the Belur Math in the early summer of 1968 and being turned away, Modi wandered
through Calcutta, West Bengal and Assam, stopping by Siliguri and Guwahati. [36] Modi then went to
the Ramakrishna Ashram in Almora, where he was again rejected, before travelling back to Gujarat
via Delhi and Rajasthan in 196869.[37] Sometime in late 1969 or early 1970, Modi returned to
Vadnagar for a brief visit before leaving again for Ahmedabad.[38] There, Modi lived with his uncle,
working in the latter's canteen at the Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation.[39][40]
In Ahmedabad, Modi renewed his acquaintance with Inamdar, who was based at Hedgewar Bhavan
(RSS headquarters) in the city.[41][42][43] After the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, he stopped working for his
uncle and became a full-time pracharak (campaigner) for the RSS.[40] In 1978, Modi became an
RSS sambhag pracharak (regional organiser), and received a degree in Political Science after
a distance-education course from Delhi University.[44][45] Five years later, he received a Master of
Arts degree in political science from Gujarat University in 1982.[46][47]
Early political career, 19752001

On 26 June 1975, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared a state of emergency in India which lasted
until 1977. During this period, many of her political opponents were jailed and opposition groups
(including the RSS) were banned.[48][49] As pracharak in-charge of the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi
Parishad (ABVP), the student wing of the RSS, Modi was forced to go underground in Gujarat and
frequently travelled in disguise to avoid arrest. He became involved in printing pamphlets opposing
the government, sending them to Delhi and organising demonstrations.[21][50][51][52] During this period,
Modi wrote a book in Gujarati, Sangharsh Ma Gujarat (In The Struggles of Gujarat), describing
events during the Emergency.[53][54]
He was assigned by the RSS to the BJP in 1985.[27] In 1988, Modi was elected organising secretary
of the party's Gujarat unit, marking his entrance into electoral politics. [44][55]He rose within the party,
helping organise L. K. Advani's 1990 Ram Rath Yatra in 1990 and Murli Manohar Joshi's 1991
92 Ekta Yatra (Journey for Unity).[21][56] As party secretary, Modi's electoral strategy was considered
central to BJP victory in the 1995 state assembly elections.[27][57][58] In November of that year Modi was
elected BJP national secretary and transferred to New Delhi, where he assumed responsibility for
party activities in Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.[57][59] The following year, Shankersinh Vaghela(one
of the most prominent BJP leaders in Gujarat) defected to the INC after losing his parliamentary seat
in the Lok Sabha elections.[21] Modi, on the selection committee for the 1998 Assembly elections in
Gujarat, favoured supporters of BJP leader Keshubhai Patel over those supporting Vaghela to end
factional division in the party. His strategy was credited as key to the BJP winning an overall majority
in the 1998 elections,[57][60] and Modi was promoted to BJP general secretary (organisation) in May of
that year.[61]
Chief Minister of Gujarat

Taking office
Modi and his cabinet ministers at a Planning Commission meeting in New Delhi, 2013.
In 2001, Keshubhai Patel's health was failing and the BJP lost a few state assembly seats in byelections. Allegations of abuse of power, corruption and poor administration were made, and Patel's
standing had been damaged by his administration's handling of the earthquake in Bhuj in 2001.[57][62]
[63]
The BJP national leadership sought a new candidate for chief minister, and Modi, who had
expressed misgivings about Patel's administration, was chosen as a replacement. [21] Although senior
BJP leader L. K. Advani did not want to ostracise Patel and was concerned about Modi's lack of
experience in government, Modi declined an offer to be Patel's deputy chief minister, telling Advani
and Atal Bihari Vajpayee that he was "going to be fully responsible for Gujarat or not at all". On 3
October 2001 he replaced Patel as Chief Minister of Gujarat, with the responsibility of preparing the
BJP for the December 2002 elections.[64]On 7 October 2001, Modi was administered the oath of
office.[65] On 24 February 2002 he won a by-election to the Rajkot II assembly constituency,
defeating Ashwin Mehta of the Indian National Congress (INC) by 14,728 votes, which enabled him
to take office.[66]
2002 Gujarat riots

Main article: 2002 Gujarat riots
On 27 February 2002, a train with several hundred passengers was burned near Godhra, killing
approximately 60 people.[a] The train carried a large number of Hindu pilgrims returning from
Ayodhya after a religious ceremony at the site of the demolished Babri Masjid.[69][70] In making a public
statement after the incident, Modi said that the attack had been pre-planned terror attack by local
Muslims.[3][69][71] The next day, the Vishwa Hindu Parishad called for a bandh across the state.[72][73] Riots
began during the bandh, and anti-Muslim violence spread through Gujarat.[69][72][73] The government's
decision to move the bodies of the train victims from Godhra to Ahmedabad had the effect of further
inflaming the violence.[69][74] The state government stated later that 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus were
killed.[75] Independent sources put the death toll at over 2000.[69][76]Approximately 150,000 people were
driven to refugee camps.[77] Numerous women and children were among the victims; the violence
included mass rapes and mutilations of women.[2]
The government of Gujarat itself is generally considered by scholars to have been complicit in the
riots,[1][2][3] and has otherwise received heavy criticism for its handling of the situation. [78] Several
scholars have described the violence as a pogrom, while others have called it an example of state
terrorism.[79][80][81] Summarising academic views on the subject, Martha Nussbaum said: "There is by
now a broad consensus that the Gujarat violence was a form of ethnic cleansing, that in many ways
it was premeditated, and that it was carried out with the complicity of the state government and
officers of the law."[2] The Modi government imposed a curfew in 26 major cities, issued shoot-at-sight
orders and called for the army to patrol the streets, but was unable to prevent the violence from
escalating.[72][73] The president of the state unit of the BJP expressed support for the bandh, despite
such actions being illegal at the time.[3] State officials later prevented riot victims from leaving the
refugee camps, and the camps were often unable to meet the needs of those living there. [82] Muslim
victims of the riots were subject to further discrimination when the state government announced that
compensation for Muslim victims would be half of that offered to Hindus, although this decision was
later reversed after the issue was taken to court. [83] During the riots, police officers often did not
intervene in situations where they were able.[2][71][84] In 2012 Maya Kodnani, a minister in Modi's
government from 2007 to 2009, was convicted of participation in the Naroda Patiya massacre during
the 2002 riots.[85][86] Although Modi's government had announced that it would seek the death penalty
for Kodnani on appeal, it reversed its decision in 2013.[87][88]
Modi's personal involvement in the 2002 events has continued to be debated. During the riots, Modi
said that "What is happening is a chain of action and reaction."[2] Later in 2002, Modi said the way in
which he had handled the media was his only regret regarding the episode. [89] Modi has not offered
an apology for the riots.[90] In March 2008, the Supreme Court reopened several cases related to the
2002 riots, including that of the Gulbarg Society massacre, and established a Special Investigation
Team (SIT) to look into the issue.[78][91][92] In response to a petition from Zakia Jafri (widow of Ehsan
Jafri, who was killed in the Gulbarg Society massacre), in April 2009 the court also asked the SIT to
investigate the issue of Modi's complicity in the killings.[91] The SIT questioned Modi in March 2010; in
May, it presented to the court a report finding no evidence against Modi. [91][93] In July 2011, the courtappointed amicus curiae Raju Ramachandran submitted his final report to the court. Contrary to the
SIT's position, he said that Modi could be prosecuted based on the available evidence. [94][95] The
Supreme Court gave the matter to the magistrate court. The SIT examined Ramachandran's report,
and in March 2012 submitted its final report, asking for the case to be closed. Zakia Jaffri filed a
protest petition in response. In December 2013 the magistrate court rejected the protest petition,
accepting the SIT's finding that there was no evidence against the chief minister.[96]
2002 election
Modi with Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 2002.
In the aftermath of the violence came widespread calls for Modi to resign as chief minister from
within and outside the state, including leaders of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and the Telugu
Desam Party (allies in the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance coalition), and opposition parties
stalled Parliament over the issue.[97] Modi submitted his resignation, which was not accepted, at the
April 2002 BJP national executive meeting in Goa.[98] His cabinet had a 19 July 2002 emergency
meeting, offered its resignation to the Gujarat Governor S. S. Bhandari and the assembly was
dissolved.[99][100] Despite opposition from the election commissioner, who said that a number of voters
were still displaced, Modi succeeded in advancing the election to December 2002. [101] In the
elections, the BJP won 127 seats in the 182-member assembly.[102]Although Modi later denied it, he
made significant use of anti-Muslim rhetoric during his campaign,[103][104][105][106] and the BJP profited by
the division of the vote along religious lines.[101] Modi hired the public relations firm APCO
Worldwide to manage his image.[101] He won the Maninagar constituency, receiving 1,13,589 of
1,54,981 votes and defeating INC candidate Yatin Oza by 75,333 votes. [107] On 22 December 2002,
Bhandari swore Modi in for a second term.[108] Modi framed the criticism of his government for human
rights violations as an attack upon Gujarati pride, a strategy which led to the BJP winning two thirds
of the seats in the state assembly.[1][103]
Modi's public speeches during the election campaign had been focused on the 2002 riots, but after
the election, the stated agenda of the government shifted toward economic development. [1][103] Modi
organized a "Vibrant Gujarat" summit, where Gujarat was advertised as an attractive destination for
private investment. During the summit, which would later become a biennial event, Modi offered
financial incentives to investors, and also referred to Gujarat's culture as a factor which made the
state well-suited for business. Modi's rhetoric at the time was aimed at a middle-class Hindu
audience and sought to consolidate a Gujarati cultural identity based on upper-caste, Hindu cultural
elements.[1]However, after the 2002 election the BJP reduced the use of anti-Muslim rhetoric in its
campaigns in favor of statements about economic development.[1]
Second term
After an election campaign in which the BJP benefited from religious polarisation among the voters,
during Modi's second term the rhetoric of the government shifted from Hindutva to Gujarat's
economic development.[62] Modi curtailed the influence of Sangh Parivar organisations such as
the Bharatiya Kisan Sangh (BKS) and the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP),[109] entrenched in the state
after the decline of Ahmedabad's textile industry,[62] and dropped Gordhan Zadafia (an ally of former
Sangh co-worker and VHP state chief Praveen Togadia) from his cabinet. When the BKS staged a
farmers' demonstration Modi ordered their eviction from state-provided houses, and his decision to
demolish 200 illegal temples in Gandhinagar deepened the rift with the VHP.[109][110] Sangh
organisations were no longer consulted or informed in advance about Modi's administrative
decisions.[109] Nonetheless, Modi retained connections with some Hindu nationalists. Modi wrote a
forward to a textbook by Dinanath Batra released in 2014, which stated that ancient India possessed
technologies including test-tube babies.[111][112]
Modi's relationship with Muslims continued to be criticised. Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee (who
asked Modi for tolerance in the aftermath of the 2002 Gujarat violence and supported his resignation
as chief minister)[113][114] distanced himself, reaching out to North Indian Muslims before the 2004 Lok
Sabha elections. After the elections Vajpayee called the violence in Gujarat a reason for the BJP's
electoral defeat and said it had been a mistake to leave Modi in office after the riots. [115][116]
Questions about Modi's relationship with Muslims were also raised by many Western nations during
his tenure as chief minister. Modi was barred from entering the United States under a provision of
the Immigration and Nationality Act banning violators of religious freedom,[117] the only person denied
a US visa under this provision.[118] The UK and the European Union refused to admit him because of
what they saw as his role in the riots. As Modi rose to prominence in India, the UK [119] and the
EU[120] lifted their bans in October 2012 and March 2013, respectively, and after his election as prime
minister he was invited to Washington.[121][122]
During the run-up to the 2007 assembly elections and the 2009 general election, the BJP ramped up
its rhetoric on terrorism.[123] On 18 July 2006, Modi criticised Prime Minister Manmohan Singh "... for
his reluctance to revive anti-terror legislation" such as the 2002 Prevention of Terrorism Act. He
asked the national government to allow states to invoke tougher laws in the wake of the 2006
Mumbai blasts[124] and demanded the execution of Afzal Guru,[125] who was convicted of involvement in
the 2001 Indian Parliament attack.[126] After the November 2008 Mumbai attacks Modi held a meeting
to discuss the security of Gujarat's 1,600-kilometre (990 mi)-long coastline, resulting
in governmentauthorisation of 30 high-speed surveillance boats.[127] In July 2007 Modi completed
2,063 consecutive days as chief minister of Gujarat, making him the longest-serving holder of that
post,[128] and the BJP won 122 of 182 state-assembly seats in that year's election. [129]
Development projects
The Sardar Sarovar Dam during a 2006 height increase.
Modi at a hospital dedication in Kheda district in 2013.
As Chief Minister, Modi favoured privatisation and small government, which was at odds with the
philosophy of the RSS, usually described as anti-privatisation and anti-globalisation. [62] His policies
during his second term have been credited with reducing corruption in the state. [62] He established
financial and technology parks in Gujarat and during the 2007 Vibrant Gujarat summit, real-estate
investment deals worth 6.6 trillion were signed in the state.[62] Modi's administration branded Gujarat
as a state of dynamic development, economic growth and prosperity with the slogan "Vibrant
Gujarat".[1][130][131]
The governments led by Patel and Modi supported NGOs and communities in the creation of
groundwater-conservation projects. By December 2008 500,000 structures had been built, of which
113,738 were check dams, which helped recharge the aquifers beneath them.[132] Sixty of the
112 tehsils which had depleted the water table in 2004 had regained their normal groundwater levels
by 2010.[133]As a result, the state's production of genetically modified genetically modified
cotton increased to become the largest in India.[132] The boom in cotton production and its semi-arid
land use[134] led to Gujarat's agricultural growing at an average rate of 9.6 percent from 2001 to 2007.
[135]
Public irrigation measures in central and southern Gujarat, such as the Sardar Sarovar Dam,
were less successful.[132] The Sardar Sarovar project only irrigated 46% of the area it was supposed
to.[132] Nonetheless, from 2001 to 2010 Gujarat recorded an agricultural growth rate of 10.97 percent
the highest of any state.[134] However, sociologists have pointed out that the growth rate under the
199297 INC government was 12.9 percent.[136]
In 2008 Modi offered land in Gujarat to Tata Motors to set up a plant manufacturing the Nano.[137] This
happened after a popular agitation had forced the company to move out of West Bengal. [137] Several
other companies followed the Tata's to Gujarat.[137]
The Modi government completed the process of bringing electricity to every village in Gujarat, which
had been nearly completed under the previous administration.[136] Modi significantly changed the
state's system of power distribution, greatly impacting farmers. Gujarat expanded the Jyotigram
Yojana scheme, in which agricultural electricity was separated from other rural electricity; the
agricultural electricity was rationed to fit scheduled irrigation demands, reducing its cost. Although
early protests by farmers ended when those who benefited found that their electricity supply had
stabilised,[132] according to an assessment study corporations and large farmers benefited from the
policy at the expense of small farmers and labourers.[138]
Development debate
Modi addressing graduates of the Gujarat National Law University in 2012.
There has been a contentious debate surrounding the development of the state of Gujarat during
Modi's tenure as chief minister.[139] The GDP growth rate of Gujarat averaged 10% during Modi's
tenure, a value above that of the country as a whole, and similar to other highly industrialised states.
[137]
Gujarat also had a high rate of economic growth in the 1990s, before Modi took office. [140] Some
scholars have stated the rate of growth did not accelerate during Modi's tenure, [140] although the state
is considered to have maintained a high growth rate during Modi's Chief Ministership. [83] Under Modi,
Gujarat topped the World Bank's "ease of doing business" rankings among Indian states for two
consecutive years.[141] In 2013, Gujarat was ranked first among Indian states for "economic freedom"
by a report measuring governance, growth, citizens' rights and labour and business regulation
among the country's 20 largest states.[137][142] In the later years of Modi's government, Gujarat's
economic growth was frequently used as an argument to counter allegations of communalism. [1] Tax
breaks for businesses were easier to obtain in Gujarat than in other states, as was land. Modi's
policies to make Gujarat attractive for investment included the creation of Special Economic Zones,
where labor laws were greatly weakened.[103]
Despite its growth rate, Gujarat had a relatively poor record on human development, poverty relief,
nutrition and education during Modi's tenure. In 2013, Gujarat ranked 13th in the country with
respect to rates of poverty and 21st in education. Nearly 45 percent of children under five were
underweight and 23 percent were undernourished, putting the state in the "alarming" category on
the India State Hunger Index.[143][144] A study by UNICEF and the Indian government found that Gujarat
under Modi had a poor record with respect to immunisation in children.[145]
Over the decade from 2001 to 2011, Gujarat did not change its position relative to the rest of the
country with respect to poverty and female literacy, remaining near the median of the 29 Indian
states.[83] It showed only a marginal improvement in rates of infant mortality, and its position with
respect to individual consumption declined.[83] With respect to the quality of education in government
schools, the state ranked below most Indian states.[83] The social policies of the government
generally did not benefit Muslims, Dalits, and Adivasis, and generally increased social inequalities.
[83]
Under Modi, the state government spent far less than the national average on education and
healthcare.[83]
Development in Gujarat was generally limited to the urban middle class, and citizens in rural areas
or from lower castes were increasingly marginalised. In 2013 the state ranked 10th of 21 Indian
states in the Human Development Index. Political Scientist Christophe Jaffrelot says that under Modi
the number of families below the poverty line has increased and conditions for
rural adivasi and dalits, in particular, have declined.[146] In July 2013 economics Nobel
Laureate Amartya Sen expressed disapproval of Modi's governance record, saying that under his
administration Gujarat's "record in education and healthcare is pretty bad". [147]
However, economists Arvind Panagariya and Jagdish Bhagwati say that Gujarat's social indicators
have improved from a lower baseline than that of other Indian states. According to them, Gujarat's
performance in raising literacy rates has been superior to other states and the "rapid" improvement
of health indicators is evidence that "its progress has not been poor by any means." [148]
Final years
Modi with Anandiben Patel at a meeting of BJP MLAs after his election as prime minister; Patel succeeded him
as Gujarat chief minister.
Further information: Gujarat Legislative Assembly election, 2012

During the 2012 campaign, Modi attempted to identify himself with the state of Gujarat, a strategy
similar to that used by Indira Gandhiduring the Emergency, and projected himself as protecting
Gujarat against persecution by the rest of India.[103]
Despite the BJP's shift away from explicit Hindutva, Modi's election campaign in 2007 and 2012
contained elements of Hindu nationalism. Modi only attended Hindu religious ceremonies, and had
prominent associations with Hindu religious leaders. During his 2012 campaign he twice refused to
wear articles of clothing gifted by Muslim leaders.[103] He did, however, maintain relations
with Dawoodi Bohra.[103] His campaign included references to issues known to cause religious
polarization, including to Afzal Guru and the killing of Sohrabuddin Sheikh. The BJP did not nominate
any Muslim candidates for the assembly election of 2012.[103]
While campaigning for the 2012 assembly elections, Modi made extensive use of holograms and
other technologies allowing him to reach a large number of people, [101] something he would repeat in
the 2014 general election. In the 2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly elections, Modi won the
constituency of Maninagar by 86,373 votes over Shweta Bhatt, the INC candidate and wife of Sanjiv
Bhatt.[149] The BJP won 115 of the 182 seats, continuing its majority during his tenure [150] and allowing
the party to form the government (as it had in Gujarat since 1995).[151] In later by-elections the BJP
won four more assembly seats and two Lok Sabha seats held by the INC, although Modi did not
campaign for its candidates.[152] In 2013, the Wharton India Economic Forum(WIEF) at the Wharton
School of the University of Pennsylvania cancelled a keynote video-conference speech by Modi
following protests by Indian-Americans.[153] After his election as prime minister, Modi resigned as the
chief minister and as an MLA from Maninagar on 21 May 2014. Anandiben Patel succeeded him as
the chief minister.[154]
2014 Indian general election

Main article: Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for Indian general election, 2014
Modi addressing a rally in Meerutduring the 2014 general election campaign.
On 31 March 2013 Modi was appointed to the BJP parliamentary board, the highest decision-making
body in the party,[155][156] and at a meeting of the party's national executive on 9 June he was appointed
chair of the BJP's central election campaign committee for the 2014 general election. [155][157] BJP
founding member L. K. Advani resigned his party posts after the appointment, citing concern with
leaders who were "concerned with their personal agendas". His resignation, which was described as
being a protest against Modi's elevation, was withdrawn the following day at the urging of RSS
chief Mohan Bhagwat.[158] In September 2013, the BJP announced that the chief minister would be
their candidate for prime minister in the 2014 Lok Sabha election.[157][159] Other BJP leaders also
initially expressed opposition to Modi's candidature.[155] Modi's nomination also drew attention for his
reputation as "one of contemporary India's most controversial and divisive politicians." [139]
Modi played a dominant role in the BJP's 2009 general-election campaign. [160][161] Several people who
voted for the BJP stated that if Modi had not been the prime-ministerial candidate, they would have
voted for another party.[162] The BJP projected an image of Modi as a strong, masculine leader, who
would be able to take difficult decisions.[139][155][157][162][163] The focus on Modi as an individual was unusual
for a BJP election campaign.[155][164]The election was described as a referendum on Narendra Modi.[139]
During the campaign, Modi focused on the corruption scandals under the previous INC government,
and played on his image as a politician who had created a high rate of GDP growth in Gujarat. [139]
[155]
Modi projected himself as a person who could bring about "development," without focus on any
specific policies.[155] His message found support among young Indians and among middle-class
citizens.[139] The BJP under Modi was able to downplay concerns about the protection of religious
minorities and Modi's commitment to secularism, areas in which he had previously received criticism.
[139]
Prior to the election Modi's image in the media had centered around his role in the 2002 Gujarat
riots, but during the campaign the BJP was able to shift this to a focus on Modi's neoliberal ideology
and the Gujarat model of development.[161] Although the BJP avoided issues of Hindu nationalism to
an extent, Hindutva remained a significant part of its campaign. [155][162][165] Through the campaign, the
BJP received significantly more positive media coverage than its competitors, particularly in the
northern and western parts of the country. Commentators attributed this to Modi's influence in the
area.[166] The campaign also made extensive use of advertising in vernacular media sources,
portraying Modi as the victim of a "news media conspiracy" among the English language sources.
[161]
However, the BJP's campaign was assisted by its wide influence in the media. [144] Modi's
campaign blitz cost approximately INR 5000 crores ($830 million),[139] and received extensive
financial support from corporate donors.[144] In addition to more conventional campaign methods,
such as rallies and the use of print media, Modi also made extensive use of social media, [139][155] and
addressed more than 1000 rallies via hologram appearances.[165] The election was described as
"India's first social media election.[167]
The BJP won 31% of the vote,[90] and more than doubled its tally in the Lok Sabha to 282, and
became the first party to win a majority of seats on its own since 1984. [161][162] The results were
described as a pro-Modi "wave."[139][162] Voter unhappiness with the INC, as well as with regional
parties in North India, was another reason for the success of the BJP.[162] The support network of the
RSS played a role in Modi's success.[155] Scholars studying the election also stated that Modi had an
ability to attract supporters who would campaign for him, thus strengthening his position as a
candidate but making the party's victory relatively fragile.[155][157] In states such as Uttar Pradesh in
which the BJP performed well, it drew exceptionally high support from upper-caste Hindus. [162] It won
only 10 percent of the Muslim vote, which was nonetheless more than it had won before. [162] It
performed particularly well in parts of the country that had recently experienced violence between
Hindus and Muslims.[162]
The magnitude of the BJP's victory led many commentators to say that the election constituted a
political realignment away from progressive parties and towards the right-wing BJP.[139][162][168][169] Modi's
tweet announcing his victory in the election was the most re-tweeted in India, [170] and was described
as being emblematic of the political realignment away from a Nehruvian secular, socialist state
towards capitalism and Hindu cultural nationalism.[170]
Modi himself was a candidate for the Lok Sabha in two constituencies: Varanasi and Vadodara.
[171]
He won in both constituencies, defeating Aam Aadmi Party leader Arvind Kejriwal in Varanasi
and Madhusudan Mistry of the INC in Vadodara by 570,128 votes.[172] The BJP-led NDA won the
general election overall and the INC experienced its worst-ever defeat. [173][174][175] Modi, who was
unanimously elected leader of the BJP after his party's victory, was appointed prime minister by
India's president.[176][177] To comply with the law that an MP cannot represent more than one
constituency, he vacated the Vadodara seat.[178]
Prime Minister
Main article: Premiership of Narendra Modi
Wikinews has related
news: Narendra Modi
elected new Prime
Minister of India.
Modi (far right) being sworn in as Prime Minister, in the presence of President Pranab Mukherjee (far left),
2014.
Modi was sworn in as the Prime Minister of India on 26 May 2014 at the Rashtrapati Bhavan. He
became the first Prime Minister born after India's independence from the United Kingdom.[179] His first
cabinet consisted of 45 ministers, 25 fewer than the previous UPA government. [180] 21 new ministers
were added to the council of ministers in November 2014.[181]
Economic policies
The economic policies of Modi's government focused on privatisation and liberalisation of the
economy, based on a neoliberalframework.[181][182] Modi liberalised India's foreign direct
investment policies, allowing more foreign investment in several industries, including in defence and
the railways.[181][183][184][185] Other reforms included removing many of the country's labor laws, to make it
harder for workers to form unions and easier for employers to hire and fire them. [182] These reforms
met with support from institutions such as the World Bank, but opposition from scholars within the
country. The labour laws also drew strong opposition from unions: on 2 September 2015, eleven of
the country's largest unions went on strike, including one affiliated with the BJP.[182] The Bharatiya
Mazdoor Sangh, a constituent of the Sangh Parivar, stated that the reforms would hurt laborers by
making it easier for corporations to exploit them.[181] In his first budget, Finance Minister Arun
Jaitley promised to gradually reduce the budgetary deficit from 4.1% to 3% over two years, and to
divest from shares in public banks.[181] Over Modi's first year in office, the Indian GDP grew at a rate
of 7.5%, making it the fastest growing large economy.[182]
The funds dedicated to poverty reduction programs and social welfare measures was greatly
decreased by the Modi administration.[112] The money spent on social programs declined from 14.6%
of GDP during the Congress government to 12.6% during Modi's first year in office. [181] Spending on
health and family welfare declined by 15%, and on primary and secondary education, by 16%.
[181]
The budgetary allocation for the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, or the "education for all" program,
declined by 22%.[181] The government also lowered corporate taxes, abolished the wealth tax, and
reduced customs duties on gold, jewelry, and increased sales taxes.[181] In October 2014, the Modi
government deregulated diesel prices,[186] and later increased taxes on diesel and petrol.[181] In July
2014, Modi refused to sign a trade agreement that would permit the World Trade Organization to
implement a deal agreed in Bali, citing a lack of protection to Indian farmers and the needs of food
security.[181]
Modi at the launch of the Make in India program.
In September 2014, Modi introduced the Make in India initiative to encourage foreign companies to
manufacture products in India, with the goal of turning India into a global manufacturing hub. [181]
[187]
Supporters of economic liberalisation supported the initiative, while critics argued it would allow
foreign corporations to capture a greater share of the Indian market.[181] In order to enable the
construction of private industrial corridors, the Modi administration passed a land-reform bill that
allowed it to acquire private agricultural land without conducting a social impact assessment, and
without the consent of the farmers who owned it.[188] Under the previous bill, the government had
required the consent of 80% of the owners of a piece of property before acquiring it for a private
project: this requirement was waived.[189] The bill was passed via an executive order after it faced
opposition in parliament, but was eventually allowed to lapse. [189]
The government substantially increased the percentage of central revenue directly granted to states,
while decreasing the amount granted through various central government programs. Overall, states'
share of revenue increased marginally.[112] The criteria upon which individual states' allocation was
determined were changed, such that the revenue to 19 states increased, and that of 10 states
decreased. Only one of the ten states was ruled by the BJP when the policy was enacted. [112]
The government signed large deals with General Electric and Alstom to supply India with 1,000 new
diesel locomotives, as part of an effort to reform the Indian railway, which also included privatisation
efforts.[190][191] In December 2015, Modi's government signed an agreement with Japan to jointly build
a bullet train system linking Mumbai and Ahmedabad.[192] The Indian government put forward a plan
on converting 101 rivers into national waterways for the transport of goods and passengers. The
government also began an ambitious program to increase the number of highways in the country,[193]
[194]
allocating 700 billion rupees to the project.[181]
On 25 June 2015, Modi launched a program intended to develop 100 smart cities.[195] The "Smart
Cities" program is expected to bring IT companies an extra benefit of 20,000,000,000 rupees. [196] He
also launched a "smart villages" initiative, under which villages would be given Internet access, clean
water, sanitation, and low-carbon energy, with Members of Parliament overseeing the program's
implementation. The program had a stated goal of at least 2,500 smart villages by 2019. [196]
In June 2015, Modi launched the "Housing for All By 2022" project, which intends to
eliminate slums in India by building about 20 million affordable homes for India's urban poor.[197]
[198]
Modi launched Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana in August 2014. The initiative aimed to create
bank accounts and debit cards for 150 million families, and to allow them an overdraft of 5000
rupees.[181] 125.4 million accounts had been opened by January 2015.[181] The programme also
promised accident insurance to each of these families.[181] He launched Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala
Yojana (PMUY) on 1 May 2016 to distribute LPG connections to women of BPL families. [199]
In his first cabinet decision, Modi set up a team to investigate black money.[200][201][202][203][204][205][206] On 9
November 2016, the government demonetised 500 and 1000 banknotes, with the stated intention
of curbing corruption, black money, the use of counterfeit currency, and terrorism. [207] The move led to
widespread protests throughout the country, including one by opposition parties, which stalled
the winter session of parliament.[208] In the days following the demonetisation, banks across the
country faced severe cash shortages,[209][210][211] which had detrimental effects on a number of small
businesses, on agriculture, and on transportation. People seeking to exchange their notes had
lengthy waits, and several deaths were linked to the rush to exchange cash. [212][213] Following Modi's
announcement, the Indian stock indices BSE SENSEX and NIFTY 50declined steeply.[214]
Health and sanitation policies

See also: Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
Modi participates in the cleanliness drive in his constituency of Varanasi.
In his first year as prime minister Modi reduced the amount of money spent by the government on
healthcare.[145] The Modi government launched a "New Health Policy" in January 2015. The policy did
not increase the government's spending on healthcare, but placed emphasis on the role of private
healthcare organisations.[215] In its budget for the second year after it took office, the Modi
government reduced healthcare spending by 15%.[215] This represented a shift away from the policy
of the previous Congress government, which had supported programs to support public health goals
including reducing child and maternal mortality rates.[215] The National Health Mission, which included
public health programs targeted at these indices received nearly 25% less funds in 2015 than in the
previous year.[215] 15 national health programs, including those aimed at controlling tobacco use and
supporting healthcare for the elderly, were merged with the National Health Mission, and received
less funds than in previous years.[215] Modi initially appointed Harsh Vardhan, a doctor and an
advocate of tobacco control, minister of health. However, Vardhan was removed in November 2015.
[215]
The government also proposed introducing stricter packaging laws for tobacco, but this effort was
postponed because of the efforts of the tobacco lobby.[215]
Modi's government developed a draft policy to introduce a universal health care system, known as
the National Health Assurance Mission. Under this plan, the government was to provide free drugs,
diagnostic treatment, and insurance coverage for serious ailments, although budgetary concerns
have delayed its implementation.[216][217][218]
On 2 October 2014, Modi launched the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan ("Clean India") campaign. The
states goals of the campaign included eliminating open defecation, eliminating manual scavenging,
and improving waste management practices.[219][220] The campaign was announced on the anniversary
of Mahatma Gandhi's birthday, and was planned to achieve these aims in five years, or in time for
the 150th anniversary of his birth.[220] As part of the programme, the Indian government began the
construction of millions toilets in rural areas, as well as efforts to encourage people to use them. [221][222]
[223]
The government also announced plans to build new sewage treatment plants. [224] The
administration plans to construct 60 million toilets by 2019. The construction projects have faced
allegations of corruption, and have faced severe difficulty in getting people to use the toilets
constructed for them.[220][221][222]
Modi has generally emphasized his government's efforts at sanitation as a means of ensuring good
health.[215] He has also advocated yoga and traditional forms of medicine.[215]An article in the medical
journal Lancet stated that the country "might have taken a few steps back in public health" under
Modi.[215]
Hindutva and education policy

During the 2014 election campaign, Modi expressed hopes for a tenure without communal violence.
The BJP sought to identify itself with political leaders known to have opposed Hindu nationalism,
including B. R. Ambedkar, Subhas Chandra Bose, and Ram Manohar Lohia.[112] The campaign also
saw the use of rhetoric based on Hindutva, however, by BJP leaders in certain states. [225] Communal
tensions were played upon especially in Uttar Pradesh and the states of Northeast India. [225] A
proposal for the controversial Uniform Civil Code was a part of the BJP's election manifesto.[165]
Several state governments headed by the BJP have enacted policies aligned with Hindutva after the
election of Modi as prime minister. The government of Maharashtra banned the killing of cows in
2014.[225] The government of Haryana made changes to its education policy that introduced Hindu
religious elements into the curriculum.[226] External affairs minister Sushma Swaraj suggested after
the election that the Bhagvad Gita be adopted as India's "national book".[225] The Modi administration
has generally avoided directly supporting policies related to a Hindutva agenda. [225] There has been
an increase in the activities of a number of other Hindu nationalist organisations, sometimes with the
support of the government.[112][225] The incidents included a campaign against "Love Jihad", a religious
conversion programme, and attempts to celebrate Nathuram Godse, the assassin of Mahatma
Gandhi, by members of the Sangh Parivar.[112] The attempts at religious conversion have been
described by the VHP and other organisations involved with them as attempts at "reconversion" from
Islam or Christianity. There have been a number of reports of intimidation or coercion of the subjects
during these attempts.[225] Officials in the government, including the Home Minister, have defended
the attempts.[225] There were additional incidents of violence targeted at religious minorities by Hindu
nationalists.[112] Modi refused to remove a government minister from her position after a popular
outcry resulted from her referring to religious minorities as "bastards." [112]Commentators have
suggested, however, that the violence was perpetrated by radical Hindu nationalists to undercut the
authority of Modi.[112]
The Modi administration appointed Yellapragada Sudershan Rao, who had previously been
associated with the RSS, chairperson of the Indian Council of Historical Research.[165]In reaction to
his appointment, other historians and former members of the ICHR, including those sympathetic to
the ruling party, questioned his credentials as a historian. Several stated that the appointment was
part of an agenda of cultural nationalism.[165][227][228]
The government began formulating a New Education Policy, or NEP, soon after its election. As of
March 2016, this policy had yet to be implemented. [226] This was the third education policy introduced
by the Indian government, following those of 1968 and 1986. [226] The policy was described as having
overtones of Hindutva.[226] The RSS had a role in its creation, and it did not explicitly mention the
goals of "socialism, secularism and democracy" that had been mentioned in the first two policies.
[226]
The policy emphasized the education of minority students, as well as those of economically
backward groups, in particular on improving enrollment in schools among those groups. [226] The
policy proposed bringing religious educational institutions under the Right to Education Act.[226] There
was also a debate about removing caste-based reservation in favor of reservation based on income,
a move supported by the RSS, but which was criticized as being discriminatory on the basis of
caste.[226]
Foreign policy
Further information: Foreign policy of Narendra Modi and List of prime ministerial trips made by
Narendra Modi
Modi with other BRICS leaders in 2016. Left to right: Temer, Modi, Xi, Putin and Zuma.
Foreign policy played a relatively small role in Modi's election campaign, and did not feature
prominently in the BJP's election manifesto.[229] Modi invited all the other leaders of SAARC countries
to the ceremony where he was sworn in as prime minister.[230][231] He was the first Indian prime minister
to do so.[232] Observers have stated that due to Modi portraying himself as a strong and nationalist
leader during his election campaign, he would be politically unable to follow a policy of restraint that
India had previously followed after terrorist attacks, and is more likely to have a military response. [230]
Modi's foreign policy focused on improving economic ties, improving security, and increased regional
relations, which is very similar to the policy of the preceding INC government. [229] Modi continued his
predecessor Manmohan Singh's policy of "multialignment."[233] This involved the use of regional
multilateral institutions and strategic partnerships to further the interests of the Indian government.
[233]
The Modi administration tried to attract foreign investment in the Indian economy from several
sources, especially in East Asia.[229] The Modi government also upgraded several of India's military
alliances, although it was unable to conclude negotiations for a trilateral defense agreement with
Japan and Australia.[229] As a part of this policy, the Modi government completed India's application to
join the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, which is led by China and Russia. (SCO). It also joined
the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank founded by China.[233] Together with the US government, it
created a "Joint Strategic Vision" for the Indian and Pacific oceans. [233] The government also tried to
improve relations with Islamic republics in the Middle East, such as Bahrain, the Islamic Republic of
Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, as well as with Israel, with the intent to also "link
west."[233] Modi added five bilateral strategic partnerships to the 25 that had been agreed by his
predecessors Singh and Vajpayee.[233]
Prime Minister Modi with President Barack Obama of the US, 2015
During the first few months after the election, Modi made trips to a number of different countries to
further the goals of his policy, and attended the BRICS, ASEAN, and G20 summits.[229] During these
visits, Modi attempted to draw further foreign investment in the Indian economy,[229] with the use of
slogans such as "Make in India" and "Digital India," put forward during a visit to Silicon Valley.[233] One
of Modi's first visits as prime minister was to Nepal, during which he promised a billion USD in aid.
[234]
Another early visit was to Bhutan.[234]Modi also made several overtures to the United States,
including multiple visits to that country.[231] While this was described as an unexpected development,
due to the US having previously denied Modi a travel visa over his role during the 2002 Gujarat riots,
it was also expected to strengthen diplomatic and trade relations between the two countries. [231] As of
July 2016, Modi had made 51 trips to 42 countries with the intent of strengthening diplomatic
relations.[235][236]
In 2015, the Indian parliament ratified a land exchange deal with Bangladesh about the India
Bangladesh enclaves, which had been initiated by the government of Manmohan Singh. [189] Modi's
administration gave renewed attention to India's "Look East Policy", instituted in 1991. The policy
was renamed the "Act East Policy", and involved directing Indian foreign policy towards East
Asia and Southeast Asia.[233][237] The government signed agreements to improve land connectivity
with Myanmar, through the state of Manipur. This represented a break with India's historic
engagement with Myanmar, which prioritized border security over trade.[237]
Defence policy
Wikinews has related
news: Prime Minister
Narendra Modi accuses
Pakistan of waging proxy
war.
During the 2014 election campaign, Modi and the BJP pledged to revisit India's nuclear weapons
doctrine, and in particular India's historical policy of no-first-use. [238] The pressure to revise the
doctrine came from a desire for assertiveness among Indian government and defence officials. Soon
after being sworn in as Prime Minister, Modi said that no revision would take place in the immediate
future.[238]The election manifesto of the BJP had also promised to deal with illegal immigration into
India in the Northeast, as well as to be more firm in its handling of insurgent groups. [239] During the
election campaign, Modi said that he would be willing to accommodate Hindu migrants who were
being persecuted in Bangladesh, but those that came with "political objectives" would have to be
sent back to Bangladesh.[239] The Modi government issued a notification allowing Hindu, Sikh, and
Buddhist illegal immigrants from Pakistan and Bangladesh to legalize their residency in India. [239] The
government described the measure as being taken for humanitarian reasons. However, it drew
criticism from several Assamese organizations.[239]
Modi continued the previous INC administration's policy of increasing military spending every year,
announcing an increase of 11% in the military budget in 2015.[240][241] This increase was larger than the
average growth under the Congress.[240]
The Modi administration negotiated a peace agreement with the largest faction of the National
Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCM), which was announced in August 2015. The Naga insurgency
in northwest India had begun in the 1950s.[239][242] The NSCM and the government had agreed to a
ceasefire in 1997, but a peace accord had not previously been signed. [242] In 2015 the government
abrogated a 15-year ceasefire with the Khaplang faction of the NSCM (NSCM-K). The NSCM-K
responded with a series of attacks, which killed 18 people.[239] The Modi government carried out a
raid across the border with Myanmar as a result, and labelled the NSCM-K a terrorist organization. [239]
Modi has repeatedly stated that Pakistan was an exporter of terrorism.[243][244] Modi increased the
monetary compensation for victims of terrorist attacks, and stated that citizens of Azad
Kashmir could also apply for this compensation.[245] In September 2016, he urged the BRICS to target
and destroy funding channels of terrorist groups.[246] On 29 September 2016, the Indian Army stated
that it had conducted a surgical strike on terror launchpads in PoK,[247] although Pakistan denied the
claim, and the details of the confrontation are still in dispute.[248][249]
Environmental policies
Modi(right) at CoP21 Climate Conference, in Paris, announcing the founding of an International Solar
Alliance (ISA). November 2015.
In naming his cabinet, Modi renamed the "Ministry of Environment and Forests" the "Ministry of
Environment, Forests, and Climate Change."[250] In the first budget of the government, the money
allotted to this ministry was reduced by more than 50%. [250] The new ministry also removed or diluted
a number of laws related to environmental protection. These included no longer requiring clearance
from the National Board for Wildlife for projects close to protected areas, and allowing certain
projects to proceed before environmental clearance was received. [181][250] The government also tried to
reconstitute the Wildlife board such that it no longer had representatives from non-governmental
organisations: however, this move was prevented by the Supreme court.[250]
Modi also relaxed or abolished a number of other environmental regulations, particularly those
related to industrial activity. A government committee stated that the existing system only served to
create corruption, and that the government should instead rely on the owners of industries to
voluntarily inform the government about the pollution they were creating. [181][251] The changes were
made with the aim of accelerating approval for industrial projects.[citation needed] Other changes included
reducing ministry oversight on small mining projects, and no longer requiring approval from tribal
councils for projects inside forested areas.[251] In addition, Modi lifted a moratorium on new industrial
activity in the most polluted areas in the countries.[250] The changes were welcomed by
businesspeople, but criticized by environmentalists.[251]
Under the UPA government that preceded Modi's administration, field trials of Genetically Modified
crops had essentially put on hold, after protests from farmers fearing for their livelihoods. [252] Under
the Modi government these restrictions were gradually lifted. [252] The government received some
criticism for freezing the bank accounts of environmental group Greenpeace, citing financial
irregularities, although a leaked government report said that the freeze had to do with Greenpeace's
opposition to GM crops.[252]
At the CoP21 Climate Conference on 30 November 2015 Modi announced the founding of an
International Solar Alliance (ISA). The headquarters of the ISA would be located in Gurgaon, and
would receive support from the Indian government for a few years. All tropical countries were invited
to join the alliance.[253]
Governance and other initiatives
Modi at the consultation meeting on replacing the Planning Commission with Chief Ministers of various states.
Modi's first year as prime minister saw significant centralization of power relative to previous
administrations.[112][254] Modi personally selected the civil servants who served under his ministers,
frequently giving them instructions without involving the ministers themselves. [112] Modi's efforts at
centralisation have been linked to an increase in the number of senior administration officials
resigning their positions.[112] Although the government has a majority of seats in the Lok Sabha, it
does not have one in the Rajya Sabha, which led to its policied frequently being stymied there. Thus,
Modi resorted to passing a number of ordinances, or executive orders, to enact his policies, leading
to further centralisation of power.[189] In 2014, the Prime Minister's Office prevented Gopal
Subramaniam from being appointed to the Supreme Court. The stated reason was that his conduct
in the 2G spectrum allocation scandal had been suspect: commentators stated it was because he
had been the amicus curiae in the Sohrabuddin Sheikh case, which had implicated BJP leaders
including Modi's aide Amit Shah.[181] The government also passed a bill increasing the control that it
had over the appointment of judges, and reducing that of the judiciary.[90]
On 31 December 2014, Modi announced that the Planning Commission had been scrapped. It was
replaced with a body called the National Institution for Transforming India, or NITI Aayog.[255][256] The
Planning Commission was a legacy of the Indian Independence movement, although critics said that
it was slowing economic growth.[257] The new body includes the leaders of all 29 Indian states, but its
full-time staff report directly to the prime minister.[255] The move had the effect of greatly centralizing
the power previously with the planning commission in the person of the prime minister.[181][189][255][256][257] It
also reduced the extent of control individual states had over their financial allocation from the union
government,[256][257] and unlike the planning commission, it does not have the power to allocate funds.
[256]
The planning commission had received heavy criticism in previous years for creating inefficiency
in the government, and of not filling its role of improving social welfare: however, since the economic
liberalisation of the 1990s, it had been the major government body responsible for measures related
to social justice.[256]
As Prime Minister, Modi announced the abolition of a number of regulations previously placed on
Indian businesses, such as a complex permit and inspection system. The move was aimed at
reducing red tape and making it easier to do business.[258][259] Modi also ordered reform among the
bureaucrats of the Indian Administrative Service to ensure a more efficient government bureaucracy.
[260][261]
The Modi government launched a crackdown against a number of civil society organisations.
Several tens of thousands of organisations were investigated by the Intelligence Bureau in the first
year of the administration, on the grounds that they were slowing economic growth.
[112]
International humanitarian aid organisation Medecins Sans Frontiereswas among the groups that
were put under pressure.[112] Other organisations affected included the Sierra Club and Avaaz.
[181]
Cases of sedition were filed against individuals criticising the government. [112] This led to
discontent with Modi's style of functioning within the BJP, and drew comparisons to the governing
style of Indira Gandhi.[112][189]
Modi repealed 1,159 obsolete laws in first two years as prime minister, against a total of 1,301 such
laws repealed by previous governments over a span of 64 years.[262][263] He started a monthly radio
program titled "Mann ki Baat" on 3 October 2014.[264] Modi also launched the Digital India programme,
which has the goal of ensuring that government services are available electronically, building
infrastructure so rural areas get high-speed Internet access, boosting manufacturing of electronic
goods in the country, and promoting digital literacy.[265][266][267] Under the programme, 400 railway
Stations across the country are being equipped with Wi-Fi technology.[268]
Personal life
In accordance with Ghanchi tradition, Modi's marriage was arranged by his parents when he was a
child. He was engaged at age 13 to Jashodaben, marrying her when he was 18. They spent little
time together and grew apart when Modi began two years of travel, including visits to
Hindu ashrams.[21][269] Reportedly, their marriage was never consummated and he kept it a secret
because otherwise he could not have become a 'pracharak' in the puritan Rashtriya Swayamsewak
Sangh (RSS).[270][44] Although Modi kept his marriage secret for most of his career, he acknowledged
his wife when he filed his nomination for a parliamentary seat in the 2014 general elections. [271]
[272]
Modi maintains a close relationship with his mother, Hiraben and often visits her on his birthday to
seek her blessings.[273]
Image
Main article: Public image of Narendra Modi
PM Modi greets people in Visakhapatnam
A vegetarian,[274] Modi has a frugal lifestyle and is a workaholic and introvert.[275] Adept at using social
media, he has been since September 2014 the second-most-followed leader in the world (with over
25.8 million followers on Twitter as of December 2016), behind only Barack Obama.[167][276][277] Modi's
31 August 2012 post on Google Hangouts made him the first Indian politician to interact
with netizens on live chat.[278][279]
Modi has also been called a fashion-icon with his signature, crisply ironed, half-sleeved tunic-shirt
(dubbed the "Modi kurta"), brand-name accessories, and a suit with his name embroidered
repeatedly in the pinstripes that he wore during a state visit by US President Barack Obama,
drawing particular public and media attention, and sometimes criticism. [280][281][282]
Although he is considered a controversial, polarising and divisive figure, [283][284][285] British economist Jim
O'Neill blogged that Modi is "good on economics" one of the things "India desperately needs in a
leader".[286] In August 2013, financial analyst Chris Wood of CLSAwrote in his weekly "Greed & fear"
report: "The Indian stock market's greatest hope is the emergence of Gujarat Chief Minister
Narendra Modi as the BJP's prime ministerial candidate".[286]
As prime minister, Modi has received consistently high approval ratings; at the end of his first year in
office, he received an overall approval rating of 87% in a Pew Research poll, with 68% of people
rating him "very favorably" and 93% approving of his government. [287] His approval rating remained
largely consistent at around 74% through his second year in office, according to a nationwide poll
conducted by instaVaani.[288] At the end of his second year in office, an updated Pew Research poll
showed Modi continued to receive high overall approval ratings of 81%, with 57% of those polled
rating him "very favorably."[289][290]
Books
In 2001, Modi co-authored Setubandh, a biography of the RSS leader Lakshmanrao Inamdar.[291] In
2007, a collection of Modi's poems was published as a book titled Aankh Aa Dhanya Chhe (Our
Eyes Are So Blessed) .[292][293] Modi also authored Karmayog, a 101-page booklet discussing manual
scavenging. In it, Modi argued that scavenging was a "spiritual experience" for Dalits.[294][295][296]
[297]
However, this book was not circulated that time because of election code of conduct. [298] His
Gujarati book titled Jyotipunj was published in 2008. The book contained biographical profiles of
various RSS leaders that had inspired Modi. The longest profile was of M. S. Golwalkar, under
whose leadership the RSS expanded and whom Modi refers to as Pujniya Shri Guruji ("Guru worthy
of worship").[299] According to The Economic Times, his intention was to explain the workings of the
RSS to his readers and to reassure RSS members that he remained ideologically sound. Modi has
authored eight other books, mostly containing short stories for children. [300]
Awards and recognition

Modi was named Best Chief Minister in a 2007 nationwide survey by India Today.[301] In March 2012,
he appeared on the cover of the Asian edition of Time, one of the few Indian politicians to have done
so,[302] He was awarded Indian of the Year by CNN-IBN news network in 2014.[303]
In 2014 and 2015, he was named one of Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People in the World.
[304][305][306][307]
He was also declared winner of the Time magazine reader's poll for Person of the Year in
2014, a feat which he repeated again in 2016.[308][309]
Forbes Magazine ranked him the 15th-Most-Powerful Person in the World in 2014 and the 9th-MostPowerful Person in the World in 2015 and 2016 again.[310][311][312][313]
In 2015, Modi was one of Time's "30 Most Influential People on the Internet" as the second-mostfollowed politician on Twitter and Facebook.[314] In the same year he was ranked fifth on Fortune
Magazine's first annual list of "World's Greatest Leaders".[315][316]
State honours
Decoration
State Order of
Ghazi Amir
Amanullah Khan
Order of
Abdulaziz al Saud
References
Notes
Country
Afghanistan
Saudi
Arabia
Date
Note
Ref
.
4 June
2016
The highest civilian honor of

Afghanistan
[317]
3 April
2016
Member Special Class, The

highest civilian honor of Saudi
Arabia
[318]
1.
Jump up^ The exact number of people killed in the train burning is
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Women of the Hindu Right in India. The University of Pennsylvania
Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-8122-2234-0. Yet, months after this violent
pogrom against Muslims, the Hindu nationalist chief minister of
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victory
Citations
10. Jump up^ Mishra, Pankaj (April 2011). Visweswaran, Kamala,

ed. Perspectives on Modern South Asia: A Reader in Culture, History,
and Representation. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-4051-00625. The chief minister of Gujarat, a young up-and-coming leader of the
Hindu nationalists called Narendra Modi, quoted Isaac Newton to
explain the killings of Muslims. "Every action", he said, "has an equal
and opposite reaction."
11. Jump up^ "Indian PM Narendra Modi still mired in controversy, says
expert". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 16 April 2015.
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election going down to the wire". Reuters. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
13. Jump up^ Robinson, Simon (11 December 2007). "India's Voters Torn
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Modi grilled for 10 hours at massacre inquiry". The Guardian.
15. Jump up^ Marino 2014, pp. 13, 15, 74.
16. Jump up^ "Narendra Modi belongs to Modh-Ghanchi caste, which
was added to OBCs categories in 1994, says Gujarat government".
17. Jump up^ "PM Modi's brother asks Teli community to adopt 'Modi'
prefix".
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201. Jump up^ "Amit Shah hails Narendra Modi for "surgical strike"
against black money, corruption", The Economic Times, 8 November
2016
202. Jump up^ "Demonetisation is just the beginning in fight against
black money: PM Modi", Business Standard, 22 November 2016
203. Jump up^ "Demonetization is just the beginning of a long battle
against black money: Modi", The New Indian Express, 22 November
2016
204. Jump up^ "Tackling black money: Modi govt's two-year report
card", Hindustan Times, 10 November 2016
205. Jump up^ "Ban on 500, 1,000 notes to help curb corruption: SIT
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Meghwal", The New Indian Express, 4 December 2016
207. Jump up^ "Rs 500, Rs 1000 currency notes stand abolished from
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245. Jump up^ "Modi stumps Pak, announces enhanced compensation

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246. Jump up^ "BRICS Must Intensify Efforts Against Terror, Its
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junked in previous 64 years", The Times of India, 8 June 2016
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has delivered on his promises", Daily News and Analysis, 26 May
2016
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AIR plans survey", The Indian Express, 3 October 2015
265. Jump up^ "Govt launches 22 new schemes under Digital India
programme", Live Mint, 29 December 2015
266. Jump up^ "GST to take care of many of e-commerce firms' tax
issues: IT minister", Live Mint, 21 November 2014
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by 2019 | Digital India Project Campaign", Digitalindiainsight.com
268. Jump up^ "High-speed facility in 400 railway stations by 2017end", The Hindu, 6 May 2016
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to read about him (Modi) ... I know he will become PM'". The Financial
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man to fight graft: Narendra Modi". The Times of India. Retrieved 13
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272. Jump up^ "Jashodaben is my wife, Narendra Modi admits under
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292. Jump up^ "What Narendra Modi's poems reveal about him". Mint.
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293. Jump up^ "Narendra Modi, smart politician and average
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294. Jump up^ "'Karmayogi' swears by caste order 'Scavenging A
Spiritual Experience For Valmiks'".
295. Jump up^ "Modi's spiritual potion to woo karmayogis".
296. Jump up^ "Narendra Modi is 'anti-Dalit': Congress".
297. Jump up^ "Scavenging, a spiritual experience for Dalits: Modi".
298. Jump up^ "Modi against dalits".
299. Jump up^ "Narendra Modi on MS Golwalkar, translated by Aakar
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300. Jump up^ "Jyotipunj: Narendra Modi writes on 'my organisation, my
leaders'". Economic Times. 9 April 2008. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
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311.Jump up^ "The World's Most Powerful People 2014". Forbes.
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312. Jump up^ "The World's Most Powerful People 2015". Forbes.
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316. Jump up^ "Narendra Modi and Kailash Satyarthi are world's
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(2014) 24#4 pp: 2033. Online
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Kishwar, Madhu Purnima (2014). Modi, Muslims and Media: Voices

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Further reading
Mahurkar, Uday (2014). Centrestage: Inside the Narendra Modi

Model of Governanace. Random House India. ASIN B00JR3PQ64.
Mitta, Manoj (2014). The Fiction of Fact-Finding: Modi & Godhra.

HarperCollins Publishers India. ISBN 978-93-5029-187-0.
Nag, Kingshuk (2013). The NaMo Story A Political Life. Roli

Books. ISBN 978-81-7436-938-3.
Nussbaum, Martha Craven (2008). The Clash Within: Democracy,

Religious Violence, and India's Future. Harvard University
Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03059-6.
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Mahesh Manjrekar

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Manjrekar at Education Awareness Event

13 May 1953 (age 63)

Occupatio Film actor, director, producer, singer,

Maharashtra Navnirman Sena

Spouse(s) Medha Manjrekar

Ashwami Manjrekar, Satya Manjrekar

Mahesh Vaman Manjrekar (Marathi: ) (born 13 May 1953)[2] is an Indian film

Vaastav: The Reality

Ehsaas: The Feeling

Pran Jaye Par Shaan Na Jaye

Munna Bhai Hatela

It Was Raining That Night

Jawani Diwani: A Youthful

Padmashree Laloo Prasad

Advocate Prasad Pritam

Meerabai Not Out

Manoj Anant Achrekar

Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy

AGM (Aatmaram Gyanshekhar

Fruit and Nut

Don Baba, the main villain

Haria (Rajo's father)

Ram Kapoor (Prem's father)

Fakta Ladh Mhana

Jai Jai Maharashtra Maza

Once Upon a Time In Mumbaai

Local gangster Rawa

Chief Minister Vikram Adhikari

Bajirao Mastani (film)

Badsha - The Don

Friends Unlimited (FU)

Shahuji Raje Bhonsle

200 Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Dancing

Criminal in Case File No.

Director of Har Kadam

200 Arre Deewano Mujhe

Vaastav: The Reality

Jis Desh Mein Ganga Rehta Hai (2000)

Ehsaas: The Feeling (2001)

Tera Mera Saath Rahen (2001)

Pyaar Kiya Nahin Jaatha (2003)

It Was Raining That Night (2005)

Matichya Chuli (2006)

Viruddh... Family Comes First

Vaah! Life Ho Toh Aisi! (2005)

Shikshanachya Aaicha Gho (2010)

Ami Shubhash Bolchi (2011)

Fakt Ladh Mhana (2011)

Dear Dad (2016)

Pran Jaye Par Shaan Na Jaye (2003)

It Was Raining That Night (2005)

Astitva (2000) National Award for Best Regional Film (Marathi)

Astitva (2000) Screen Weekly Awards for Best Story (Marathi)

Kaante (2003) IIFA Best Performance in a Comic Role

Jump up^ "Mahesh Manjarekar's Official Website Launch". MarathiStars.

Jump up^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0542498/

Mahesh Manjrekar at the Internet Movie Database

Stardust Award for Best Supporting Actor

Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa Dancing with the Stars

Indian male film actors

Indian male film directors

Indian male film producers