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5/24/2011
RF People
RF people work in either
RF Planning
Responsibilities
RF Optimization
Responsibilities
Maintain the Networks Accessibility
KPIs.
Maintain the Networks Retainability
KPIs.
Maintain the Networks Service
Integrity KPIs.
Study and Apply new features.
Try to think of innovative solutions to
maximize the Network capacity.
They have to maintain the
performance of
the Network as good as possible.
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GSM Revision
GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication
GSM
GSM Revision
GSM System can work in different bands as follows:
Frequency Band-Down Link
GSM 800
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GSM Revision
Frequency Band
The range of frequencies which the operator is allowed to use for
transmission and reception.
GSM Revision
Why DL band is higher than the UL band?
As freq then attenuation with air
Since Power BaseStation > Power MobileStation then it is wise to configure the
higher frequencies that will be attenuated fast to the side that is using
higher power (BTS).
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Access Techniques
What do we mean by Multiple Access techniques?
These are the Techniques through which many MSs can access the shared media
which is the air interface.
i.
All MSs are using the same frequency but each of them will be
utilizing it only over a certain period of time called Time Slot (TS)
In GSM System were using TDMA over FDMA where the frequency
band is divided into no. of frequencies each of which is shared
among no. of MSs, where each MS will be assigned a certain TS on
certain frequency.
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GSM Revision
For P-GSM (GSM 900)
890
890.6
3
Uplink
935.6
3
121
121 122 123 124
915
890.4
935.2
935
Downlink
960
935.4
F (MHz)
F (MHz)
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GSM Revision
For the all GSM Bands
System
P-GSM 900
E-GSM 900
GSM(DCS) 1800
GSM(PCS) 1900
Wavelength
33 cm
33 cm
17 cm
16 cm
Bandwidth
25 MHz
35 MHz
75 MHz
60 MHz
Duplex distance
45 MHz
45 MHz
95 MHz
80 MHz
Carrier separation
200 kHz
200 kHz
200 kHz
200 kHz
No. of carriers
124
174
374
299
Channel rate
270.8 kbps
270.8 kbps
270.8 kbps
270.8 kbps
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MS (Mobile Station)
Mobile Equipment
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Logical Channels
Logical Channels
Control Channels
Traffic Channels
Half Rate
Full Rate
Broadcast
Frequency Correction Channel
Dedicated
Common
Paging Channel
Synchronization Channel
Traffic Channels
Full Rate Channels (FR)
Carries users speech traffic or user data DL and UL.
Each user is assigned 1 TS.
Transmission rate is 13 Kbit/s.
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Control Channels
These are used to carry signaling or synchronization data,
theyre divided into three types:
Broadcast Channels (BCH)
Common Control Channels (CCCH)
Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH)
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TS0 in UL is reserved for the RACH, for the MS to access the system.
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Super Frame
51 consecutive Traffic Multi Frames or 26 consecutive Control
Multi Frames
Super Frame = 6.12 seconds
Hyper Frame
2048 consecutive super Frames
Hyper Frame = 3 hours and 29 minutes nearly.
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MCC
MNC
MSIN
(3 digits)
(2 digits)
(10 digits)
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NDC
SN
(2-3 digits)
(2-3 digits)
(max. 10 digits)
MNC
LAC
(2-3 digits)
(2-3 digits)
(max.5 digits)
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MNC
LAC
CI
(2-3 digits)
(2-3 digits)
(max. 5 digits)
(max. 5 digits)
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In the AUC the below table is stored, such that for each user there is a unique
authentication key (Ki)
User#
User1
User2
User3
User4
IMSI
MCC+MNC+MSIN1
MCC+MNC+MSIN2
MCC+MNC+MSIN3
MCC+MNC+MSIN4
Authentication Key
Ki1
Ki2
Ki3
Ki4
On authenticating certain user, the AUC will generate the triplets: RAND,SRES,Kc
AUC generates a random no. RAND and send it to the MS
Both the AUC and the MS will use RAND + Ki and Algorithm A3 to produce the
SRES(Signed Response)
RAND1
Ki1
A3
(SRES1)_AUC
RAND1
Ki1
A3
(SRES1)_MS
AUC side
MS Side
- VLR will take the results from AUC and MS and if:
(SRES1)_AUC = (SRES2)_MS then the MS is Authenticated
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The AUC is responsible also for generating the ciphering Key (Kc) for each user.
RAND1
Ki1
A8
Kc_AUC
RAND1
Ki1
A8
Kc_MS
MS Side
AUC side
Kc_AUC should be equal Kc_MS, so the data encrypted by the network can be
de-ciphered by the MS.
Ciphering Process:
A5
Speech
Network side
A5
Ciphered Speech
Speech
MS side
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MS in Idle Mode
Doesnt have a dedicated channel, but able to access the Network and
able to be reached by the Network.
MS will always try to camp on the best cell based on the signal
strength criterion.
MS will continuously monitor the serving and neighbor BCCH carriers
to decide which cell to camp on.
The purpose behind studying the Idle Mode Behavior is to always
ensure that the MS is camped on the cell where it has the highest
probability of successful communication.
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PLMN Selection
Cell Selection.
Cell Reselection.
Location Updating.
Monitor the Incoming Paging.
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PLMN Selection.
Cell Selection
Cell Reselection.
Location Updating.
Monitor the Incoming Paging.
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No
Yes
MS will synchronize to the BCCH
frequency and read system
information (LAI,BA List,etc)
Check if PLMN is desired or not
No
Yes
No
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Stored List Scanning: Scan the Frequencies in the Idle BA list (BCCH
Allocation) stored on the MS SIM before being switched off.
(BA list can have maximum 32 frequencies)
If MS found cell belongs to the desired PLMN but not suitable, the
MS will start to scan the Idle BA list of this cell.
C1 > 0
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PLMN Selection.
Cell Selection.
Cell Reselection
Location Updating.
Monitor the Incoming Paging.
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Serving Cell
Every 30 Seconds
Every 30
Seconds
Every 5 Minutes
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1.
2.
3.
4.
C2 neighbor cell ( one of the six strongest neighbors) became greater than
C2 serving cell for more than 5 seconds.
5.
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PLMN Selection.
Cell Selection.
Cell Reselection.
Location Updating
Monitor the Incoming Paging.
Location Updating
To make it possible for the mobile subscriber to receive a call and
initiate a call whenever needed, the network must know where the
MS is located whenever it moves thats why Location Updating is
needed.
In the Idle Mode, the Network knows the location of the MS on a
Location area resolution not on a cell resolution.
There are three different types of location updating defined:
1. Normal Location Updating.
2. Periodic registration.
3. IMSI attach & IMSI detach (when the MS informs the network when
it enters an inactive state)
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Location Updating
1.
Location Updating
2.
Periodic Registration
Regularly the MS should update the Network with its current location
Area.
The Network will inform the MS how often it should report the location
Area he is registering himself in.
Based on the value of the Parameter T3212 the MS will know how
frequent it should make periodic registration.
T3212 take values from 1 (6min) to 255 (25.5 Hours), default = 40 (4 Hours)
MSC has a supervision time = BTDM+GTDM if it doesnt hear from the MS
during this period, the MSC will consider the MS implicitly detached.
BTDM+GTDM should > T3212 , to not consider the MS detach before
periodic location update is performed.
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Location Updating
3.
IMSI Attach/Detach
IMSI attach/detach operation is an action taken by the MS to inform the
Network either it will go to inactive state (Power off) or it returned back to
idle mode.
ATT is a cell parameter that will inform the MS whether IMSI attach/detach
is operational or not.
If ATT=Yes, then before the MS will be switched off, it will send an IMSI
detach request to the Network, so no paging messages will be sent to this
MS while it is in this state.
When the MS is switched on again it will send an IMSI attach request to
the Network so now paging messages can be sent normally to this MS.
PLMN Selection.
Cell Selection.
Cell Reselection.
Location Updating.
Monitor the Incoming Paging
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Frame 1
Frame 2
Frame 3
Frame 5
Frame 4
Frame 6
Frame 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
F S
1
F S
10
11
12
13
14
15
C
16
17
18
19
F S
20
21
22
23
24
F S
F S
26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51
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BCH+CCCH+SDCCH+SACCH+CBCH on TS0/C0
CBCH exist
CBCH exist
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Frame 1
Frame 2
Frame 3
Frame 5
Frame 4
Frame 6
Frame 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
F S
1
F S
10
11
12
13
14
15
C
16
17
18
19
F S
20
21
22
23
24
F S
F S
26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51
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1)
2)
3)
The conditions that should be fulfilled for the ACLC feature to work:
ACSTATE=ON
No. of Idle SDCCH sub-channels SLEVEL (Indication for high utilization)
No. of already defined SDCCH channels/8 < Max. allowed configuration of
SDCCHs in
the cell.
4) No. of Idle TCHs > 4
Parameters Summary
Parameter Name
BSIC
SCH Parameters
Value Range
Recommended Value
NCC: 0 to 7 BCC: 0 to 7
Unit
Parameter Name
MAXRET
Unit
Parameter Name
BCCHTYPE
Unit
SDCCH
0 to 16 (0: No SDCCH/8
configured-combined mode)
Parameter Name
ATT
Unit
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Parameters Summary
Paging Parameters and Periodic Update
Parameter
Name
Value Range
MFRMS
2 to 9
AGBLK
0 or 1
0 to 255 (0: infinite-No periodic
registeration)
T3212
Recommended Value
Unit
40
6 minutes
Value Range
Recommended Value
Unit
110 dBm
GSM900: 33 dBm
GSM1800: 30 dBm
0
0
0
dBm
dBm
2 dB
10 dB
dB
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Filtering
Basic
Ranking
Urgency Conditions
Handling
Auxiliary Radio Network
Features Evaluation
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Initiation
Filtering.
Basic Ranking.
Urgency Conditions Handling.
Auxiliary Radio Network Features Evaluation.
Organizing the List.
Sending the List & Allocation Reply
1.
2.
3.
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Initiation
Filtering
Basic Ranking.
Urgency Conditions Handling.
Auxiliary Radio Network Features Evaluation.
Organizing the List.
Sending the List & Allocation Reply
Filtering
1.
2.
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Filtering
1.
Measurements preparation
Data that is measured:
Cell on which measurements
are reported
Serving Cell
Measured Quantity
SS DL
Quality DL (rxqual_DL)
Quality UL (rxqual_UL)
TA
SS DL
The MS can measure the SS of up to 32 neighbor frequencies but only the six
strongest neighbors (which it succeeded to decode its BSIC over the last 10
seconds) are reported and considered candidates for HO.
Filtering
1.
Measurements Preparation
SS measurements are delivered as integer values 0 63 corresponds to real SS
from
-110 dBm - 47 dBm
i)
ii)
Quality is measured based on the BER and it may be represented in two forms:
Integers 0 (Best) 7 (Worst)
Decitransformed Quality units (dtqu) from 0 (Best) 70 (Worst)
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Filtering
2.
Weve 5 Types of Filters that may be used, each one has its own equation or its
way to produce output results from the collected consecutive measurements:
A. General FIR filters (Finite Impulse response)
B. Recursive Straight Average filter
C. Recursive exponential filter
D. Recursive 1st order Butterworth filter
E. Median filter
Filtering
2.
In addition to the way each filter use to produce output results from the
consecutive measurements, each filter has what we call filter length which is
the period over which measurements are considered.
We have controlling parameters on cell basis to select the type of filter used
and the length of the filter.
Also the type of the filter used in signaling (call setup) and dedicated phases
may be configured separately as well see.
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Initiation
Filtering
Basic Ranking
Urgency Conditions Handling.
Auxiliary Radio Network Features Evaluation.
Organizing the List.
Sending the List & Allocation Reply
Basic Ranking
It is called Basic coz in this stage ranking is done before handling the urgency
conditions and evaluation of the auxiliary radio network features.
As mentioned earlier, two algorithms are available for basic ranking (SS&Path
loss based Algorithm and SS based Algorithm) and theyre selected according
to the parameter EVALTYPE
EVALTYPE=1, SS & Path loss based Algorithm is used for basic ranking taking
into consideration both Signal Strength measurements and the path loss.
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Basic Ranking
Basic Ranking Algorithm following the SS based Algorithm will be done on four steps:
A. Correction of Base Station output power.
Common for
B. Evaluation of the minimum signal strength condition for neighbors.
Both
C. Subtraction of signal strength penalties.
Algorithms
D. Rank the Candidates after applying Offsets and Hysteresis.
Basic Ranking
Basic Ranking Algorithm following the SS based Algorithm
A. Correction of Base Station output power
The location algorithm aims at making the Pure traffic frequencies to control
the cell
borders and not the BCCH frequencies, coz most of the time the seized TCH
Time slot will be located on a TCH frequency.
BSPWR is a parameter to set the output power of the BCCH carrier and
BSTXPWR is a parameter to set the output power of the TCH frequencies.
Correction for the output power will done for both:
(A-i) Correction for Neighbor Cells.
(A-ii) Correction for Serving Cell.
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Basic Ranking
Basic Ranking Algorithm following the SS based Algorithm
A. Correction of Base Station output power
(A-i) Correction for Neighbor Cells
Basic Ranking
Basic Ranking Algorithm following the SS based Algorithm
A. Correction of Base Station output power
(A-ii) Correction for Serving Cell
1) TCH Time Slot (TS) is on the BCCH frequency
SS_corrected_DLservingcell = SS_measured_DLservingcell - ( BSPWR - BSTXPWR )
2) TCH TS is hopping between a BCCH frequency and a TCH frequency:
SS_corrected_DLservingcell = SS_measured_DLservingcell - ( BSPWR - BSTXPWR )/N ,
Where N is the no. of the hopping frequencies
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Basic Ranking
Basic Ranking Algorithm following the SS based Algorithm
B. Evaluation of the minimum Signal Strength condition for Neighbors
Not all the neighbors are allowed to be ranked!!
The neighbor should pass the minimum signal strength condition in order to be
ranked.
SS_corrected_DLneighbor will be compared with respect to parameter called
MSRXMIN,
If SS_corrected_DLneighbor MSRXMIN this neighbor will be included in ranking
If SS_corrected_DLneighbor < MSRXMIN this neighbor will be excluded from
ranking
If UL measurements are included then SS_corrected_ULneighbor will be
compared with respect to parameter called BSRXMIN,
If SS_corrected_ULneighbor BSRXMIN this neighbor will be included in ranking
If SS_corrected_ULneighbor < BSRXMIN this neighbor will be excluded from
ranking
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Basic Ranking
Basic Ranking Algorithm following the SS based Algorithm
B. Evaluation of the minimum Signal Strength condition for Neighbors
Example: Assume that a MS is connected to cell A that has five neighbors
B,C,D,E&F, the MSRXMIN for all the cells is -104 dBm and the
SS_corrected_DLneighbor for each cell after correcting the BTS o/p power is given
in the below Table
Neighbors
SS_corrected_DLneighbor
-85 dBm
-110 dBm
-87 dBm
-70 dBm
-100 dBm
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Basic Ranking
Basic Ranking Algorithm following the SS based Algorithm
C. Subtraction of signal strength penalties
Penalties or Punishments will be applied on cells that are for some reasons
temporarily undesirable.
A Penalty value will decrease the rank of some cells for certain penalty time.
SS_punished_DL = SS_corrected_DL Locating Penalties HCS Penalties
In the coming slides well talk about the two types of penalties:
(C-i) Locating Penalties
(C-ii) HCS Penalties
Basic Ranking
Basic Ranking Algorithm following the SS based Algorithm
C. Subtraction of signal strength penalties
(C-i) Locating Penalties
1) Due to HO failure: If HO to a neighbor cell failed then weve to apply a penalty value
for some time on this neighbor so when basic ranking is done again we dont go
back to this cell.
Penalty value will be configured using parameter PSSHF (default 63 dB)
Penalty time will be configured using parameter PTIMHF (default 5 sec)
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Basic Ranking
Basic Ranking Algorithm following the SS based Algorithm
C. Subtraction of signal strength penalties
(C-i) Locating Penalties
2) Due to Bad Quality (BQ) Urgency HO:
If a cell was abandon due to BQ, then it should have been the best cell from SS
point of view so without penalties using the basic ranking well be back to this cell.
Penalty value will be configured using parameter PSSBQ (default 7 dB)
Penalty time will be configured using parameter PTIMBQ (default 5 seconds)
3) Due to Excessive TA Urgency HO:
Handled in the same manner like the BQ case.
Penalty value will be configured using parameter PSSTA (default 63 dB)
Penalty time will be configured using parameter PTIMTA (default 30
seconds)
Basic Ranking
Basic Ranking Algorithm following the SS based Algorithm
C. Subtraction of signal strength penalties
(C-ii) HCS Penalties
It is related to the HCS (Hierarchical Cell Structure) feature when a MS is detected
as a fast moving mobile (If fast moving mobile feature is activated)
A penalty will be applied on lower layer cells so in ranking we will prioritize cells in
the same layer of the serving cell and cells in higher layers and in this way
unnecessary HOs are prevented ( ex: layer2 cells will be prioritized than layer1
cells)
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Basic Ranking
Basic Ranking Algorithm following the SS based Algorithm
D. Rank the Candidates after applying Offsets and Hysteresis
Ranking for neighbor cells will be done after
applying Offsets and Hysteresis.
Offset: Displace the cell border as compared to
The border strictly given by SS.
Controlling parameter: OFFSET (default: zero dB)
Hysteresis: To reduce the risk of ping pong HO
a region for Hysteresis is applied
around the cell border.
Basic Ranking
Basic Ranking Algorithm following the SS based Algorithm
D. Rank the Candidates after applying Offsets and Hysteresis
If the Hysteresis value is too high there will be a risk that the MS will be connected
to the cell of low SS for long time and if the Hysteresis is too low then there will be
a risk that ping pong HOs occur.
So the applied value of Hysteresis will be variable based on the received SS of the
serving cell.
SS_corrected_DLservingcell will be compared to value HYSTSEP (default -90 dBm),
If SS_corrected_DLservingcell > HYSTSEP, then the serving cell is strong enough and
high value of Hysteresis will be applied such that Hysteresis value=HIHYST (default
5 dB)
If SS_corrected_DLservingcell < HYSTSEP, then the serving cell is not strong enough
and low value of Hysteresis will be applied such that Hysteresis value=LOHYST
(default 3 dB)
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Basic Ranking
Basic Ranking Algorithm following the SS based Algorithm
D. Rank the Candidates after applying Offsets and Hysteresis
N
HYST=LOHY
ST
Yes
HYST=HIHYST
Output from
Basic Ranking
Now,
Rankservingcell = SS_corrected_DLservingcell
Rankneighbor= SS_punished_DLneighbor OFFSETneighbor HYSTneighbor
Initiation
Filtering
Basic Ranking
Urgency Conditions Handling
Auxiliary Radio Network Features Evaluation.
Organizing the List.
Sending the List & Allocation Reply
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1.
2.
After the Basic Ranking stage a check is made on the serving cell to know if
Urgency conditions are detected or not.
We have two types of Urgency HO:
Bad Quality (BQ) Urgency HO
Excessive Time Advance (TA) Urgency HO
If Urgency conditions are detected then the serving cell should be abandon as
fast as possible, but some of the neighbors will be removed from the candidate
list and the MS will not be able to HO to them as we will see later.
As seen before, cells that were abandon due to Urgency HO will be subjected
to punishment/penalty.
The Quality measured at the DL and UL for the serving cell will be compared with
two parameters QLIMDL & QLIMUL (default 50 dtqu) and if:
Or
Urgency HO due to BQ should be
rxqual_DL > QLIMDLperformed
rxqual_UL > QLIMUL
The Quality may drop like that as a result of Co-Channel Interference or when the
SS became very low.
When Urgency condition is detected the MS has to leave the cell and make HO to
other cell, but in this case the serving cell is the one that has the highest SS so the
MS has to HO to a cell of worse SS, but is the MS allowed to HO to any worse cell?
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Categorization #1
Serving Cell
Worse Cell
Initiation
Filtering
Basic Ranking
Urgency Conditions Handling
Auxiliary Radio Network Features Evaluation
Organizing the List.
Sending the List & Allocation Reply
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After these Evaluations, some candidates will be removed from the HO candidate
list and
Categorization#2 will be performed.
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i)
ii)
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ii.
Since OL subcell serves smaller area than the corresponding UL subcell a smaller
reuse distance can be used in in the OL subcell than in the under laid.
The OL/UL evaluation may result in a recommendation to change the subcell from
the one currently in use, this evaluation is based on:
DL SS, TA serving Cell, Distance to cell border, Traffic Load in the cell
This feature will be discussed in details afterwards.
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Micro cells are prioritized than Macro cells for capacity purposes.
Cells of lower layers will be ranked higher than cells of higher layers in the HO
candidate list.
This feature will be discussed in details afterwards.
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Categorization #2
Serving Cell
(SC)
Below S
Initiation
Filtering
Basic Ranking
Urgency Conditions Handling
Auxiliary Radio Network Features Evaluation
Organizing the List
Sending the List & Allocation Reply
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The final list will contain maximum up to six neighbors + the serving cell and
categorized as follows: Serving Cell (SC), Above S, Below S
To reach the final form before sending the list the following steps will be done:
A. Removal of Candidates
B. Ordering the Candidate list based on the Current Conditions.
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Condition Flags
3
4
0
0
1
0
2
x
5
0
Ordering
Comment
Above S
Normal Case
Above S Below S
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Initiation
Filtering
Basic Ranking
Urgency Conditions Handling
Auxiliary Radio Network Features Evaluation
Organizing the List
Sending the List & Allocation Reply
The resulting candidate list will form the basis on which HO will be performed.
Empty list means that no options are better than remaining on the current cell
and no HO will occur.
Based on the result of allocation either success/failure, some actions will be taken
like applying some penalties or enabling of certain timers as we saw previously.
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Example1:
Assume that the o/p from the Filtering stage for the SS measurements is as below
and we want to prepare the Basic Ranking Candidate list for HO:
Cell
A
B (Serving Cell)
C
D
E
F
G
SS(dBm)
-70
-74
-78
-68
-80
-92
-95
Where,
BSPWR = BSTXPWR, MSRXMIN = -90 dBm,
Cell A was abandon due to BQ urgency HO (PSSBQ=7dB)
SS based Algorithm is in use where OFFSET=0, HYSTSEP= -90 dBm,
HIHYST= 5 dB, LOHYST= 3 dB
Solution:
A) Correction of Base Station output power:
Since BSPWR = BSTXPWR then the current measurements will be kept as it is.
SS_corrected_DLneighbor = SS_measured_DLneighbor
SS_corrected_DLserving = SS_measured_DLserving
B) Evaluation of the minimum Signal Strength condition for Neighbors
The SS for neighbors will be compared against MSRXMIN = -90 dBm
Cell
SS(dBm)
Cell F and Cell G have SS < MSRXMIN then they will be
A
-70
B (Serving Cell)
-74
removed from the list and cant be candidates for HO.
C
D
E
F
G
-78
-68
-80
-92
-95
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Solution:
C) Subtraction of signal strength penalties
SS(dBm)
-77
B (Serving Cell)
-74
-78
-68
-80
Solution:
D) Rank the Candidates after applying Offsets and Hysteresis
Cell
SS(dBm)
-77
B (Serving Cell)
-74
-78
-68
-80
Since SSServing cell B = -74 dBm > HYSTSEP= -90 dBm, then it is
better to stay on the current cell and high Hysteresis will be
applied
i.e. HYST = HIHYST = 5 dB
Worse Cell
Worse Cell
Better Cell
Worse Cell
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Solution:
Cell
RANK(dBm)
Category
-73
Better Cell
-74
Serving Cell
-82
Worse Cell
-83
Worse Cell
-85
Worse Cell
Disconnection Criteria
The Disconnection algorithm is not part of the locating algorithm but for
completeness, the topic is treated here.
The Disconnection algorithm manages when the connection between the MS and
the Network shall be dropped when signaling failure is detected.
The Disconnection criterion can be made in both the DL and the UL such that:
In the DL: managed by the MS and in the UL: managed by the BSC.
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Disconnection Criteria
In DL:
Controlled by a parameter RLINKT (max. bucket size) , when the MS couldnt
decode a SACCH message (0.48 sec), the bucket will be decreased by 1 unit,
when the MS successfully decodes a SACCH message, the bucket will be
increased by 2 units, if the bucket reached value = Zero then disconnection will
occur, recommended value RLINKT=16
In UL:
The disconnection algorithm will run in the same way, the BSC will make the
evaluation, and the controlling parameter is called RLINKUP, , recommended
value RLINKUP=16
N.B: The bucket cant have values larger than the max. value given by RLINKT/
RLINKUP
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Parameters Summary
Algorithm Selection
Parameter
Name
EVALTYPE
Value Range
Recommended Value
Unit
1 or 3
Value Range
Recommended Value
Unit
0 to 120
0 to 120
2
2
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Parameters Summary
Parameter Name
HYSTSEP
LOHYST
HIHYST
OFFSET
Unit
dBm
dB
dB
dB
Parameter Name
PSSHF
PTIMHF
Unit
dB
Seconds
Parameters Summary
Parameter Name
QLIMUL
QLIMDL
BQOFFSET
PSSBQ
PTIMBQ
TALIM
PSSTA
PTIMTA
Parameter Name
RLINKT
RLINKUP
Unit
dtqu
dtqu
dB
dB
Seconds
Bit Period (0.577msec)
dB
Seconds
Unit
SACCH period=480 msec
SACCH period=480 msec
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A mixture of small micro cells (lower layers) and large macro (higher layers)
cells will achieve both high capacity and good coverage.
Micro cells will be used for capacity issues while macro cells will be used to
provide coverage, fill coverage holes and handle the fast moving mobiles.
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HCSBANDTHR: Decides if the cell should be prioritized over stronger cells from
different HCS bands or not.
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Input
HCS Prioritized
Cell List
Basic Ranking List
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SS(dBm)
-68
-72
-73
-74
-75
-75
-95
Band
Band 8
Band 8
Band 4
Band 4
Band 8
Band 4
Band 4
Layer
Layer 7
Layer 6
Layer 4
Layer 3
Layer 7
Layer 4
Layer 4
SS(dBm)
-68
-72
-73
-74
-75
-75
-95
Band
Band 8
Band 8
Band 4
Band 4
Band 8
Band 4
Band 4
Layer
Layer 7
Layer 6
Layer 4
Layer 3
Layer 7
Layer 4
Layer 4
Cell D didnt fulfill the condition (SS_Cell D = -95 dBm < -90 dBm) so it will be out of
the HCS evaluation and it will go to be sorted in the Basic Ranking list.
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SS(dBm)
-68
-72
-73
-74
-75
-75
-95
Band
Band 8
Band 8
Band 4
Band 4
Band 8
Band 4
Band 4
Layer
Layer 7
Layer 6
Layer 4
Layer 3
Layer 7
Layer 4
Layer 4
Comment
Strongest in Band 8 - Go direct to HCS Evaluation list
Will go to the next step: Layer Evaluation
Strongest in Band 4 - Go direct to HCS Evaluation list
Will go to the next step: Layer Evaluation
Will go to the next step: Layer Evaluation
Will go to the next step: Layer Evaluation
Out of the HCS Evaluation Back to the Basic Ranking list
Now Cells G & B will go direct to be HCS evaluated, while cells E,A,C&F will be
examined in the next steps.
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Comment
Strongest in Band 8 - Go direct to HCS Evaluation list
SS > LAYERTHR = -80 dBm, Will go to the next step
Strongest in Band 4 - Go direct to HCS Evaluation list
SS > LAYERTHR = -80 dBm, Will go to the next step
SS > LAYERTHR = -80 dBm, Will go to the next step
SS > LAYERTHR = -80 dBm, Will go to the next step
Out of the HCS Evaluation Back to the Basic Ranking list
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Layer
Layer 7
Layer 6
Layer 4
Layer 3
Layer 7
Layer 4
Layer 4
Comment
Strongest in Band 8 - Go direct to HCS Evaluation list
Strongest in Layer 6 - Go direct to HCS Evaluation list
Strongest in Band 4 - Go direct to HCS Evaluation list
Strongest in Layer 3 - Go direct to HCS Evaluation list
Not Strongest in Layer-Will be examined in the next step
Not Strongest in Layer-Will be examined in the next step
Out of the HCS Evaluation Back to the Basic Ranking list
Cells E&A are strongest within their own layer so they will go direct to be HCS
ranked.
Cells C&F are not the strongest within their own layer, so they will be examined in
the next step to know if they can pass to be HCS ranked or not
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-72
-73
-74
-75
-75
-95
Band 8
Band 4
Band 4
Band 8
Band 4
Band 4
Layer 6
Layer 4
Layer 3
Layer 7
Layer 4
Layer 4
Comment
Strongest in Band 8 - Go direct to HCS Evaluation list
Strongest in Layer 6 - Go direct to HCS Evaluation list
Strongest in Band 4 - Go direct to HCS Evaluation list
Strongest in Layer 3 - Go direct to HCS Evaluation list
Out of the HCS Evaluation Back to the Basic Ranking list
2nd Strongest in Layer4-Go to HCS Evaluation list
Out of the HCS Evaluation Back to the Basic Ranking list
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Final
List
Cell
SS(dBm)
Band
Layer
-74
Band 4
Layer 3
B(Serving)
-73
Band 4
Layer 4
-75
Band 4
Layer 4
-72
Band 8
Layer 6
-68
Band 8
Layer 7
-75
Band 8
Layer 7
-95
Band 4
Layer 4
Comment
The Availability means: the percentage of free (non-occupied) Full Rate Time
Slots.
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If AvailabilityServingCell > HCSOUT, then this cells has too many free Time slots and it
is not preferred to leave this cell.
(ii) Check on the neighbor cells availability:
If AvailabilityneighborCell < HCSIN, then this cells has few free Time slots and it cant
accept HOs due to HCS prioritization.
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Final
List
Cell
SS(dBm)
Band
Layer
-74
Band 4
Layer 3
B(Serving)
-73
Band 4
Layer 4
-75
Band 4
Layer 4
-72
Band 8
Layer 6
-68
Band 8
Layer 7
-75
Band 8
Layer 7
-95
Band 4
Layer 4
Comment
Final
List
Cell
SS(dBm)
Band
Layer
-74
Band 4
Layer 3
B(Serving)
-73
Band 4
Layer 4
-75
Band 4
Layer 4
-72
Band 8
Layer 6
-68
Band 8
Layer 7
-75
Band 8
Layer 7
-95
Band 4
Layer 4
Comment
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Final
List
Cell
SS(dBm)
Band
Layer
-74
Band 4
Layer 3
B(Serving)
-73
Band 4
Layer 4
-72
Band 8
Layer 6
-68
Band 8
Layer 7
-75
Band 4
Layer 4
-75
Band 8
Layer 7
-95
Band 4
Layer 4
Comment
Instead, all the remaining HCS prioritized candidate cells, fulfilling the HCSIN
criterion and that are in a lower layer or in the same layer as the serving cell, will
be basic ranked among themselves and added to a Prioritized basic ranked cells
list that will be put above the other basic ranked cells in the final candidate list.
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Final
List
Cell
SS(dBm)
Band
Layer
-74
Band 4
Layer 3
B(Serving)
-73
Band 4
Layer 4
-75
Band 4
Layer 4
-72
Band 8
Layer 6
-68
Band 8
Layer 7
-75
Band 8
Layer 7
-95
Band 4
Layer 4
Comment
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SS(dBm)
Band
Layer
-74
Band 4
Layer 3
B(Serving)
-73
Band 4
Layer 4
-75
Band 4
Layer 4
-72
Band 8
Layer 6
-68
Band 8
Layer 7
-75
Band 8
Layer 7
-95
Band 4
Layer 4
Final
List
Comment
Final List
Cell
B(Serving)
A
G
E
F
SS(dBm)
-73
-74
-68
-72
-75
Band
Band 4
Band 4
Band 8
Band 8
Band 4
Layer
Layer 4
Layer 3
Layer 7
Layer 6
Layer 4
-75
Band 8
Layer 7
-95
Band 4
Layer 4
Comment
Priotirized Basic Ranking List
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Macro Cell
(L4)
Macro Cell
(L4)
Micro
Cell
(L2)
Macro Cell
(L4)
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150 to 0
95
0 to 63
2
2
1 to 8 2
2
150 to 0
75
0 to 63
2
2
1 to 31
1
1
0 to 63
3
3
0,1
0
1
0 to100
0
0 to100
100
Unit
dBm (ve)
dB
dBm (ve)
dB
dB
%
%
1 For reduced HCS functionality we have only 2 bands HCS Band1 and HCS Band2
(default)
2 For reduced HCS functionality we have only 3 layers
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Now high Co-channel interference will occur on f4 at the border between the two
cells, coz f4 is reused between two adjacent cells.
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f4 will be used in the OL subcell and it will be restricted to serve in a small area
only near to the site so interference from the neighbor cell will be minimized and a
good C/I can be enjoyed.
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A subcell change may occur due to load based on the settings of the
parameters SCLDLUL an SCLDLOL
is
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Apart from the subcell change due to SCLD, as we mentioned before the MS
can also request to move from OL UL because of path loss, TA or distance
to cell border criterion and in this case the load is not checked coz the
thresholds : SCLDLUL&SCLDLOL are only controlling the load incase of subcell
change due to load distribution.
LOL
0 to 200
LOLHYST
0 to 63
3
3
TAOL
0 to 61
TAOLHYST
0 to 61
DTCBSC
0,1
0
DTCB
63 to 63
-63
DTCBHYST
0 to 63
2
2
NDIST
0 to 63
10
NNCELLS
1 to 5
3
1
SCLD
ON,OFF
OFF
SCLDLOL
0 to 99
20
SCLDLUL
0 to 99
20
SCLDSC
UL,OL
UL
OL
is
Unit
dB
dB
Bit Periods (3.69 sec)
Bit Periods (3.69 sec)
dB
dB
dB
%
%
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Using MBC concept with only 1 BCCH, this will reduce the no. of defined
neighbors to 50% leading to better accuracy for the measurement reports coz
there will be more time available for measurements for each neighbor.
is
The Dynamic OL/UL subcells (Concentric cells) is a prerequisite feature for the
Multi Band Cells.
Mostly the frequency band with Better coverage (i.e. lower frequency band)
is configured as the Underlaid subcell while the other frequency band with
Worse coverage (i.e. higher frequency band) is configured as the Overlaid
Subcell.
Ex: 900MHz frequency band UL, while 1800MHz frequency band OL
It is recommended to select the BCCH frequency to lie in the Better
Coverage i.e. UL subcell.
for the previous example then BCCH frequency will belong to the 900MHz
band
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MS is in the same
location but the reported
SS differs depend on the
used frequency band
is
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If the MS is served by 1800 band frequency and reporting SS 1800 band = -85
dbm and FBOFFS=7dB then the compensated SS if the MS was served by
the 900 band frequency will be SS 900 band = -85 dbm + 7 = -78 dBm
is
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SS_Serving_cellA
band+ 7 dB
SS_Serving_cellA
SS_Serving_cellA
900band
900band
900 band
= SS_Serving_cellA1800
= -78 dBm
> SS_neighbor_cellB900
band
Wrong Decision
Right Decision
-92
dBm
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Wrong Decision
Right Decision
Value Range
Default Value
Recommended
Value
Unit
dB
is
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Cell Load Sharing is activated on the BSC level via parameter LSSTATE (Active/Inactive) and
activated on cell level via parameter CLSSTATE (Active/Inactive)
The traffic load (amount of idle full rate TCHs) on each cell is examined by the BSC every CLS
time Interval defined by a parameter CLSTIMEINTERVAL (default=100msec)
If the percentage of idle full rate traffic channels is parameter CLSLEVEL, then this cell will
try to get rid of some traffic by initiating cell load sharing handovers to neighbors.
For a neighbor cell to accept HOs due to cell load sharing then parameter HOCLSACC should
be set to ON
The traffic load on the neighbor cells should also be examined so handovers due to cell load
sharing will only be done to neighbors having
enough idle full rate TCHs (
percentage of idle full rate TCHs > CLSACC inorder to accept HO due to CLS)
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Hysteresis Reduction
No reduction of the Hysteresis
area
Cell Border is reduced to the
nominal cell border
All the Hysteresis area is
removed
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The settings for CLSLEVEL and CLSACC should be adjusted such that
CLSACC > CLSLEVEL in order to not having unstable situation.
100% idle TCHs
Default Value
20
40
OFF
75
100
Inactive
Inactive
Recommended Value
ON
100
100
Active
Active
Value Range
0 to 99
1 to 100
ON/OFF
0 to 100
100 to 1000
Active/Inactive
Active/Inactive
Unit
%
%
%
ms
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Thank You
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f2 TS TS TS TS
1
2 3
4
TS TS TS
5 6
7
TS
8
New channel
When a connection suffers from bad quality and at the same time the Signal
Strength is still high, there is a reason to believe that the bad quality is due to
interference.
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Or
rxqual_UL > QOFFSETUL + FQSS (RXLEV_UL + SSOFFSETUL)
FQSS is a quality vs. signal strength function that specify at each signal level the
quality beyond which an intra cell handover should be triggered.
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infinity
60
32 - 35
59
36 - 38
39 - 41
58
57
42 - 45
46 - 48
49 - 52
53 - 55
56 - 58
59 - 62
>=63
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
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f1
f2
f3
Interfered
Channel
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CHGR0 f1
f2
CHGR1 f3
f4
Interfered Channel
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Parameter Name
IHO
SSOFFSETDL
SSOFFSETUL
QOFFSETDL
QOFFSETUL
MAXIHO
TIHO
50 to 50
0
0 to 15
3
3
10 to 60
10
10
Unit
dB
dB
dtqu
dtqu
Seconds
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Thank You
Dynamic HR Allocation
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Dynamic HR Allocation
In high load situations it is important that the allocation of a traffic channel is done
efficiently for a new connection.
This will result in high utilization of the channels while keeping good speech quality
for the existing connections.
Dynamic HR Allocation
For a new connection the Dynamic HR Allocation Algorithm evaluates the traffic
load in the cell and based on this decides the connection mode: FR, HR or AMR HR
To Activate the feature, set the parameter: DHA to ON
The feature differentiates between AMR and NAMR MSs and can be controlled on
cell level.
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Dynamic HR Allocation
New Connection
No
Yes
No
Dual Rate MS ?
(Supports HR?)
Support AMR HR?
Yes
No. of Idle TCHs % < DTHNAMR
Total no. of TCHs
HR Allocation
No
Yes
Yes
AMR HR Allocation
FR Allocation
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Dynamic HR Allocation
DTHAMR: The threshold below which the Dynamic HR Allocation starts for AMR
supported
MSs
DTHNAMR: The threshold below which the Dynamic HR Allocation starts for Non
AMR
supported MSs
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Dynamic HR Allocation
Parameters Summary
Parameter Name
DHA
DTHAMR
DTHNAMR
Unit
%
%
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Frequency Hopping
Frequency Hopping
During a call connection, a time slot (burst) can easily be lost when the mobile
station happens to be located in a fading dip for that particular frequency or if it is
subjected to interference.
If the next time slot is sent on another frequency, there is high probability that this
time slot will be received correctly and this can be done via frequency hopping.
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Frequency Hopping
In frequency hopping, a set of predefined frequencies is used in each cell and the
MS will be allowed to transmit on different frequency every TDMA frame (4.61
msec) i.e. The MS will change its frequency 217 times per second
With frequency hopping we can get:
i.
Frequency Diversity
ii. Interference Diversity
Frequency Hopping
i.
Frequency Diversity
Frequency hopping can solve the multipath fading (fast fading) problem.
The multipath fading results from reflections from the surrounding buildings
resulted in low signal strength fading dips.
The multipath fading is frequency and location dependent.
With frequency hopping, slow and non-moving MS wont still in a low signal
strength fading dip more than 1 TDMA frame.
F1
F2
Average
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Frequency Hopping
ii.
Interference Diversity
Frequency hopping can also offer better quality when the currently used
frequency is interfered.
With frequency hopping, certain MS will experience interference only for 1 time
during number of hops i.e. if a MS will hop on 4 frequencies one of them is
interfered, then the MS will be subjected to interference 1 time every 4 hops.
Using frequency hopping will result in spreading the interference on many MSs
which will lead to a radio environment that is more even (symmetric).
Frequency Hopping
Channel Group Concept (CHGR)
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Frequency Hopping
Frequency Hopping
A.
TS
1
MS
2
TS
1
MS
3
TS
1
TRX
1TS TS
2
TRX
3
TS
2
MS1-TS1F1
Transmitter
F2
MS2-TS1- MS1-TS2F2
F2
TRX
2TS TS
2
Transmitter
F1
Transmitter F3MS3-TS1F3
TS
3
TRX
4
MS2-TS2- MS1-TS3F3
F3
Transmitter
F4
Bus for routing the time slots
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Frequency Hopping
B.
MS
1
TS
1
TS
2
TS
3
TRX2
MS
2
TS
1
TS
2
TS
3
TRX3
MS
3
TS
1
TS
2
Trans
F1.Fn
MS1-TS1F1
MS1-TS2F2
MS1-TS3F3
Trans
F1.Fn
MS2-TS1F2
MS2-TS2F3
MS2-TS3F4
Trans F1..FnMS3-TS1F3
MS2-TS2F4
MS1-TS3F5
TS
3
TRX4
Trans
F1Fn
Frequency Hopping
i.
ii.
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Frequency Hopping
Modes of Hopping
i.
With this type of hopping, frequencies are changed every TDMA frame in a
consecutive order starting with the frequency of the lowest Absolute Radio Frequency
Channel Number (ARFCN).
For example for four frequencies the cyclic hopping between them will appear as
follow: f1, f2, f3, f4, f1, f2, f3, f4, f1, f2, f3, f4, f1,
When HSN = 0, this means that Cyclic frequency hopping will be used.
Frequency Hopping
Modes of Hopping
ii.
With this type of hopping, frequencies are changed every TDMA frame randomly
based on a pseudo-random sequence. The sequence is stored in a look-up table in the
MS as well as the BTS and up to 63 independent sequences can be defined.
Based on the settings of the parameter HSN (163), one of the 63 independent
random sequences will be used.
The period of the Random sequence=6 minutes, i.e. the random sequence repeats
itself once every 6 minutes.
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Frequency Hopping
Synthesizer Frequency Hopping (SY Frequency Hopping)
MAIO Concept
Frequency Hopping
B.
We have different MAIOs, i.e. there are different ways through which each transmitter
will start the cyclic/random hopping.
Using the default MAIO, the even MAIO values in increasing order are picked first then
the odd values, example: for a CHGR of 4 Transmitters, the default MAIO list is 0,2,4,1
Transmitter#1
(f0,f1,f2,.fn)
Same
CHGR,
HSN=0
f0,f1,f2,f3,f4,f5,f0,
.
Transmitter#1
(f0,f1,f2,.fn)
f2,f3,f4,f5,f0,f1,f2
.
Transmitter#1
(f0,f1,f2,.fn)
f4,f5,f0,f1,f2,f3,f4
.
Transmitter#1
(f0,f1,f2,.fn)
f1,f2,f3,f4,f5,f0,f1
.
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Frequency Hopping
Parameters Summary
Frequency Hopping Control Parameters
Parameter Name
Value Range
Default Value
Recommended Value
Unit
HOP
FHOP
HSN
ON,OFF
BB,SY
0 to 63
OFF
ON
MAIO
0 to 31 or Default
Default
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So when Traffic increases (no. of MSs) then good C/I can be maintained.
When Traffic is normal, C/I is improved.
When Interference is low, MSs with poor quality will be able to
successfully complete their calls.
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As the Quality got worse ( 0 7), the BTS will try to increase its power to
compensate for the quality drop.
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Filtering of measurements.
Calculation of Power Order.
Type of measurements
Measurement
SS_DL
Quality_DL
power level used by the BTS_DL
Source
MS
MS
BTS
Both SS_DL and Quality_DL measurements will be used in the equation through
which the next power order is calculated.
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10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Quality_DLmeasured
dB transformation C/I
calculation (dB)
23
19
17
15
13
11
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2. Filtering of measurements.
3.
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a & b (b=1-a) are the non-linear filters coefficients and a will define the length of
the filter L, where each filter length L corresponds to certain value of a
But how the length of the non-linear filter is calculated?
then L = SSLENDL
*UPDWNRATIO/100 where,
SSLENDL = 3 15 SACCH periods
UPDWNRATIO = 100 700
In this case Down regulation is
needed and it should be done in a
smooth way, coz decreasing the
power suddenly may harm the
connection.
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If Quality_DLCompensated (k)
>Quality_DLFiltered(K-1)
then L = QSLENDL
*UPDWNRATIO/100 where,
QSLENDL = 1 20 SACCH periods
UPDWNRATIO = 100 700
In this case Down regulation is needed
and it should be done in a smooth way,
coz decreasing the power suddenly may
harm the connection.
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Compensation
SS_DLCompens
SS_DLFiltered
Filtering
ated
Q_DLmeasured
(Quality Units)
Quality units to
dB
transformation
Q_DLmeasured(
Compensation
dB)
Q_DLFiltered
Filtering
Q_DLCompensated
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i = 1,2 and 1 & 1 are parameters to compensate for the path loss and quality.
1 = LCOMPDL/100, 1 = QCOMPDL/100, 2 = 0.3, 2 = 0.4
pu1 is calculated according to settings of 1 & 1 ( The operator will set the proper
values from his point of view for LCOMPDL & QCOMPDL),
Default values: LCOMPDL=5 and COPMDL=55
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i = 1,2 and 1 & 1 are parameters to compensate for the path loss and quality.
pu1 and pu2 both of them aim to maintain the SS within the desired value defined
according to SSDESDL and to maintain the Quality within the desired value defined
according to QDESDL but each will calculate the path loss in different way.
pu_used = max (pu1,pu2), max of pu1 and pu2 will be used as the desired power
order in the next measurement report coz the max of both of them will mean lower
down regulation/higher up regulation.
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ex: if PL_used = 3 and Down regulation for power is required, then in the next
measurement report the BSC will inform the BTS to decrease its current power by
2* PL_used = 6 dBs
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Value Range
Default Value
Recommended
Value
Unit
SSDESDL
QDESDL
110 to 47
0 to 76
90
30
90
30
dBm
dtqu
SSLENDL
3 to 15
QLENDL
1 to 20
LCOMPDL
QCOMPDL
UPDWNRATIO
0 to 100
0 to 100
100 to 700
5
55
200
5
55
300
REGINTDL
1 to 10
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As the Quality got worse ( 0 7), the MS will try to increase its power to
compensate for the quality drop.
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Filtering of measurements.
Calculation of Power Order.
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BTS
BTS
MS
Both SS_UL and Quality_UL measurements will be used in the equation through
which the next power order is calculated.
The BTS is able to changes its output power in the form of steps of 2 dBs
(ex: 2dBs, 4dBs,. , max to 16 dBs)
When power control is in use the MS output power level will be given as:
MS o/p powernew (dBm) = MS o/p powerold 2*PLused where PLused = 0 to 8
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10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Quality_ULmeasured
dB transformation
(dB)
23
19
17
15
13
11
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2. Filtering of measurements.
3.
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then L = SSLENUL
*UPDWNRATIO/100 where,
SSLENUL = 3 15 SACCH periods
UPDWNRATIO = 100 700
In this case Down regulation is
needed and it should be done in a
smooth way, coz decreasing the
power suddenly may harm the
connection.
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If Quality_ULCompensated (k)
>Quality_ULFiltered(K-1)
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Compensation
SS_ULCompens
Filtering
SS_ULFiltere
ated
Q_ULmeasured
(Quality Units)
Quality units to
dB
transformation
Q_ULmeasured(
Compensation
dB)
Q_ULFiltered
Filtering
Q_ULCompensat
ed
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i = 1,2 and 1 & 1 are parameters to compensate for the path loss and quality.
1 = LCOMPUL/100, 1 = QCOMPUL/100, 2 = 0.3, 2 = 0.4
pu1 is calculated according to settings of 1 & 1 ( The operator will set the proper
values from his point of view for LCOMPUL & QCOMPUL)
pu2 is calculated according to recommended settings of 2 & 2 based on trials
and field measurements.
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i = 1,2 and 1 & 1 are parameters to compensate for the path loss and quality.
pu1 and pu2 both of them aim to maintain the SS within the desired value defined
according to SSDESUL and to maintain the Quality within the desired value defined
according to QDESUL but each will calculate the path loss in different way.
pu_used = max (pu1,pu2), max of pu1 and pu2 will be used as the desired power
order in the next measurement report coz the max of both of them will mean lower
down regulation/higher up regulation
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Value Range
Default Value
Recommended
Value
Unit
SSDESUL
QDESUL
110 to 47
0 to 76
92
30
92
30
dBm
dtqu
SSLENUL
3 to 15
QLENUL
1 to 20
LCOMPUL
QCOMPUL
UPDWNRATIO
0 to 100
0 to 100
100 to 700
6
75
200
6
75
300
REGINTUL
1 to 30
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CPICH Ec/No: Common Pilot Channel - Energy per chip/Noise level power density
Used as a measure of the Quality of the neighbor UMTS cell.
CPICH RSCP: Common Pilot Channel - Received Signal Code Power
Used as a measure of the SS of the neighbor UMTS cell after
dispreading.
But when or at which conditions the UE will perform measurements on the UMTS
neighbors?
This will be based on the settings of the parameters QSI and QSC.
QSI: used to manage the conditions of measuring the UMTS cell in Idle Mode
QSC: used to manage the conditions of measuring the UMTS cell in Active Mode
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SS(dB
m)
-78
dBm
-90 dBm
GSM
measurement
s
GSM&UMTS
measurements
GSM
measurements
GSM&UMTS
measurements
time
FDDQMIN: Defines the minimum quality of a UMTS cell inorder to be candidate for
cell reselection i.e. this condition should be satisfied CPICH Ec/No >FDDQMIN
condition#1
default value = 5 (-10 dB)
FDDRSCPMIN: Defines the minimum SS of a UMTS cell inorder to be candidate for cell
reselection i.e. this condition should be satisfied CPICH RSCP >FDDRSCPMIN
condition#2
default value= 6 (-102 dBm)
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N.B: If the criteria for inter system cell reselection from GSM to
UMTS is fulfilled then the multi RAT UE will perform cell
reselection to the UMTS cell even if the criteria for selection
another ordinary GSM cell is fulfilled.
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Filtering
Basic Ranking
Urgency
Condition
Aux. Radio
features
Organizing the
list
GSM
Evaluatio
n
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QSC: Which defines at which conditions the UMTS cell will be measured in active mode,
because there wont be any kind of cell reselection without performing
measurements.
MRSL: It is a BSC parameter that gives the minimum threshold for the quality (Ec/No)
for a UMTS neighbor cell in order to be added to the HO candidate list,
recommended value= -9 dB
ISHOLEV: It is a Cell parameter. The percentage of idle TCHs in the serving GSM cell will
be compared vs. ISHOLEV to decide if the UMTS will be added to the HO candidate
list or not.
Conditions that should be fulfilled for a UMTS cell to be added to the HO candidate
list:
(1) No. of Idle TCHsGSM ServingCell ISHOLEV, or urgency conditions are detected in the GSM
serving cell either due to BQ or TA
(2) CPICH Ec/No UMTS Neighbor MRSL
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Urgency HO Condition
No Load
Load
No Load
Load
GSM list
UMTS list
GSM list
GSM list
UMTS list
UMTS list
GSM list
N.B: To have balance between the behavior in the idle & active modes it is
recommended to set the values for FDDQMIN (idle) = MRSL (active)
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QSC
FDDQMIN
8 to 14(Above:-78dBm to -54dBm)
15 (Never)
0 to 6(Below:-98dBm t o -74dBm)
7(Always)
15
8 to 14(Above:-78dBm to -54dBm)
15 (Never)
0 to 7 (-20dB, -18dB,
0 (-20dB)
5(-10dB)
-16dB, -14dB, 12dB -10dB, -8dB, -6dB)
Unit
FDDRSCPMIN
6(-102 dBm)
6(-102 dBm)
FDDQOFF
8(0 dB)
0(-inf)
FDMRR
MRSL
ISHOLEV
0 to 3
0 to 49
0 to 99
20
1 or 2
30 (-9 dB)
Thank You
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Paging
Attempts
Paging Success
Rate
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There are counters to count the no. of accepted random access requests, and the
no. of discarded requests (incremented for random access requests that are
received with too high Time Advance) through which the random access success
rate can be calculated.
Causes of low random access success rate may be due to:
Too high Time Advance (TA)
High Interference
Bad BSIC Planning
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HR
Traffic
FR Traffic
TCH Blocking
Defined TCH
Channels
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It is the drop of the connection on the traffic channel which was assigned to the MS
There are counters to count the no. of dropped connections and the initiated
connections on TCH channels through which the TCH drop rate can be calculated.
Causes of high TCH drop rate may be due to:
Bad coverage.
Interference.
Hardware problems.
Missing Neighbors or Incomplete Active BA lists.
Wrong parameters settings.
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TCH Traffic
TCH Drop
Rate
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BQ Downlink
BQ Uplink
Low SS Both
Links
Low SS
Downlink
Low SS Uplink
Sudden Lost
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Rxqual take values from 0 (Best) 7 (Worst) and gives indication for the quality of
the radio environment.
There are counters to measure the no. of samples that received with Rxqual 0,1,2,.7
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