‘= In this section, we shall revise some basic curves which are given as. aa) -E Tee js. ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS nen ‘A function of the form: FOO = ay + qx + agx® +. + ax" whereneN and 4g, @), @3,..40,€ R. ‘Then, fis called a polynomial function. f(x) is also called polynomial in x”.Some of basic polynomial functions are (i) Identity function/Graph of f(x) = x ‘A function f defined by f(x) = x for all x R, is called the identity function. Here, y = x clearly represents a straight line passing through the origin and inclined at an angle of 45° with x-axis shown as The domain and range of identity functions are both equal to R (Gi) Graph of f(x) = x? A function given by f(x ‘The domain of square fun or [0, =) Clearly y = x?, is a parabola. Since y =x? is an even x function, so its graph is symmetrical about y-axis, shown as: * is called the square function. is R and its range is R* U0) (Git) Graph of f(x) = x? ‘A funetion given by f(x) = x° is called the cube function. The domain and range of cube are both equal to R. Since, y = x’ is an odd function, so its graph is symmetrical about opposite quadrant, ic., “origin”, shown as: yas (iv) Graph of f(x) = x7"; ne N lfm e N, then function f given by f(x) = x** is an even function, So, its graph is always symmetrical about y-axis. Also, x7 >x4>x°>x%>.. forallxee C1, D Sexe... forallxe(-,-Du (he) 2 yo C6 ae shown as Fig. 1.3 and xtext Oas lim f(x) or lim f(x. ‘The values of y decrease as the values of x increase. Thus, the graph of 1 1 7 so=4; soo=t coordinate axis. Shown as in Fig. 1.9. Enc The algebraic function containing terms having non-integral rational powers of x are called irrational functions. ste. will be similar as the graph of f(x) = -L, which has asymptotes as Graphs of Some Simple Irrational Functions (i) Graph of f(x) = x Here; f(x) = VX is the portion of the parabola y? = lies above x-axis, Domain of f(x) R* U{O} or [0, =) pnd range of f(x) € R™ 0 {0} or [0, »). ‘Thus, the graph of f(x) = x”? is shown as; whichNote If (#)=*" and g(x) = #1”, then MG) and gts) are inverse of each other. 10%) = 0" and g(x) = x! about y= x (i) Graph of f(x) = x"? Wns the mirror image As discussed above, if g(x) = x*. Then f(x) = x"? is image of g(x) about y = x. where domain f(x) ¢ R, and range of f(x) € R. ‘Thus, the graph of f(x) = x"? is shown in Fig. 1.11; (il) Graph of f(a) = x"?"; ne N Here, f(x) = x°* is defined for all x € (0, «) and the values taken by f(x) are positive So, domain and range of f(x) are[0, «). Here, the graph of f(x) = x" is the mirror image graph of f(x) = x" about the line y = x, when x [0, =). Thus, (0) =x", fO)= x", are shown (iv) Graph of f(x) = x", when ne N Here, fC) =x" is defined for all xe R. So, domain of f(2)¢ R, and range of fo) ¢ R. Also the graph of f(G) = x¥"" js the mirror image of the graph of f() = x?" about the line y = x when xe R. Thus, f= x", FO) =x"%,..., are shown Note We have discussed some of the simple curves for Polynomial, Rational and _ Irrational functions. Graphs of the some more difficult chapter 3. Such as; txt] ‘As discussed piecewise functions are: (a) Absolute value function (or modulus function), (© Greatest integer function. (©) Least integer function. of the Fig. 1.13 rational functions will be discussed in (b) Signum function. (@) Fractional part function,“eis the numerical value of x” and range « (0, =) Properties of modulus functions @ |x|2a > xs Gi) |x yl s|x] +1y Gv) [xt] = [Ixl-LyIh (b) Signum function; y = Sgrtx) It is defined by; (©) Greatest integer function ‘Thus, In general; @ |x|sa-asx0 vase ty iyi it x 0, a #1, and x © R, where domaine R, O1 iz eis Here, f(x) = y = a" increase with the increase in x, ie, f(x) is increasing function on Fig. 1.31 For example; yaB, y=3%, y= 4%, haves 2¥ 3% 1 and 2823" > 4% >. for O 1) or @ 0) and a Lis a logarithmic function, ‘Thus, the domain of logarithmic function is all real positive numbers and their range is the set R FE ae y ysa® => x=log, y; ‘Thus, logarithmic function is also known as inverse of exponential function. ** is strictly increasing when a> 1 and strictly decreasing when log, x. 1. log,(ab)= log, a+ log, b {.b>0) 2. log. (3) loge a log. {a,b>0 3. log, a" =m log, a {a>0 and meR} @ loge =1 {20 and avi} Fig. 1.34 {a,b>0, b#1 and meR} {a,b>0 and a,b#1} {a, b> 07 {1} and m> o}8. a" ™ =m {a,m>0 and a#1} 9. abe — plone {a,b,c>0 and #1} 10. If Fig. 1.35 x>y, if om>1 — {m,x,y,>0and mI} logy X> IE, Y > which could be graphically shown as; Ifm> 1 (Graph of log,,a) Again if0 < m_< 1. (Graph of log, @) = log, x> logy Whenx> y and m>L => logy x>log,yy;when x< y and 00;m#1;beR) Ja>m; ifm>1 12. logga>b > : Jacm®; ifm>1 ja>m®; if0 { 0 (represents general equation of straight line). We know, when x=0 y and when y=0 joining above points we get required straight line. (b) Circle We know, @ x? + y? =a is circle with centre (0, 0) (ii) (x~ a)? + (y ~ B#g-h39 circle with and radius r. centre (a, b) and radius r. Fig. 1.38Gi) x? + y? + Qge= 2fy +e = 05 centre (-g, ~ fs radius yg? + fF —e . (©) Parabola oy Vertex + (0,0) Focus @0 veaxis or y = 0 yera Fig. 1.42 (ii) x? = 4ay Wy) Geox) FO YO y= 0 End points of diameter are (x, y;) and Oya: Patan atab? Fig. 1.45(6) Ellipse pew o%be Centre: Focus: Vertex: Eecentricity : Directrix Darl Fig. 1.50Fig. 1.52 ee yt ot -fe1 Centre Focus Vertices Eccentricity + Directrix In above figure asymprotes are y = + 2x, a wR “ (iv) x? — y? =a? (Rectangular hyperbola) | (v) xy = ¢?As asymptotes| Here, the yoann YX are perpendicular. | asymptotes are x-axis ‘Therefore, called | and y-axis. rectangular hyperbola, Ney ma Note In above curves we have used the name asymptotes for its complete definition see chapter 3. Tai=cos x Inverse Trigonometric Curves Fig. 154 As we know trigonometric functions are many one in their domain, hence, they are not invertible. Fig. 1.55 But their inverse can be obtained by restricting the domain so as to make invertible Note Every inverse trigonometric is been converted to a function by shortening the domain. For example: Let f(x) We know, sin x is not invertible for x € R. (on) . SR yecot x Fig. 1.56In order to get the inverse we have to define domain as: ® xe|-3, [ 2 4] 3 5] > [-1, Udefined by (0) = sin xis invertible and inverse can be represented by: Fig. 1.57 y=sin x (-Zsswt xsi} Similarly, y= cos xbecomes invertible when f :[0, x] >[-1, 1] y = tan x ; becomes invertible y, yeoosecx yacouse-t1 = cosec x; becomes invertible when (i) Graph of y = sin x; where, and As the graph of f(x) is mirror image of f(x) about y = x. (i) Graph of y = cos x ; Here, domain ¢ [-1, 1] Range € (0, x] (ii Graph of y = tant x; Here, domaineR, Range -( 5). 22 ‘As we have discussed earlier, “graph of inverse function is image of f(x) about y = interchanging the coordinate axes”. (iv) Graph of y = cot x; ‘We know that the function f : (0, x) + R, given by /(6) = cot @is invertible, ‘Thus, domain of cot x ¢ Rand Range ¢ (0, 2). (¥) Graph for y = sec™* x; The faneion 10 x)— {5} > Co ~1 UL, =) given by f@) = sees inveruble cy =see" x,has domaineR — (1,1) and range eta x)— {Sh shown as cor “by (vi) Graph for y = cosec™'x; Asweknow, — f x 4 ~ {0} > R~ (1, Dis invertible given by f(0) = cos 0 * y = cosee! x; domain eR - (-1,1) ne Range e[-% : 3| ~{0). Note Ifno branch ofan inverse trigonometric function is mentioned, then it means the principal value branch of that function. In case no branch of an inverse trigonometric function is mentioned, it will mean the principal value branch of that function. (Le.)