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Microgrid Protection
YIN Xu,YANG Ping, ZHENG Qunru
LI Peng,LEI Jinyong
tection
I.
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, Photovoltaic microgrid technologies, integrating photovoltaic, battery, load, control and protection
devices, have gotten the rapidly development [1-3]. The photovoltaic microgrid is generally connected to the 0.4kV lowvoltage distribution network, with the advantages of strengthening reliability, high power quality, and operating both on
grid-connected and islanded modes. The domestic construction of a large number of low-voltage PV microgrid demonstration projects, marks the photovoltaic microgrid technology has entered a new stage in china. However, the control and
protect technology for the low-voltage has been the bottleneck to the development.
With distributed photovoltaic accessing to microgrid, the
traditional distribution network with radial topology of single
power supply transforms into the topology of dual or multiterminal power supply. Microgrids power can flow in both
directions, and its short-circuit current differs greatly in the
This work was supported by National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program2014AA052001), National Natural Science Foundation of
China (61104181) and Science and Technology Planning
Project of Guangdong Province, China (2012A032300001).
978-1-4799-7537-2/14/$31.00 2014 IEEE
grid-connected and islanded mode, which leads to the traditional over-current protection technology can not being directly applied to the microgrid protection [4-7]. It is the key and
difficult for microgrid protection to response quickly to internal faults on both operating modes, detect the external power
grid fault rapidly on the grid-connected mode, and ensure its
selectivity, rapidity, sensitivity and reliability. Therefore, it is
essential to explore research work on microgrid protection.
The present research on microgrid protection focus on
two directions: 1) some researchers apply the mature transmission grid protection principle to the microgrid, including
distance protection, longitudinal differential protection and so
on. To some extent, it can solve the protection problem, but
the complex and expensive protection configuration raise the
microgrid cost, making against market promotion. Paper [8]
proposes double directional blocking differential current protection scheme based on directional fault information, using
the signal of fault current direction and magnitude constituting differential protection, as the main protection for microgrid. Paper [9] discusses the feasibility of distance protection
scheme for 11kV distribution network with DG, and the influence of the DG to the protection. Paper [10] proposes the
protection scheme of master-slave structure regional longitudinal comparison based on the traditional longitudinal comparison protection and communication theory. 2) Some methods improve the traditional over-current protection scheme
to adapt the particularity of microgrid protection, for decreasing fault clearing time, enhancing sensitivity and adaptability
of protection, and improving power quality. However, the
method could just solve little fault situation, and it is hard to
set the cooperation on the current protection. Paper [11] proposes the protection scheme based on symmetrical current
component detection. Paper [12] proposes the method to detecting the voltage of protection installation, and detecting the
fault by the d-axis voltage differential.
Therefore, the paper proposes a new strategy to protect
microgrid using the fault direction information. Based on
stratification searching thought, the micro-grid protection
strategies proposes to achieve fast fault location and isolation,
As protection and control is a core issue in the low voltage photovoltaic microgrid, a reasonable protection strategy
is critical to maintain stability and safety of microgrid. There
is a great difference in protection between microgrid and traditional grid. As a part of the distribution grid, Traditional
three-phase over-current protection and auto-reclosing is still
used in most of low voltage PV microgrid projects. Therefore,
analysis of impacts on the traditional protection of low voltage microgrid for PV integration is significant.
The impacts on traditional protection for PV system accessing to distribution network are mainly concentrated in
three-phase over-current protection and auto-reclosing, being
expounded from four aspects as follows.
A. The protection impact analysis for the location of PV
integrated to distribution network
As shown in Figures 2, one case is that the photovoltaic
connects to terminal bus BUS4. In the feeder containing
access point of photovoltaic, Switch S2 trips and isolates the
fault area when short-circuit fault occurs in point f1.In the
f3
f1
f4
f2
Considering the problems caused by the traditional current protection being applied to low voltage photovoltaic microgrid, there is much necessity to study low voltage photovoltaic microgrid protection problems. This paper proposes a
new type of low voltage photovoltaic microgrid protection
strategy based on fault direction information. The project is
composed by the center controller and terminal of protection
on site. The terminal on site detects the voltage and the current information of protection, using to judge the direction
information and upload to the center controller. The algorithm of protection control center is embedded into microgrid
center controller, using fault direction information to locate
the fault region based on stratification searching thought. On
this basis, control center trips correlative switch and isolates
the fault region.
A. Fault direction judgment
The traditional protection of distribution network mostly
uses power directional elements and zero sequence power
directional elements as fault direction judging element. There
is serious phenomenon of unbalanced loads and low power
quality caused by integration of inverter type power in low
voltage PV microgrid, lead to likely misjudge by power directional elements and zero sequence power directional elements. On the other side, the directional element should have
the advantage of eliminating the influence of load current,
ensuring the sensitivity direction element and shortening the
um = um[0] + u
[0]
im = im + i
(1)
u = um um[0]
[0]
i = im im
f2
(2)
Z R
Zs
f1
Ek
Ek
t1
ENS = = 0
> 0
(5)
(6)
dir (S j ) = 0
j = 1, 2,...n
In the equation (6), dir(x) is the fault direction value of the
switch x. If the fault direction of x is forward, dir(x) = 1; if it
is reverse or there is no fault, dir(x) =0.
2) Location of fault feeder
(7)
dir (S j ) = 0 (i = 1, 2,..., k -1, k + 1,..n)
dir (Sk ) = 1
aij = 0
-1
(8)
In order to reduce the rank of the matrix for decreasing
the complexity of matrix operation, the number of switches m
is supposed to represent the least quantity set of the fault
branches information. This paper chooses only the switch
close to the microgrid for all feeder branches, and takes it as
the switches set of the switch-branch matrix A. Meanwhile, it
takes the current direction from bus to feeder as the forward
direction of the switch.
The switch fault direction matrix B is used to represent
the fault direction information of the switch, The order of
matrix B is 1 m , in which m is the number of switch. The
matrix element bi represents the fault direction information
of the switch i, which is defined as:
Fault at the forward direction
1
bi = dir (i ) =
0 Fault at the reverse direction or no fault
(9)
L36
L37
L33
L34
L36
s31
s32
s33
s34
s32
s33
s34
s35
s36
s37
L37
G = [0 0 1 0 0 0]
(12)
According to the matrix element value in equation (9),
only the element value in the corresponding branch L33 is 1,
others is 0. Then branch L33 is the fault branch.
C. Action of protection
On the basis of location algorithm above, internal fault
feeders of microgrid can be located and further isolated so as
to reduce the impact on security and stability. Therefore,
branch-switch matrix C is introduced here for disconnecting
the switch of fault feeders to isolate the fault zone. Matrix
element Cij represents the connection between the branch and
switch. And elements are defined as follows:
feeder i connected with switch j
1
Cij =
(13)
0 feeder i not connected with switch j
Protection and control center can obtain branch fault matrix G through the location algorithm, and the action switch
matrix D=GC for protection output is obtained by the multiplication of matrix G and C. The order of matrix D is
1 l ,in which l is the number of all switches.. The switch I
s35
s36
f1
f2
L32
L3
s31
To further verify the accuracy of the proposed low voltage photovoltaic microgrid protection strategy, this paper
built the low-voltage photovoltaic microgrid model by the
PSCAD/EMTDC software, and test the proposed strategy via
simulating short-circuit fault at different points in micro-grid.
The topology of the low voltage photovoltaic microgrid is
shown in Fig.4,the relevant parameters are as follows: system
power supply voltage is 0.4kV,internal impedance is
0.01+j0.05 , grounding resistance is 1; impedance of line
L2 and L3 is 0.132+j0.02,the output of each photovoltaic
DG is 25kW , and the load is 30kW.
current(A)
L33
V.
s37
l31 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
l32 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
l 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
C = 33
(14)
l34 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
l36 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
l37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Assuming that the short-circuit fault point locates in L33,
the branch fault information matrix G calculated by control
energy
funciton
L32
s3
tection output matrix D = [ 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0] is obtained by multiply matrix G and C. According to the analysis
of matrix elements, the matrix elements representing switch
S33 and S35 are 1, which means protection output would
disconnect S33 and S35 to isolate fault area.
400
200
0
-200
-400
200 1.1
100
0
-100
-200
50 1.1
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
1.500
1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.505
1.510
1.515
2.0
1.520
PCC
S1
S2
S3
0
1.1
2.0
PCC
S1
S2
S3
switch
L31
s3 1 0 0 0 0 0
s32 1 1 0 0 0 0
s 1 0 1 0 0 0
A = 33
(11)
s34 1 0 0 1 0 0
s36 0 0 1 0 1 0
s37 0 0 1 0 0 1
Assuming that short-circuit fault takes place on the line
L33, then the switch fault direction matrix value B= [1 0 1 0
0 0].the branch fault information matrix is obtained as follows by multiply matrix A and B
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
t(s)
200 1.1
100
0
-100
-200
0 1.1
energy
function
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
400
300
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
-50
-100
-150
-200
2.0
2.0
[3]
[4]
PCC
S3
S31
11.500
switch
1.505
1.510
1.515
1.520
PCC
S3
S31
0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
[6]
2.0
t(s)
[5]
CONCLUSION
This paper analyzes the influence on traditional protection for pv accessing to low voltage microgrid, proposes a
new strategy to protect microgrid using the fault direction
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]