Compounds Andtheir Bonds: 5.1 Octet Rule and Ions Learninggoal

Chapter 5
Compounds andTheir Bonds

5.1 Octet Rule and Ions
LearningGoal:
Using the
rule, write
the symbols of the simple
ions for the representative
elements.
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Number of Valence Electrons
In the electron configuration for phosphorus,

there are 5
(outer electrons)
electrons in the s and p subshells with
the highest number.
5 valence electrons
Group 5A
1s22s22p63s23p3
Electron
Structure
is a convenient way
to represent the
valence electrons.
1s22s22p63s2
Mg
8 is the magic number

T h e stability of the noble gases is associated
with
8
8 Ne 2,electrons.
Ar
2, 8, 8
Kr
2, 8, 18,
Atoms can8 become more stable by acquiring an
octet (8 electrons) in the outer shell.
T h e process of acquiring an octet involves the
loss, gain, or sharing of valence electrons.
Metals Form Positive Ions - pg 169

Metals acquire octets by losing valence electrons.
T h e loss of electrons converts an atom to an ion
that has the electron configuration of the nearest
noble gas.
form positive ions because they have fewer
electrons than protons.
Group 1A
metals
Group 2A
metals
Group 3A
metals
ion
1+
ion
2+
ion
3+
Formation of the Positive ion,Mg2+

Magnesium forms an
electrons.
Magnesium atom
Mg 2e
1s22s22p63s2
by losing its two valence

Magnesium ion
Mg2+
1s22s22p6 (= Ne)
A positive ion forms with a +2 charge.
12 p+
12 p+
10 e12 e+
2
0
Formation of Negative Ions - pg 170

W h en nonmetals gain electrons to achieve an
arrangement, they form negative ions.
T h e ionic charge of a nonmetal is 3-, 2-, or
1-.
Formation of the Negative ion,

Fluoride Ion, F
Fluorine forms an
by adding an electron to
its seven valence electrons.

:F
+ e
1-
: F:

1s22s22p6 (= Ne)
1s
2s22p5 ion forms with a -1 charge.
A 2negative
Fluorine atom
Fluoride ion
9 p+
9 p+
10 e9 e1
0
Examples of Ionic Charges
10
Learning Check 5.1

A. How many valence electrons does aluminum
have?
1) 2e2) 3e3) 5eB. How does aluminum acquire an octet?
1) loses 3e2) gains 3e3)
gains 5e3- is the ionic
2) charge
53) 3+
C. 1)
What
of an aluminum
D. The ion?
symbol for the aluminum ion is
1) Al3+
2) Al33) Al+
11
5 .2 Ionic Compounds
LearningGoal:
Using charge balance, write
thecorrect formula for an
ionic compound.
12
Ionic compounds
consist of positive and negative ions.
A n ionic
is an attraction
between the positive and negative
charges.
13
Ionic Formulas - pg 175
The formulas of ionic compounds are determined

from the charges on the ions.
atoms
Na +
ions
F : Na+ : F :
sodium fluorine
NaF
sodium fluoride
The overall charge of NaF is zero

(0). (1+ ) +
(1-) = 0
14
Charge Balance In NaCl - pg 175
The formula does not show the charges of the

ions in the compound.
The symbol of the
is written first, followed
by the symbol of the nonmetal.
15
Charge Balance In MgCl2 -pg 175
16
Writing a Formula from Charges

pg 175
Write the formula of the ionic compound that forms from

Ba2+ and Cl.
Write the symbols of the positive ion and the negative
Cl
ion.
2+
Ba
Balance the charges until the positive charge is equal to
the negative charge.
Cl
two Cl- needed
2+
Ba
Cl
Write the formula using subscripts for the number of ions for
charge balance. BaCl2
17
Learning Check 5.2

Ionic Formulas
Write the correct formula for the ionic compound of
A. Al3+ and
Cl1) AlC
l
2) AlCl
3) Al3Cl
18
5.3 Naming and Writing Ionic

Formulas
Learning Goal:
Given the formula of an ionic
compound,write the correct
name;
Given the name of an ionic
compound, write the correct
formula.
19
Naming Ionic Compounds with

Two Elements - pg 176
The name of a binary ionic compound (two

elements) gives the name of the
metal ion first and the name of the
ion second.
Examples:
metal ion-negative ion
NaCl
K2S
Al2O3
sodium chloride
potassium sulfide
aluminum oxide
20
Learning Check 5.3

Naming Ionic Compounds
Write the names of the following compounds:
1) KBr
2)
3) MgO
21
Common Ions
Positive ions are named like the element.

Negative ions are named by changing the end of the
element name to
.
22
Summary of Common Ions -pg 177
Of the transition metals, silver and zinc are

important elements that form only one
ion.
23
Learning Check 5.3

Ionic Formulas
A. The formula of Fe3+ and O2- is
1) Fe3O2
2)
3) Fe2O3
FeO3
24
Ionic compounds with TWO kinds of

positive ions.
Transition metals with two different ions use a

Roman numeral following the name of the metal
to indicate ionic charge.
25
Learning Check 5.3

Naming Compounds
Select the correct name for each.
A. CuSO4
1) copper sulfate
2) copper(I) sulfate
3) copper (II)
sulfate
26
Learning Check 5.3

Formula
The correct formula is
A. Lead (IV) oxide

2) PbO
1) PbO2
3) Pb2O4
27
Learning Check 5.3

Names of Ions
Complete the names of the following ions:
O2
S2
Cl
28
5.4 Polyatomic Ions

Learning
Goal:
Write the name and formula of a
compound containing a polyatomic
ion.
29
Polyatomic Ions
A polyatomic _
is a group of two or more atoms
that has an overall ionic charge.
Some examples of polyatomic ions are
+
ammonium
NH4
OH hydroxide
nitrate
NO
NO - nitrite
3
2CO3
carbonate
HCO3 -
hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate)
2
3PO4
phosphate
30
Common Polyatomic Ions - pg 180
31
Naming Compounds with

Polyatomic Ions - pg 182
The
ion is named first followed by
the name of the polyatomic ion.
NaNO3
sodium nitrate
potassium sulfate
K2SO4
aluminum bicarbonate
Al(HCO3 ) 3
ammonium phosphate
(NH4 ) 3 PO4
32
Learning Check 5.4 - Naming

Compounds with Polyatomic Ions
Match each formula with the correct name:
A.
Ca(HCO3)2
CaCO3
Ca3(PO4)2
1) calcium carbonate
2) calcium phosphate
3) calcium
bicarbonate
33
Formulas with Polyatomic Ions

pg 181
The formula of an ionic compound containing a polyatomic ion

is written to make the overall charge equal zero (0).
NaNO3
Na+ and NO3When two or more polyatomic ions are needed, the
polyatomic ion is enclosed in parentheses.
polyatomic ion
Mg2+ and NO3
Mg(NO3)2
subscript 2 for charge balance
34
Learning Check 5.4

Formulas with Polyatomic Ions
Select the correct formula for
each:
A. Aluminum nitrate
1) AlNO3
2) Al(NO)3
3) Al(NO3)3
35
5.5 Covalent Compounds

LearningGoal:
Given the formula of a
covalent compound, write
its electron dot structure.
Covalent bonds form between two nonmetals
from Groups 4A, 5A, 6A, and 7A.
In a covalent bond, electrons are shared to
complete octets.
36
Learning Check 5.5

Bonds
Indicate whether a bond between the
following is 1) Ionic 2) Covalent
A. sodium and oxygen
B. nitrogen and oxygen
37
H2, A Covalent Molecule - pg 184
In hydrogen, two hydrogen atoms share their

electrons to form a covalent _
.
Each hydrogen atom acquires a stable outer shell of
two (2) electrons like helium (He).
H : H = H
H = H2
H + H
hydrogen molecule
38
Diatomic Elements - pg 148
As elements,
the
following
electron
s to form
diatomic,
covalent
molecules.
39
Learning Check 5.5

Diatomic
Elements
What is the name of each of the following diatomic

molecules?
hydrogen
H2
nitrogen
N2
Cl2
O2
I2
40
Covalent Bonds in NH3
The compound NH3 consists of a N atom and three

H atoms.

N and 3 H
By sharing electrons to form NH3, the electron dot

structure is written as
H
Bonding pairs
H: N:
H
Lone pair of electrons
Copyright 2004 Pearson

Education
Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
41
Number of Covalent Bonds - pg 185
Often, the number of covalent bonds formed

by a nonmetal is equal to the number of
electrons needed to complete the
.
42
Dot Structures and Models of

Some Covalent Compounds-pg 185
43
Multiple Covalent Bonds - pg 186
one pair of electrons is a single
bond. X : X
or
XX
In multiple bonds, two pairs of electrons are shared
to form a double bond or three pairs of electrons
are shared
or bond.
X =X
X :in: aXtriple
X:
::
or
XX
44
Multiple Covalent Bonds in N2

pg186
In nitrogen,
are achieved by
sharing three pairs of electrons.
When three pairs of electrons are shared, the
multiple bond is called a triple bond.
octets
N +
N:::N
triple bond
45
5.6 Naming and Writing

CovalentFormulas
Learning Goal:
-Given the formula of a
covalent compound, write its
correctname;
-given the name of a
covalent compound, write its
formula.
46
4.6 Naming Covalent Compounds

pg 189
First
name
nonmeta
l
Second
nonmetal
ending in ide.
Prefixes
indicate the
number of
atoms of each
47
Learning Check 4.6

Naming Covalent Compounds
Complete the name of each covalent compound:
CO
carbon
CO2
carbon
CCl4
carbon
oxide
48
Formulas and Names of Some

Covalent Compounds - pg
190
49
Learning Check 5.6

Naming Covalent Compounds
Select the correct name for each compound.
A. P2O5
1) phosphorus oxide
2) phosphorus pentoxide
3) diphosphorus pentoxide
50
5.7 Electronegativity and Bond

Polarity
Learning
Goal:
Use electronegativity to
determine the polarity of a
bond.
is the attraction of an atom for shared electrons.
The nonmetals have high electronegativity values
with fluorine as the highest.
The metals have low electronegativity values.
51
Some Electronegativity Values for

Group A Elements - pg 193
52
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

The atoms in a _
covalent bond
have electronegativity differences of 0.3 or
less.
Atoms
Examples: Electronegativity
Type of
Difference
Bond
N-N
3.0 - 3.0 = 0.0
Nonpolar covalent
H-Si
2.1 - 1.8 = 0.3
Nonpolar covalent
53
Polar Covalent Bonds

The atoms in a
covalent bond
have electronegativity differences of 0.4
to 1.6.
Examples:
Atoms Electronegativity Type of
Difference
Bond
Cl-C
3.0 - 2.5 = 0.5
Polar
covalent
O-S
3.5 - 2.5 = 1.0
Polar
covalent
54
Comparing Nonpolar and Polar

Covalent Bonds - pg 193
55
Ionic Bonds
The atoms in an
bond have
electronegativity differences of 1.7 or more.
Examples:
Atoms
Electronegativity
Type
Difference
of
Bond
3.0 0.8
= 2.2
Ionic
Cl-K
S-Cs
2.5 0.7
= 1.8
Ionic
56
Range of Bond Types - pg 194
57
Predicting Bond Type - pg 194
58
Learning Check 5.7

Bond Types
Identify the type of bond between the
following as
A. K-N
covalent
1) nonpolar
B.
C. N-O
covalent
2) polar
D.
E. Cl-Cl
3) Ionic
59
5.8 Shapes and Polarity of

Molecules
Learning
Goal:
Predict the three
dimensional structure of a
moleculeand classify it
as polar or nonpolar.
60
Shapes of Molecules - VSEPR
The shape of a molecule is predicted from the

geometry of the electrons pairs around the
central atom.
In the valence-shell electron-pair repulsion
theory (VSEPR), the electron pairs are
arranged as far apart as possible to give the
least amount of repulsion of the negatively
charged electrons.
61
Two Electron Pairs with

Double Bonds
180
The electron-dot structure for CO2 consists of

two double bonds to the central atom C.
Because the electrons in a double bond are held
together, a double bond is counted as a single
unit.
Repulsion is minimized when the double bonds are
placed opposite each other at 180 to give a
linear shape.
62
Four Electron Pairs
109
In CH4, there are 4 electron pairs around the central

atom C.
Repulsion is minimized by placing four electron pairs
at angles of 109, which is a tetrahedral
arrangement.
The shape with four bonded atoms is
called tetrahedral.
63
Three Bonding Atoms and One

Nonbonding Pair
109
In NH3, there are 4 electron pairs around the N.

Three pairs are bonded to atoms and one is a nonbonding
pair.
Repulsion is minimized by placing four electron pairs at
angles of 109, which is a tetrahedral arrangement.
The shape with three bonded atoms is pyramidal.
64
Two Bonding Atoms and Two

Lone Pairs
109
In H2O, there are 4 electron pairs around O.

Two pairs are bonded to atoms and two are
nonbonding pairs.
Repulsion is minimized by placing four electron
pairs at angles of 109 called a tetrahedral
arrangement.
The shape with two bonded atoms is called bent.
65
Some Steps Using VSEPR to

Predict Shape
Draw the electron dot structure.

Count the electron pairs around the central
atom.
Arrange the electron pairs to minimize
repulsion.
Determine the shape using the number of
bonded atoms in the electron
arrangement.
66
Summary of Electron
Arrangements and Shapes - pg 198
67
Learning Check 5.8

Shapes of Molecules - VSEPR
Use VSEPR theory to determine the shape
of the following molecules or ions.
1) tetrahedral
2) pyramidal 3) bent
A. PF3
B. H2S
C. CCl4
68
Polar Molecules - pg 199
A polar molecule contains

bonds.
The separation of positive and negative charge is
called a dipole.
In a polar molecule, dipoles do not cancel.

HCl
+
dipole
ClNCl
Cl
dipoles do not cancel
69
Nonpolar Molecules - pg 199
A nonpolar molecule contains _

bonds ClCl HH
Cl of
Cl
or a O=C=O
symmetrical arrangement
polar
CCl
Cl
bonds.
dipoles cancel
70
Learning Check 5.8

Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Identify each of the following molecules as
1) polar or 2) nonpolar. Explain.
A. PBr3
B. HBr
C. Br2
D. SiBr4
71
Summary of Naming Compounds

pg 191
72
5.9 Attractive Forces in

Compounds
Learning
Goal:
Describe the attractive
forces between ions,
polar molecules and nonpolarmolecules
Hydrogen bonds
73

Compounds Andtheir Bonds: 5.1 Octet Rule and Ions Learninggoal

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Chapter 5

Compounds andTheir Bonds

Number of Valence Electrons

In the electron configuration for phosphorus,

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

8 is the magic number

Metals Form Positive Ions - pg 169

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Formation of the Positive ion,Mg2+

by losing its two valence

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Formation of Negative Ions - pg 170

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Formation of the Negative ion,

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Examples of Ionic Charges

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Learning Check 5.1

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Ionic Formulas - pg 175

The formulas of ionic compounds are determined

The overall charge of NaF is zero

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Charge Balance In NaCl - pg 175

The formula does not show the charges of the

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Charge Balance In MgCl2 -pg 175

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Writing a Formula from Charges

Write the formula of the ionic compound that forms from

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Learning Check 5.2

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

5.3 Naming and Writing Ionic

Naming Ionic Compounds with

The name of a binary ionic compound (two

metal ion-negative ion

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Learning Check 5.3

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Positive ions are named like the element.

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Summary of Common Ions -pg 177

Of the transition metals, silver and zinc are

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Learning Check 5.3

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Ionic compounds with TWO kinds of

Transition metals with two different ions use a

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Learning Check 5.3

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Learning Check 5.3

A. Lead (IV) oxide

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Learning Check 5.3

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

5.4 Polyatomic Ions

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate)