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Gas Dehydration
SECTION 13
SHUTDOWN SYSTEMS AND ESDV TESTING
Introduction
2.1
2.2
Fire Detection
2.3
Gas Detection
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
General Requirement
4.2
4.3
Records
Table
12.1
Colour Code
Figures
13.1
13.2
13.3
Smoke Detector
13.4
Crude Export
13.5
13.6
13.7
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1
INTRODUCTION
In the event of an emergency arising on an offshore installation, emergency
shutdown (ESD) systems are installed in order to protect personnel, plant
and equipment.
The ESD system is designed to provide a rapid means of:
Isolating the platform both from the reservoir and from import/export
pipelines
Subsequent actions following ESD situations are to alert personnel via the
public address system, and to provide automatic startup of platform
protection equipment such as firepumps.
Once an ESD sequence has been initiated and completed, the platform will
be in as safe a condition as possible and essential systems will be available
so that personnel can tackle the emergency adequately.
The platform ESD system normally interfaces with the following equipment
in order to bring it to a safe and steady condition swiftly and effectively:
The system will indicate the presence of fire and/or gas both locally at
satellite panels and centrally at the main point of control, typically the
central control room.
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2.1
2.2
Fire Detection
Fire detectors are installed to provide the necessary alarms upon detection
of flame, heat or smoke.
Various types of detectors are used, among them being temperature sensing
elements (TSE) or infrared (IR) flame detectors.
Thermal detectors are colour coded (refer to the Table 13.1) to indicate the
temperature at which they operate eg 60C, 140F - yellow, up to 385C,
725F -black dot on orange. Should a fire occur in an area, the heat
generated causes a set of contacts to close due to differing coefficients of
linear expansion.
Table 13.1
Colour Code
Temperature Settings
Colour Code
60C 140F
Yellow
88C 190F
White
108C 225F
163C 325F
Red
232C 450F
Green
316C 600F
Orange
385C 725F
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Smoke detectors use ionisation of the air in inner and outer chambers to
detect smoke (refer to Figure 13.3). The outer sampling chamber is open to
the atmosphere, allowing smoke to enter, and is separated from the inner
reference chamber by a perforated intermediate electrode. The air in both
chambers is ionised by alpha radiation from a radioactive source mounted
within the inner chamber. Under normal conditions ie no smoke, a
regulated voltage causes a small current to pass through the ionised air and
an electrode is charged to a balanced potential by the ionisation current.
When smoke enters the chambers, a low level of ionisation is achieved,
resulting in a reduced current flow which leads to a change in the balanced
potential at the electrode, triggering detection. An example of a smoke
detector is shown in Figure 13.3.
2.3
Gas Detection
Gas detection systems are designed to give an alarm and initiate protective
action when gases exist in dangerous concentrations in various areas of the
installation.
Detectors located at strategic locations, sense the level of gas
concentration and transmit a corresponding signal to dedicated control
modules located on the fire and gas panels in the control rooms.
Control modules normally have two alarm levels, set at percentages of the
lower explosive limit (LEL), typically 20% and 60%.
100% LEL is the point at which there is sufficient gas in a mixture of gas
and air to support combustion.
NB
Non-hazardous areas (no potential source of gas leak) but where gas
could accumulate through pressurisation failure
Gas turbine enclosures and void areas under gas compressors etc
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3
3.1
3.2
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Manual pushbuttons
Loss of ac power
around
the
A trip and depressure stops all gas and oil production, isolates the process
system into sections and then automatically depressurises them to flare.
Vessels will depressurise at differing controlled rates depending on the
product that they contain and the temperature and pressures at which they
operate.
Flare systems are designed to accept depressurisation of the entire process
system simultaneously.
Depending on where the fire or gas is detected, riser isolation valves and/or
subsea isolation valves may be directed to close.
In certain situations it may be necessary to halt or delay the blowdown
action, for example if the flare system was damaged. Therefore on some
installations a blowdown cancel facility exists which allows a 15 minute
delay once it has been initiated.
During this time blowdown is inoperative unless overridden by a manual
action or by confirmed fire in the process area, in which case the blowdown
is operated immediately. Use of such a facility obviously requires careful
assessment of the situation before initiation.
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3.4
OIMs lifeboat
Helideck
Upon initiation, the system activates various shutdown functions via the
hierarchical structure of the SPS and US functions.
This is the highest level of shutdown and will shut down all items of
equipment except the emergency generator.
TPS level allows a permissive to the uninterruptible power supply (UPS)
shutdown.
UPS shutdown pushbuttons are normally located in the same areas as the
TPS pushbuttons.
The action of initiating a UPS shutdown will isolate all UPS batteries and
shut down the emergency generator at the same time.
3.5
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4
4.1
General Requirement
The essence of the Emergency Pipeline Valve Regulations SI 1989 1029 is the
requirement to ensure that an ESDV is installed in the optimum location on
all pipeline risers that have internal diameters 40mm and above, and
achieve maximum reliability. Thus the ESDV location, design, procurement,
testing, inspection, maintenance and operation should ensure that the ESDV
will at all times operate on demand or fail-safe close, so minimising the
possibility of an uncontrolled release of the pipeline inventory inboard of
the ESDV.
Once closed the ESDV should remain closed until the safety of the platform
is assured and the control system is operated to open the valve. ESDVs
should be capable of stopping the flow of substance within the pipeline,
disregarding any minor leakage past the ESDV which cannot represent a
threat to safety.
4.2
4.3
Multiple ESDVs
The ESDV must be located above the highest wave crest which may
reasonably be anticipated - such that the distance between the bottom of
the riser and the ESDV is minimised. Thus where owners propose the use of
two or more ESDVs, only one ESDV can fulfil the above requirement and so
falls within the scope of SI 1989/1029. This ESDV is therefore considered as
the primary ESDV.
4.4
ESDV Types
ESDVs should be rapid acting isolation valves suitable for remote and local
operation. ESDVs should be capable of closing against maximum differential
pipeline pressure and under maximum flow conditions.
The ESDVs should, in the case of piggable pipeline systems, also be piggable
and therefore ball or gate valves will be suitable types.
Choice of ESDV type should primarily reflect the need to achieve both
maximum reliability and rapid controlled closure. ESDV selection should also
consider valve characteristics such as leak tightness and maintainability.
ESDVs should be matched to the actuator such that the operator can
demonstrate that the actuator, drive train, and valve stem are adequately
sized so as to close the ESDV under all foreseeable operating conditions.
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4.5
Valve Operation
4.6.1 Inspection
Regulations require that at intervals not exceeding 3 months, valves and
actuators shall be subject to an inspection for the purpose of identifying
external leaks, external damage, and external corrosion.
Each inspection record shall be signed by the inspection personnel and
countersigned by the OIM or a person nominated by him for such purposes.
The person should be a senior member of staff. A typical record sheet is
shown in Figure 13.5.
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4.6.2 Testing
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4.6.5 Failure to Close
In the event of a full closure test failure, or if it is not safe to conduct a full
closure test, then the pipeline should not be operated until the fault has
been rectified.
4.7
Altering the pipeline pressure until the allowable leakage rates are not
exceeded, or
Records
Under Regulation 8(4) a copy of the records and associated documents must
be kept on the offshore installation for a minimum of 2 years from the date
on which the event associated with the record occurred.
A copy must also be maintained for a minimum of 5 years at a principal
place of business in the United Kingdom of the owner of the pipeline.
All records and documents should be preserved in a manner which prevents
their deterioration and provides ease of access.
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SECTION 13
Figures
13.1
13.2
13.3
Production Operations
Figure 13.1a
Production Operations
Fig 13.1b
Level 4
Abandon Platform
Pushbuttons at
Lifeboats and Helideck
Level 3
Fire and Gas Shutdown
Level 2
Surface Process Shutdown
Level 1
Partial Process Shutdown
Production Operations