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8.1
H0: 1 2
Ha: 1 > 2
H0: 1 = 2
Ha: 1 2
H0: 1 2
Ha: 1 < 2
= x x = 1 2
1
and
x x = x2 + x2 =
1
12 22
+ .
n1 n 2
Sampling distribution
for x 1 x 2
1 2
2
x1 x 2
2
(x 1 x 2 ) ( 1 2 )
2 2
wh er e x x = 1 + 2 .
x x
n1 n 2
When the samples are large, you can use s1 and s2 in place of 1 and
2. If the samples are not large, you can still use a two-sample ztest, provided the populations are normally distributed and the
population standard deviations are known.
z =
Identify .
Use Table 4 in
Appendix B.
Continued.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e
z =
(x 1 x 2 ) ( 1 2 )
x
If z is in the rejection
region, reject H0.
Otherwise, fail to
reject H0.
= 0.10
-2
-1
z0 = 1.28
Continued.
10
z0 = 1.28
-3
-2
-1
Reject H0.
12 22
4.8 2 5.4 2 1.0644.
+
n 1 n 2 = 49 + 44
(x 1 x 2 ) ( 1 2 ) = (22.1 19.8) 0
x x
1
1.0644
2.161
There is enough evidence at the 10% level to support the teachers claim
that her students score better on the ACT.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e
11
8.2
13
(x 1 x 2 ) ( 1 2 ) .
t =
If the population variances are equal, then information from the two
samples is combined to calculate a pooled estimate of the standard
deviation
.
(n1 1) s 12 + (n 2 1) s 22
n1 + n 2 2
Continued.
14
=
2
1
1
+
n1 n 2
isx 1 x 2
Variances equal
and d.f.= n1 + n2 2.
If the population variances are not equal, then the standard error is
=
2
s 12 s 22
+
n1 n 2
15
Normal or t-Distribution?
Are both sample sizes
least 30?
at
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
=
2
= 1 + 1
n1 n 2
and d.f =
n1
+ n2 2.
Yes
s 12 s 22
+
n1 n 2
16
Identify .
d.f. = n1+ n2 2 or
d.f. = smaller of n1 1 or
n2 1.
Use Table 5 in
Appendix B.
Continued.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e
17
t =
(x 1 x 2 ) ( 1 2)
x x
1
If t is in the rejection
region, reject H0.
Otherwise, fail to reject
H0 .
18
1
= 0.005
2
Ha: 1 2 (Claim)
d.f. = n1 + n2 2
= 17 + 18 2 = 33
1
= 0.005
2
-3
-2
-1
t0 = 2.576
t0 = 2.576
Continued.
19
-3
-2
-1
t0 = 2.576
t0 = 2.576
1
1
+
n1 n 2
=
2
(n1 1) s 12 + (n 2 1) s 22
n1 + n 2 2
1
1
+
n1 n 2
17 + 18 2
1
1
+
17 18
7584.0355(0.3382)
2564.92
Continued.
20
-3
-2
-1
t0 = 2.576
t0 = 2.576
(x 1 x 2 ) ( 1 2 )
x
(35800 35100) 0
2564.92
0.273
21
8.3
Independent Samples
Dependent Samples
23
24
d =
d
.
n
of these
differences.
d
25
t0
t0
26
d .
Symbol Description
n
d
d
d
sd
sd =
n ( d 2 ) (d )
n (n 1)
27
d
n
28
Identify .
d.f. = n 1
29
s Use
d . a table.
d =
sd =
t =
d
n
n ( d 2 ) ( d )2
n (n 1)
d d
sd n
30
10
31
Score (before)
85
96
70
76
81
78
Score (after)
88
85
89
86
92
89
H0: d 0
Ha: d > 0 (Claim)
Continued.
32
d.f. = 6 1 = 5
= 0.05
d =
sd =
-3
-2
-1
t0 = 2.015
1
2
3
4
5
6
85 96 70 76 81 78
88 85 89 86 92 89
3 11 19 10 11 11 d = 43
9 121 361 100 121 121 d 2 = 833
d
43
=
7.167
6
n
n ( d 2 ) (d )2 = 6(833) 1849 104.967 10.245
6(5)
n (n 1)
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e
Continued.
33
11
-2
-1
t0 = 2.015
34
8.4
2.
3.
n1p1 5, n1q1 5,
n2p2 5, and n2q2 5.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e
36
12
p p = p1 p 2
1
p p =
1
1
1
pq +
, wh er e q = 1 p .
n1 n 21
37
( p1 p 2 ) ( p1 p 2 )
p =
x1 + x 2
a n d q = 1 p.
n1 + n 2
1
1
pq +
n1 n 2
where
N ot e:
n1 p , n1q , n 2 p , a n d n 2q
m u st b e a t lea st 5.
38
Identify .
Use Table 4 in
Appendix B.
p1 and
p =
x1 + x 2
n1 + n 2
Continued.
39
13
In Symbols
z =
( p1 p 2 ) ( p1 p 2 )
1
1
pq +
n1 n 2
If z is in the rejection
region, reject H0.
Otherwise, fail to
reject H0.
40
H0 : p1 p2
Ha: p1 < p2 (Claim)
-3
-2 -1
z0 = 2.33
Continued.
41
-3
-2 -1
z0 = 2.33
p =
x 1 + x 2 n 1 p1 + n 2 p 2
361 + 341
702
=
=
=
0.304
n1 + n 2
n1 + n 2
1245 + 1065 2310
q = 1 p = 1 0.304 = 0.696
Because 1245(0.304), 1245(0.696), 1065(0.304), and 1065(0.696) are all
at least 5, we can use a two-sample z-test.
Continued.
Larson & Farber, Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 3e
42
14
( p1 p 2 ) ( p1 p 2 )
1
1
pq +
n1 n 2
-3
-2 -1
z0 = 2.33
=
(0.29 0.32) 0
1.56
1
1
+
1245 1065
(0.304)(0.696)
43
15