MA 101: Caclulus and Ordinary Differential Equations

Real Number System

sup

Tip 1.1. For sets A, B, to show that A B, show that

if x A then x B. To show that A = B, show
A B and B A. Similarly, to show that x = y one
can show that x y and y x. Finally, to show some
statement P is true, one can show by supposing P is
false and arriving at contradiction. Dont forget the
two principles of mathematical induction.
Defn 1.2. For a nonempty set S, B is an upper (a lower)
bound if x B (x B) x S. B is supremum
(infimum) of S denoted by sup S (inf S) if B is the
least upper (greatest lower) bound to S. B is maximum
(minimum) of S denoted by max S (min S) if B is an
upper (a lower) bound to S and B S.
Thrm 1.3. For nonempty sets A, B, i) sup(A + B) =
sup A + sup B where A + B = {x + y : x A, y B},
ii) A, B, inf(A + B) = inf A + inf B, iii) if A B then
sup A sup B and inf A inf B.
Thrm 1.4. i) Archimedean Property: Let x > 0
and y R. There exists n N such that nx > y. ii) If
a, x, y R satisfy a x a + ny n N then x = a.
Thrm 1.5. Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality: For real
numbers, a1 , . . . , an and b1 , . . . , bn we have
n
X

k=1

ak b k

!2

n
X

a2k

k=1

n
X

k=1

b2k

1
(a1 + a2 + + an )
(a1 a2 an ) n .
n

Equality holds if and only if a1 = a2 = = an .

Integral Calculus

sP : sP is a step function sP f
(Z

and
)

I(f ; P ) = inf

tP : tP is a step function tP f .

Defn 2.4. Let a < b and P be the set of partitions

of [a, b]. A bounded function f : [a, b] R is (Riemann) integrable on [a, b] if I(f ) = I(f ) where
I(f ) = sup I(f ; P ) and I(f ) = inf I(f ; P )
P P

P P

Thrm 2.5. i) If f : [a, b] R be a bounded piecewise

monotonic function then f is integrable on [a, b].
Z b
bp+1 ap+1
for each p N {0}.
ii)
xp dx =
p+1


Za b
p b1+1/p a1+1/p
1/p
x dx =
iii)
for each p N.
p+1 Z
a
Z a
a
iv) a R,
cos(x) = sin(a),
sin(x) = 1 cos(a)
0

Thrm 2.6. Let f, g be integrable and let c1 , c2 R.

Then
Z b
Z b
i) (Linearity)
[c1 f (x)+c2 g(x)]dx = c1
f (x)dx+
a
a
Z b
c2
g(x)dx.
a

f (x)dx +

iii) (Translation)

f (x)dx =

f (x)dx =

f (x)dx.

iv) (Contraction)

b+c

f (x c)dx.

a+c

1
f (x)dx =
k

kb

ka

x
k

dx.

Thrm 2.7. i) Let f : [0, 2] [0, ) be a bounded

function. Then the area bounded by the curve r =
f (), [0, 2], in the polar coordinates is given by
Z
1 2 2
f ()d.
2 0
ii) Let f : [a, b] R be a bounded function. The volumeZof the solid of revolution around the ordinate axis
b

Defn 2.1. Let D R and f, g : D R. f isbounded

if there exists M > 0 such that |f (x)| M , x D.
We write f g denote that f (x) g(x), x D. f is
odd (even) if f (x) = f (x) (f (x) = f (x)), x D.
Finally, let P > 0. Then f : R R is periodic with
period P if f (x + P ) = f (x), x R.
Thrm 2.2. Let Q be a subset of the 2D plane. Let S
and T be such that S Q T S S, T T . If
sup a(S) = inf a(T ) then a(Q) = sup a(S) = inf a(T ).
SS

Thrm 1.6. AM-GM Inequality: For real numbers,

a1 , . . . , an we have

T T

ii) (Additivity)

Equality holds if and only if there exist x, y R such

that ak x + bk y = 0, k = 1, . . . , n.

(Z

SS

T T

Defn 2.3. Let a < b and let P be a partition of

[a, b]. For a bounded f : [a, b] R, I(f ; P ) =

f 2 (x)dx.

is

Defn 2.8. i) Let f : [a, b] R be a bounded function. The average of f over the interval [a, b] is given
Z b
1
by
f (x)dx. ii) A function f : [a, b] R is conba a
vex if f (x+(1)y) f (x)+(1)f (y) x, y [a, b]
and [0, 1].
Thrm 2.9. Let f : [a,
R x b] R be an integrable function
and define A(x) = a f (t)dt, x [a, b]. i) If f 0
on [a, b] then A is nondecreasing on [a, b], and ii) if f is
nondecreasing on [a, b] then A is convex on [a, b].