Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 82, No. 2, pp. 1018-1040, April 1992 INTERNAL DEFORMATION DUE TO SHEAR AND TENSILE FAULTS IN A HALF-SPACE By Yosumitsu Oxapa ABSTRACT. A complete set of closed analytical expressions is presented in a unified ‘manner for the internal displacements and strains due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space for both point and finite rectangular sources. These expressions are particularly compact and systematically composed of terms representing deformations in an infinite medium, a term related to surta deformation and that is multiplied by the depth of observation point. Several practical suggestions to avold mathematical singularities and computational instabilities are also presented. The expressions derived here represent power- ful tools both for the observational and theoretical analyses of static field changes associated with earthquake and volcanic phenomena. IntRopucTION Because our geophysical observations are restricted to near the ground sur- face, theoretical studies to derive expressions of various physical quantities at the surface of a half-space have primary practical importance. In a previous paper (Okada, 1985), we have obtained a complete set of compact closed analyti- cal expressions for the surface deformation due to inclined shear and tensile faults in a half-space. The newly added solution for the surface displacement, strain, and tilt arising from tensile fault was successfully applied to the modeling of the 1986 Izu-Oshima eruption (Tada and Hashimoto, 1987; Ya- mamoto et al., 1988), and the 1989 Off-Ito eruption (Okada and Yamamoto, 1991), both of which took place in the central part of Japan. As to the dynamic problem, the exact expressions for surface displacement and strain due to a shear fault in a half-space were respectively derived by Kawasaki et al. (1973, 1975) and Okada (1980), using the Cagniard-de Hoop method. On the other hand, static changes of surface gravity and piezomagnetic fields due to the dislocation sources in a half-space were formulated by Okubo (1989) and Sasai (1980), respectively. Recently, Pan (1989) added explicit expression for the surface displacement due to a point shear source in a transversely isotropic and layered half-space. In this paper, we extond our previous work to the internal deformation fields due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space. The investigation of them is no less important than that of surface deformation. The expressions of such a field are necessary for rigorous interpretation of the strain and tilt data observed in deep boreholes. And, more essentially, they can contribute to the theoretical consideration of the seismic and volcanic sources, since they can account for the deformation fields in the entire volume surrounding the source regions. Table 1 summarizes the progress to get analytical expressions for the internal deformation fields due to point and finite rectangular sources in a half-space. Steketee (1958) gave the expivssion for internal displacement field due to a point source of vertical strike-slip type in a Poisson half-space. Maruyama (1964) extended this work to arbitrary vertical and horizontal point sources. 10181019 SHEAR AND TENSILE FAULTS IN A HALF-SPACE ° ose ° Oe ° oe ooode ooose ooode ooode ooode 0000 e000 ° 00000008 o0000e o00cce cooe o000e 5 = s z ‘SYIANHOK IWOULATAY 40 VGLENT NHAIO SUV 88609 NVALHOT “OVE SJONSO SHTONVIN], "FOVAS TVA ¥ NI SFOUNOG AVIAONYLORE ALINE GAY ENIOL OL sna seatd NOUVHRWOLA TWHUSINT Hod BNOWSEMENE TOMLATVNY GaSO7D CRASHING Tar1avL1020 Y. OKADA Later, the internal displacement fields due to point sources in a general half'space were derived by Yamazaki (1978) for a horizontal tensile source, and by Iwasaki and Sato (1979) for an inclined shear source. However, neither the expression for internal displacement field due to an arbitrary point tensile source nor that for internal strain field due to any type of point source in a half-space are published. As for finite rectangular sources, Chinnery (1961, 1968) gave the expression for internal displacement due to a vertical strike-slip fault in a general half- space. Mansinha and Smylie (1967, 1971) derived the formula to calculate internal displacement field due to an inclined shear fault in a Poisson half-space. Converse (1973) extended this work to a shear fault in a general half-space and added the formula for all displacement derivatives. Alewine (1974) also ob- tained the expression for internal strain field using Mansinha and Smylie’s (1971) equations, although the differentiation was performed only in horizontal direction. Later, by a different approach, Iwasaki and Sato (1979) obtained the expressions for all the internal strain components due to an inclined shear fault in a goneral half-space, Recently, Yang and Davis (1986) added the solution for internal displacement field due to an inclined tensile fault in a general half space, together with a computer program to caleulate the internal displacement and strain. But their formula cannot be applied to a vertical tensile fault. As is shown in Table 1, a work that treats the internal deformation fields for all the cases in an unified manner does not exist. Furthermore, the published closed analytical expressions are generally too lengthy and complicated and hard to grasp their physical meaning. ‘The first objective of this paper is to give a complete set of compact and systematic formula to calculate displacement and strain fields at depth as well as at the surface due to inclined shear and tensile faults in a general half-space for both point and finite rectangular sources, Since the calculation of surface and internal deformation due to the formation of shear and tensile faults in a half-space is a fundamental tool for the investigation of seismic and voleanic sources, many practical systems to calcu- late them are in operation at various sites (e.g., DISSD at U.S. Geological Survey; Erickson, 1986). In these systems, the expressions of Mansinha and Smylie (1971) as well as Yang and Davis (1986) are widely employed and translated to FORTRAN codes. However, they sometimes cause numerical problems for some special conditions. For example, since one of the integration ranges of Mansinha and Smylie’s (1971) formula is taken along down-dip direction, it will become indefinite when the fault surface approaches horizon- tal. Also, it is not seldom that existing programs fail to give proper answers by facing zero-divide or zero-argument in logarithm and so on. The second objective of this paper is to state practical methods for avoiding such mathematical singularities and computational instabilities, which are inherently contained in the analytical expressions. Ponvr Source We start from the formula to calculate the interual displacement field due to a single force in a homogeneous half-space. If we take the Cartesian coordinate system, as shown in Figure 1, uj(x,, 22, x93 1, £2, 3), the ith component of the displacement at (x,, x2, 3) due to the jth direction point force of magnitude F at (£1, Eg, £5) can be rewritten from the formula by Mindlin (1936) or Press\ i | | SHEAR AND TENSILE FAULTS IN A HALF-SPACE 1021 Xs C4, ba, ~és) x obs, (%4, Xe, Xs) FE Ch, fa, &3) Fra. 1. A coordinate system adopted in this study. (1965) as follows: ud (x1. x51 Be) = weal X» ¥ay — a) — Uea( 21s Xo, X9) + udp ( Xp, Xp, ty) + Xguzo (1, Xo, Xa) (1) ls = perf 0) + at] oie mle i RR, “| by fn Rjbj3 ~ Rybis(1 ~ )9) ie” Gre (RR a |R+R, R(R + R,) a 813)(2 ~ a=} Rybg — BB, 6; 3R,R, Mics qe (t~ 285){(@- =) SBMA oe] Ds - SR, where, a = (A+ y))/(\ + 2n); Nand yp are Lamé’s constants; 6,; isthe Kronecker delta; and Ry = x; ~ £;, Ry = xy - fg, Ry = ~4y- fy, RE= R24 RE + Re.1022 Y¥. OKADA Here, u/4(x, x, — %g), the first term in equation (1), is the well-known Somigliana tensor, which represents the displacement field due to a single force placed at (£1, £2, 5) in an infinite medium (e.g., Love, 1927), The second term, uj4(%, X95 X3), also looks like a Somigliana tensor. This term corresponds to a contribution from an image source of the given point force placed at (£1, £2, ~ &5) in the infinite medium, although the polarity of the image source is switched from one component to another so as to cause the surface displacement to vanish when it is combined with the first term. The third term, u/(x,, x2, %), and ujo(2;, x», 5) in the fourth term are naturally depth dependent. When we put x5 to be zero in equation (1), the first and the second terms cancel each other, and the fourth term vanishes. The remaining term, uj(,, %2,0), te- duces to the formula for the surface displacement field due to a point force in a half-space (Okada, 1985). Thus, the fundamental equation to describe the internal displacement field due to a point single force in a half-space can be composed of two infinite medium terms (part A), a surface deformation related term (part B), and a depth multiplied term (part C). In order to get the presentation for displacement fields due to strain nuclei, we need £,-derivative of the equation (1). It is expressed as follows: du? duia dui'a ye, (ee ae Ha) = Gp (a ay — 0) — “pp (a Has M0) aud, Ou; +52 Guan) target) Q) a Ry Rint Ron RRR, } 4 = 1 (2 - a) 85, - eA 48, 0g, Say l¢ a) gedy— 2 R? + 80~"Rs duis _ {- Riby + Riba Rady | BRR Rs ag, aap R* RE ba, R + Ry Bade — 5dia(L @ |R(R+R,) ” R(R+ Rs 3) 53, R? + R(2R + R, +L Bip ~ Bolt ~ i) BEERS A) R(R+R,)” Rib,+ Ridin 255,74 R,(BR+ Rs) as EN A Ss) - 6; Ries Rye BG RP @- 5) @- 0) b F 3ubis— 5nd , BRi(Ride ~ Ryd; 7 Ziti 2io{2-a[ iat nt a es) 8, 3R,R, Rdgt Byoat Ryd; 5RR;Ry +a] aha Jot Sat Spee casas 7 Now, let us advance to a practical problem. We consider three different point, dislocation sources as well as an inflation (or explosive) point source, as shownSHEAR AND TENSILE FAULTS IN A HALF-SPACE 1023 in Figure 2. All the point sources are assumed to be placed at (0,0, ~ c) of (x, y, 2) coordinate system, where the x axis is taken parallel to the fault strike. The sense of the strike slip is left lateral for sin 5 > 0 (0 <6 < 7) and right lateral for sin 6 < 0 (-7 < 6 < 0). The sense of the dip slip is reverse fault for sin25 > 0 (0 <5 < «/2 or ~1 <8 < -«/2) and normal fault for sin26 < 0 (n/2| | | | 1026 Y. OKADA TABLE 3 A DERIVATIVES OF THE EQUATIONS IN TABLE 2. coment dee oP Sure (00 = deny baventvant fan Poa ten (nt 4 ae mig ya Bh z i Bag nethinn ae ian one tlie Dorado olan a) Secs — tabs lta ans Ba} wth apBaains eB Ascods a] Ie (=o taal Bae BP 9 BE ey anoa alg aig 3 Wes aka ate SS) Bed _ pif 0Rt+30| UPS as fae lure Heino edna se santo [ARE _ ARP oRt 9 t= io RP waeay Rey aap ae % agen aes ‘The final results of the evaluation of integral (13) for each component of displacements and their x, y, and z derivatives are given in Tables 6 through 9, where Xe 1 7 2R+E x. _ BRP + ORE + 38? R(R+E) UP RR ee RR + EYP yee 7 2R+9 _ BRP + ORy + 3y? 1 R(R+ 9) 2” RR +n) fs R(R +0) sind Bain 6 ha qoosb— 2 Zy=—pe- Yq Moa = pe Yon Yo= Yur - §?¥an Zp = Zag ~ $7259 (14) and || denotes Chinnery’s notation to represent the substitution ACE n) I = Hp) - fx, p- W) - f(x - L,p) + f(x~ Lap ~ W). (05) ‘Again, the total deformation field excluding that of the z derivative is expressed by a composition of two infinite medium terms (part A), a surface deformation related term (part B), and a depth multiplied term (part C), The1027 rode-n- ae tao) a4 Hag (EOFs semen es [ogmery — seb - a ae tig eS et eMo oS — pAeg toenmele—tarasceneg een] genet hal | EE BE SE seme |g SP sont loathe [Bh -scw] Men] sume 2 ag ag Zh] onmer Ligt mere le- sormrBenn frogs a@| abba nea es a fag 2E _ og urs] Moa fs 00 Ag} (wo. spurte 4 2 a lie - BE -err] Los penssermaeteonn foment toe Bak | be MEL aco ae SHEAR AND TENSILE FAULTS IN A HALF-SPACE po Boe [2 ves] (ony oso punye eZ at (eae Vpe- [25-500] Leo | orrgunye + az ai aq tostnt —, HL, ag t} su We te splay les guna Zon 2 ee oo eT [as00to8 — gap tery] gus tg Bev ak aeeet ea Pe i wy 4, a | te, are PBK rb + gus h3 2; 909 Sg 2H (io; wy fp —_- SE _ py | st &. & (et ge] ey goose) | guste of | erodes oma st- ay SE —gunty] He woty Bo a Sa pagal Pre-smy]os gneve as odtlig oleh | os Ae }20g falta foftae addy A+IMES MUN guod=p mee, te, “an 42 pei tna! ae Hag a wubitqaaa a geabagenens ea Ba EG HE aeaG ~ C8 sg) ag = OSG 2 gang MOP—OERD Pe eeear Bi-sunn ee ere (e709 2-0) 98 saunas seyoa ¥ 05 anp yrooroom yp yo onpyoauep-A wavy, wr aust? nev Fy ‘Ty aNv Ip on Ip Zs 1eNy, NI SNOLLYAIDA atLL 40 SUAKLVATEG vaTEvE,(o+9to- #5 zs Cox tte-fok— Gta ere Doar aBemn-| sem a EES aE rem [eet lege 1h —semmcerr fl osfoesootot gens rae | seb Song age [OE oc a] Sefer dior (Bescon | samsr Zang ae 24 [ok + -salhe gmoney enn- fren ee a | BE aE ve a lrepigg +200 Cv + 0] So-fseu sotesesos tar} Efe) gst gusty ABE secs 8 pate fh seme |osmamegy 2 até Bob — gore) Hh oe ous (ont) BE odie reo SE be loston— ote] on gee BL (on odhhe oma DEK fh +svory] Hoe goat thony= ate sno) 2 | onus ef 20g se /%ng odky airman jwobayeness frre, ee ee ee ea Biegwng Tormtsh atdewear (9 '2~0'0) a8 somnog vatea ¥ on exp gusmsondnp Jo eaneayon~z @ATOVy, Maas muy Sy OF F5y °Z ATAVI, NI SNOMLWADA BALL dO SAKLVARIAGZ eaTave 1028| SHEAR AND TENSILE FAULTS IN A HALF-SPACE 1029 Zz y Us. 3 STRIKE DIP TENSILE Fic, 3. Geometry of three different finite rectangular sources, whose internal deformation fields are listed in Tables 6 through 9, See text as to sign convention for the slip vectors. ad a physical meaning of several constants or variables that appear in these tables and equation (14) are illustrated in Figure 4, For simplicity of expressions, the top, middle, and bottom equations, f,, fo, and f,, in each compartment of Tables 6 through 9 do not directly correspond to x, y, and z components f,, f,, and f,. Instead, f, = f., fy = f, 008 5 + f, sin 5, and f, = f, sin 6 + f,cos 6 are displayed for parts A and B. The latter two correspond to the components in the updip and normal directions of the real fault, i.e., the directions parallel to the (p) axis and opposite to the (q) axis in Figure 4, respectively. On the other hand, for part C f, = f,, f, = f, cos 5 — f,8in 5, andf, = —f,8in 3 — f,cosé are displayed, the latier two of which correspond to the components in the image directions of those for parts A and B, i.e. the directions parallel to p axis and opposite to q axis in Figure 4, respectively. So, we must carry out the following conversion to get the x, y, and z components of each quantity. fe=hy F, = fz.008 8 — fg sind for parts A and B, (16) f, = fo. sin 5 + fz cos d hah f, = fz.008 6 — fy sind for part C (17) f= ~fysin 8 ~ fycos 61030 ¥. OKADA TABLE {INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT FIELD DUE TO A FINITE RECTANGULAR SOURCE IN A HALF-SPACE. SHE TEXT AS TO THE MEANING OF THE TOP, MIDDLE, AND BOTTOM EQUATIONS BN EACH COMPARTMENT. Dipacaea Ga fo Fake aR WGA edone)=Uel otto eee] ort eeat [rtrees staf (of ob ral 008] ad] (onaeciocs wslssara) = Ufa (ot ~ Bf + 0f ~ 509) sin6+ (of 83 +0 ~20f) con6] a= (+p )aete) Patera Fen i. i Dip = miusind-o Bt note ~eyans eben een) ead efor Pea al. nine) -$ a) ner sind +k at ben Pa) F-Faersend A= EXa eth ont] t sept 2] k= shy om ttn Fgwin(ed) + faring toa hyghy- sg ltcnen — seater] (= Met lic emeten) ions et sa ame RE I ats) TABLET ZA DERIVATIVES OF THE EQUATIONS IN TABLE 6. Woierative of Dopiecement veto «Fa (soe se Uftn| Hest +ei8 ] Feat a8 (0.6 BLEW) tants ae) =a hihi ei) ead (fF 48) nd] Bu foeosns) =U elit SE4i8 ri) a+ GET ei) end] ee Giennr2e) i fob 1 outsell. call P= esPrectsnoll A oF foe an areons 7 nti enef SBF aren] +0 Rt winenetgemt —— tat(8 erent 6] a Acer talntn ra SEE foeer t+ fain tn 6+ 0-0 er secgiicniel — (seg GgleaeH tontet) | madras Jemcttartioatiinint der see hyitin-toa) (Kee BAL(C ant] i orb) KaetyestHsnd ae : Ras glk ssi]SHEAR AND TENSILE FAULTS IN A HALF-SPACE 1031 ‘Discussion In the preceding sections, a complete set of closed analytical expressions was derived in a unified manner for the internal displacements and strains due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space for both point and finite rectangular sources. We have basically followed Iwasaki and Sato’s (1979) formulation, adding the new expressions for internal deformation fields due to a general point tensile source and a vertical finite tensile fault, as well as the internal strain field due to an arbitrary point source. Obtained formula were presented with table forms in Tables 2 through 9. Since they are particularly compact and systematic, they will not only save computational costs but also diminish probable coding errors, All the formula are composed of infinite medium terms (part A), a surface deformation related term (part B), and a depth multiplied term (part C). As a subset of these formula, the deformation in an infinite medium ean be expressed by a term that includes u4(x, y,~ z) for point sources and f4(E, 9, — 2)|} for finite faults. Also, the surface deformation can be expressed by the following subset: u(x, y,0) = u(x, 0) Fleno) = 22(2,9,0) Gy ou dup 5, (#90) = =" (x, 9,0) (20) ey o 21) du, duz Jy (#910) + FF (9,0) + Uol, 9,0). au Fy (#90) = Next, let us discuss the mathematical singular points that are included in the expressions derived in the previous sections. We will investigate practical methods to avoid these mathematical singularities, as well as ways to avoid the computational instabilities that occasionally arise for some special conditions and cause trouble in the course of numerical calculation. In the case of a point source, the problem is simple. The equations listed in Tables 2 through 5 become singular only when R = 0, because the factor R +d, which is included in the denominators of [°, J*, and K° is always positive unless R= 0. The case R=0 occurs when an observation point coincides with the source position. Since this kind of singularity is so essential, we cannot remove the difficulty. The practical way to avoid the trouble is to set. the output to a flag for a sufficiently small R. In the case of a finite rectangular source, we also cannot escape from the essential singularities that arise when an observation point lies on the fault edges. We must set the output to a flag, as before. Apart from these intrinsic singularities, there exist other kinds of mathematical singularities, which ean be classified in the following four categories. They arise at special points, as illustrated in Figure 5, For these singular points, we can avoid trouble by applying the following rules to the equations in Tables 6 through 9. These rules were found by returning to the integral (13) and carefully checking each special case.aee(tg +g +844)— BE ne 9a 09+ Ceytp = aun Bag tego + Ew sey guy tye =, au goer 4 AE ma HE — gute =D ape orm alxout— eex(gsmoves plies — [xt+ax—seoao-d-| eam rg — sb) Hk + Ip marinas tye) Cl [xe - 8x(sumbes f) 200 ctype — susareen=| eps rz o> | ork wxtsh-| gb ~ 2 4 9100 log wou ag + (0 app 2 £_fymerzbet] 2 | one orsezt — BE + roo] 924+ BE] (oy some a | abS—[onerss EF — [opens [xt Sx(gmtet Q)z04 eexph + oun? proogup 5 oo o® [one axe ; = (7 (rxbug — ex (9 1006 e+ py]20— [x 4- 8x] seo fe ie eue as -ot-| oe guste Eettyp ES Ea 4 7% ? 4 Ligee eee ial sew x a-| ak aa g 3(¢zb9 009%) — 2 49 109-8 Joa gat oo 022 H (o—1)-| eussfop yo] = a ae 2 fpeslezasznooen) Bare pa rw pea-E] + Leoy-lowsler-maf 2 a | amb fomees So (=] BE gay oh x eg ]fo—ye| gunfey + ZI. -| af * pice —“E ~2* $5) 9300 ousfoms “Fk De] oesfir+ ZI a-| ak a O30- seoai(e-D-leuspraty e+ nye ae] ane ng omy, ons fel fe "elle ‘taf yfe eda, (eh )\Ref She = Je Mel gte= fe Wem Melfte= se SA) eel em tHP=2 (Wet /(te)=0 [ps0 (Sus gah fa fa) +9 (S42 fat fa~ fa)|acin = (e'A'ayle/ tag Borge aetna Los (512+ gre f4- fa) ~ 900 (Jae gus faye) atia = (2'8'2MRo/ tng Web 4 grote — guepegeorend ipa at merenegr eo aee ar eet tteceae [se gis fa Jatin = (2/0 (a'a'7'9 !2="0'0) ypu OsIULE ¥ 0} anp imdMaTHIdsIEL Jo BATWAAP-A 10382 L MMAVE, NEaRisIT suv *p o4 Tp “9 aTaVy, NI ENOLUVADE aH AO BBALLVALIGZ Sarav1033 9409 (0g + #8 + Fixe) — gb 4+ Be oe puesto Sey 9 #99 8409-40688 = caybp +900 tye =D ay ye +[xble + x (9b, Heer [exp8+059,a3]=0) oon Ot Cal a 2 8 foxcte-sx(greare~ p2n—x2+Mx~ —gusgie(e—t) | gamtarie a 5 z [oeroeabes omer SE — gay Hl} p,ac0 0g 4 ote | att 5—[pweo ge 2] = | ogous, 3 [Sxete~ Sx(9sote— p]2°~ Hye Hartge pee 9 (Z < z [stxbup + %y(9usoe— D]20— "Sxpe(o—1) eS geoonganya tt a a ore! £ a [pik rst Bole reosenecs af ao 2 [psooeabra cur org —9 ew SE} goofpos 4-2] wtb | att [peoatyge IE (=] a 2 + gro Jon 9102 + punly woe ](o~ ap tiga 2 | ak (=) a ligeee Fe)P see + seaforon— oe] omenas so a) as z a ore— 91099(2-1) gages xem at| aie M$ oro | onns a el ofe 20/gle zohyf0 aaa, z ty ey < lise 'e/ fre= gr [lee Dg = ge wef dte= 2 Mew e= yy Sal, Tle 8 Me fe = fr & a Ee tHp=2 — (rary/(Hy)=” 800 (Ste $9 Sit f+ fl) + 9m (S12 58 fat hat FN] aca = (e'A's)20/ "09 grood—gupl=y — gtoop~gupAad Lame (Sit Set git f2+ ft) ~ 9909 (Sree Set Ga fe facia = @'e'e)H0 ng UE 4gwok=E — gmp Hgtohnd [Set See de ath sein = (2)r9/%0g e+ hea a peers “| savy, st agin av Tq any Py on (a'm‘7'9‘2—"0'0) 90 yng srymt ¥ Oy onp pnauteoeyderc{ Jo oAryoajz0p-7, ‘oy “9 B1GVy, Ai SNOLLVaba HILL sO SHALLVATEREZ eaTavL| 1034 ¥, OKADA (Xy.2) Fault [> “ct (q) Physical meanis surfite tnd sppear in fas Si through 8 Otho a ast Sg which are elated 0 the veal aie correspond to the p and q axes for the image faul itive x axis is out of the page. (® When q = 0 (this occurs on the planes that include the fault surface and its image), set © in Table 6 to be zero. (ii) When € = 0 (this occurs on the vertical planes that include the edges that are perpendicular to the fault strike), sot 1, in Table 6 to be zero. (iii) When R + £ = 0 (this occurs along the lines extending the edges that are parallel to the fault strike and x < 0), set all the terms that contain R + & in their denominators to be zero and replace In(R + £) to ~In(R ~ £). (iv) When B + 7 = 0 (this occurs along the lines extending the edges that are perpendicular to the fault strike and p <0), set all the terms that contain R + in their denominators to be zero and replace In(F + 9) to -In(R ~ 1). On the fault surface excluding its edges, the above rule (i) sets the displace- ment parallel to dislocation vector to the average of the displacements at both sides of the fault, while all the other components are kept to be continuous across the fault surface.SHEAR AND TENSILE FAULTS IN A HALF-SPACE 1035 qi) ) Fic. 5 Tho places where mathematical singularities appear in the expressions forthe deforma- tion field due to a finite rectangular arts show the fault plane and its projection tonto the free surface, Marks (to (iv), correspond to the conditions described in the text. a} ie for the case, sin 5 > 0, while (b) is for sin 81036 Y. OKADA In the practical situations, there are two problems with applying the above four rules. First, even if one of the above conditions is met mathematically, the numerical condition may not be satisfied because of computational errors Second, if the condition is not exactly satisfied but is nearly satisfied, the numerical results may give unreasonably big values. To overcome these diffi- ++ sxto5 Fio, 6. An example of the internal deformation field due to an inelined dip-slip fault. Figure 8 nap the spafiguetion of the foul spel andthe aiorvation plane watch ues dhe foul Surface, (g) Contour map of the volume distion. A parallelogram shows tho projected fault surface, ‘Tho eolid Line shows part of the fault plate that lies shove the observation plane, while the dashed line shows one below the observation plane. (b) Vector map of the in-plane displacements, (0) Distribution of the &-D principal strain projected onto the observation plane.SHEAR AND TENSILE FAULTS IN A HALF-SPACE 1087 culties, one can apply the above rules when the quantities, £, 1, or q becomes sufficiently small rather when they are exactly zero. By the same reason, the alternate expressions for I, J, and K needed for the calculation of vertical faults (5 # /2) in Tables 6 through 9 should be used when cos 5 is sufficiently small rather when it is exactly zero. Nunenicat REsutts Based on the presentations in Tables 2 through 9 and taking into account the practical considerations discussed in the preceding section, we have established a computer program to calculate internal deformation fields due to a multiple source that can be arbitrarily composed of shear and tensile faults of both point and finite rectangular types. The program can draw contour, vector, or tensor maps of in-plane or normal components of displacement and strain on an observation plane arbitrarily oriented in the half-space. Figure 6 shows an example of the output from this program system. Here, a contour map of volume dilatation, a vector map of in-plane displacements, and a distribution of pro- jected 3-D principal strain are displayed on a plane crossing the fault surface (Fig. 8 shows the fault configuration). As another example of the numerical calculation, Figure 7 illustrates the schematic 3-D deformation of an elastic half-space due to slip on a buried vertical strike-slip, dip-slip, or tensile fault. The figure shows a 50 x 50 x 50 km cube within an elastic body assuming that the top of the cube represents the free surface. A vertical fault is assumed to be located at the center of the block with a length of 20 km and a height of 10 km, occupying a depth range from 10 to 20 km. Three perpendicular arrows denote the displacement amplitude in units of 0.1U, where U stands for the dislocation amount. Next, let us see an example of the depth dependency of the strain and tilt fields due to a buried finite rectangular source. As is illustrated in Figure 8, the size of the fault is assumed to be 12 x 8 km, and the slip is 50 cm. These parameters approximately represent a magnitude 6 earthquake sources, Assum- ing \= p, c= 10 km, and é = 40°, the strain and tilt beneath an observation point (x, y) = (25,15 km) wore evaluated. For the case of the tilt observations, we should be careful because of the difference between the physical quantity observed by water-tube tiltmeters and that by pendulum-type borehole tilt- meters. The former measures a1, /x, whereas the latter measures 9u, /Az. On the ground surface, both quantities coincide in amplitude with each other, because v,, = u(du,/dx + du,/3z) must vanish at the free surface of a half-space. Figure 9 shows the depth variation of the above quantitios, du, /dx and ~4u,/02, as well as that of an areal dilatation A = du, /dx + du, /ay. Accord- ing to this figure, the strain or tilt rapidly changes even at very shallow depths. So, when we use strain or tilt data observed in sufficiently deep boreholes, we must be cautious to compare the observation with theory. To any interested researchers, the author is ready to provide the source code for subroutine programs that correspond to Tables 2 through 9. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A part of this study was advanced during the author's stay in U. S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park. He is grateful to Drs. M. Johnston and P. Segall for critical reading of the manuscript and for many useful suggestions to help make this paper clear. Also, the discussions with Dra, R, Wesson. ‘and W. Thatcher were stimulating to accomplish this work.1038 Y. OKADA STRIKE. TENSILE Pig, 7, Schematic 3.0 deformation of an elastic half space due to slip on a vertical strikealip, dipalip, or tensile fault. The block has a size of 60 km, the top of which corresponds to the free surface, The vertical fault is 20 km long and 10 km wide extending from 10 to 20 km depth. U stands for the dislocation amount, Fra, 8 An example of the tilt observations surface and in @ borehole. Note that a ‘water-tube tiltmeter (WT) measures 31/0, while @ borehole titmeter (BHT) measures 9x, /02. Ashaded oblique plane crossing the faulf surface corresponds to the observation plane in Figire 6.STRIKE 100-05 a hase * i = E z é ® 2» Fra, 9, The dept de of tel te Oue/9x end area station 4 = 9,24 + 24,/2 beneath the obseFvaton point iustratsS ta Figure 9-4 unit of eels ie 0-7, ie ‘REFERENCES Alewine, R. W. (1974). Application of linear inversion theory toward the estimation of seismic source parameters, Ph.D. Thesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 303 PP. 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