Emily Elchynski

Sarah Gibbons
Chisomaga Obioha
Works Cited
Primary Sources
Brown v. Board of Education (1954). American History, ABC-CLIO, 2016,
americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/253972. Accessed 15 Oct. 2016. This
source gives the Supreme Courts decision on Brown v Board of Education. It is a
reliable source because it is a primary court document, so those were the exact words
used at the time. After reading this source, it became more clear why the court finally
ruled against school segregation.
Brown v. Board of Education (1955). American History, ABC-CLIO, 2016,
americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/293307. Accessed 24 Oct. 2016. This
source explains how the Supreme Court planned to desegregate schools. This is a reliable
source because it is the official order given by the Supreme Court and it is a primary
source, so it is from the time period. After reading this source, it is clear how the schools
were desegregated over time.
Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) (USSC+). Civil Rights,
www.nationalcenter.org/brown.html. This is a very good document that was from the case
Brown v. Board of Education because it describes in detail what their issue is, what
they want done, why it should be done, and how it should be done. The thing I picked out
immediately was the first was in the first few paragraphs they had there evidence about
how in the 14th amendment it says all people treated equally. I felt this primary source

was different than the others because I understood it more. This was a great resource that
I will continue to use because it has everything I need to know about that day, and what
issues were addressed.
Brown v. Board Of Education Of Topeka, Kansas. Brown Et Al. V. Board Of Education Of
Topeka Et Al (2009): 1. History Reference Center. Web. 24 Oct. 2016. This source
includes the opening arguments of Brown v Board of education. This is a reliable source
because it is a legal document from the time period. This source makes both sides of the
cases arguments clear.
Brown v. Board at Fifty: With an Even Hand. Library of Congress, USA.gov. Accessed 31
Dec. 2016. This primary source gives many specific examples of the backlash that was
experienced after Brown I ruling. A strength of this source was stating the important facts
of each backlash; that way the reader could grasp the key concepts. This source presented
many different types of backlash and gave the reader a better grasp of what was
happening during that time period.
The Court's Decision. Separate but Not Equal Brown v. Board of Education. This primary
source showed all of the courts appeals from all the mini cases. It also had showed Justice
Earl Warren thoughts on whether or not the Fourteenth Amendment allowed segregation.
This source, unlike the other primary sources, focuses on what happened in court, instead
if what documents were in court. This source clarified Judge Earl Warrens effect on the
landmark case.
Crawley, Lisa. Interview. 20 Dec. 2016. This interview focused on the aftermath of the case,
specifically in Baltimore and other parts of Maryland. Lisa Crawley is a reliable source
because she is a museum curator for the Reginald F. Lewis museum, a museum that

focuses on black history. This helped enhance the research by adding what happened
locally as well as other ways people fought back from segregation.
Curry, George E. Brown v. Board Of Education -- 50 Years Later. Vital Speeches Of The Day
70.10 (2004): 310-316. History Reference Center. Web. 24 Oct. 2016. This source
explains race relations before Brown v Board of Education and how they changed over
the next 50 years. This is a reliable source because the speech was by a well known,
respected journalist, George Curry. This source made it clear how poorly AfricanAmericans were treated before and after the case.
Dissenting Opinion of Judge Waites Waring in Harry Briggs, Jr., et al. v. R. W. Elliott,
Chairman, et al. National Archives, www.archives.gov/files/education/lessons/brown-vboard/images/dissenting-opinion-01.gif. This photograph is a document that has
information on segregation and how it is unfair. This document does not need anything
else in it because this is real evidence of what happened. This image helps readers
understand what their actual view segregation and what they did to prove why schools
should be desegregated.
Documents Related to Brown v. Board of Education. National Archives, 15 Aug. 2016.
Accessed 30 Oct. 2016. This primary source is important because it was the final
judgement that revoked the Plessy decision and then abolished segregation. This source is
different from others because all of the other sources talk about what happened in the
event or what led up to the event when this source shows the final document that created
and established this major landmark case. This source gave the reader a better of
understanding of the Plessy case and also why it had been revoked.

Dudley, Mark E. Brown v. Board of Education (1954): School Desegregation. New York,
Twenty-First Century Books, 1994. This book is about the desegregation of the schools in
America and it also focused on Brown vs. Board of Education. Unlike the book Linda
Brown, this book focuses more on the court case than the personal voice of the affected
children. This source gave a more in-depth way of looking at the court case.
Felix Frankfurter, Draft Version of Decree in Brown v. Board of Education II, 1955. The
Supreme Court, Educational Broadcasting, Dec. 2006. Accessed 31 Dec. 2016. In this
primary source, a draft of the decree from Justice Felix Frankfurter was shown. Unlike all
of the previous sources, this source begins to show where the Supreme Court decided to
implement the Brown I ruling; with deliberate speed. Facts found in this source
confirmed that Brown I was successful in bringing change, which is why they needed a
second court case
History - Brown v. Board of Education Re-enactment. United States Courts, Administrative
Office of the U.S. Courts. Accessed 15 Oct. 2016. This source gives an overview of
Brown v. Board of Education and the cases that led to it.This is a reliable source because,
even though there is no author given, it is from a government website, US Courts. After
reading this source, it became more clear how previous court cases impacted the ruling of
Brown v. the Board of Education.
Judgement Brown v. Board of Education. National Archives,
www.archives.gov/education/lessons/brown-v-board. Accessed 15 Aug. 2016. This
image, telling from the date, is a later document proving that all schools have become
unsegregated. Children of all races can go to school and get the same education. This
document has lots of good information proving that it is desegregated, but the words they

use in the document make it harder to understand, but back then the people knew what
that meant. Overall, this is a good image to use because it has lots of useful information
in it.
Mother (Nettie Hunt) and daughter (Nickie) sit on steps of the Supreme Court building on May
18, 1954, the day following the Courts historic decision in Brown v. Board of Education.
Nettie is holding a newspaper with the headline High Court Bans Segregation in Public
Schools. 18 June 1954. The Supreme Court, Educational Broadcasting. Accessed 8 Jan.
2017. This photo is of the a mother and daughter sitting on the steps in front of the
Supreme court. This photo enhances the website because it shows a start of new era;
where segregation isnt allowed.
Primary Resources: Brown v. Board of Education: Topeka, 1954. American Experience Tvs
Most Watched History Series. Accessed 30 Oct. 2016. This webpage was an important
primary source because it shows the speech Chief Justice Earl Warren delivered to the
Supreme Court abolishing the Plessy decision. Unlike the Wikipedia source, this gives
the reader actual information about was said during the court case from the Justices
perspective. Facts presented in the source confirm that Chief Justice Warren played an
important part in the case and also that the impact this case had during that time period
was monumental to the way things are run today.
Protest against the segregation of U.S. schools. Liberation School. This photo shows African
Americans protesting for against school segregation. This photo enhances the website
because this photo focuses on the work behind the scene that allowed Brown to happen.
School Desegregation and Equal Educational Opportunity. CivilRights.org, Leadership
Conference, 2001. Accessed 27 Oct. 2016. This source gives background information

about Brown v Board of Education. This is a reliable website because it is from an

organization, but it isnt the best source because it doesnt go into detail about the case.
This is a valuable source because it provides background information that provides
context for other details.
School Integration in the American South, 1960. American History, ABC-CLIO, 2016,
americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/294147. Accessed 24 Oct. 2016. This
source shows statistics about how integrated schools were by 1960. This is a reliable
source because it was found within a database. Through this source, it is clear how
schools were not fully integrated, even about five years after Brown v Board of
Education.
Southern Manifesto on Integration (March 12, 1956).The Supreme Court, Educational
Broadcasting, Dec. 2006. Accessed 31 Dec. 2016. This primary source provided an
overview on what the Southern Manifesto was and how it was related to the people
affected by Brown vs. Board of Education. A strength of this article was that it provided a
list of the Governors who signed the document. Facts presented from this source are
reliable to be used because since it is a primary source, there is no bias involved in the
document.
Telgen, Diane. Brown v. Board of Education. Detroit, Omnigraphics, 2005. This source explains
events leading up to Brown v Board of Education. It is a reliable source because it has
citations to show where the information was found. This source makes the injustices
faced before the case clear.
Transcript of Brown v. Board of Education (1954). Our Documents,
www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=87&page=transcript. This image was

of a document used while making the decision for Brown v. Board of Education. This
image was a document that stated many things about amendments, and mostly about why
this change would be good for the society. This document does lack a picture of some sort
to figure out what is going on. I would use it again because it has some of the same
information that other website do so that means it is reliable, and it gives some new
information at the same time.
U.S. Army 101st Airborne Division. 3 Oct. 1957. Library of Congress, USA.gov. This photo
shows US troops escorting African American children from school. This photo enhances
the website because it shows the viewer how troops had to escort some kids, to keep
some kids because unfortunately; not all White Americans wanted African Americans
attending the same school as their kid.
U.S. District Court for the First (Topeka) Division of the District of Kansas. Complaint in
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. National Archives Catalog, National Archives,
19 June 1951. This source gives the reasons that Brown v The Board of Education was
filed originally. This is a good source because it is primary and gives the official words
used in the court document. This will help with research because it makes it clearer about
what injustices they were facing before they went to court.
Vivian Malone at the University of Alabama. Library of Congress, Educational Broadcasting.
This photo two African American students being the first students to be integrated into
the University of Alabama. This photo enhances the website because it focuses on the
positive effects of the ruling of Brown vs. Board of Education.

Secondary Sources

Admin. Impact of Brown versus Board of Education Today. In Public Schools,

inpublicschools.com/archive/the-impact-of-brown-vs-board-today. Accessed 9 Oct. 2009.
This article is about the after effect from Brown v. Board of Education and how it affects
our life today. It does not have as much information as the other resources, but it still
includes the historic effects and what has changed and how it changed over time, and
how at first many did not want to go to any school because they didnt know what was
going to happen. I would use this source again if I needed to because the after effect is
just as important because it shows the difference someone made.
Aretha, David. Brown v. Board of Education. Greensboro, Morgan Reynolds Publishing, 2013.
This book explains the events leading up to the case and the resistance after the decision
was reached. This book is reliable because it has a bibliography to show where the
information was found. After reading this source, it became clear how Brown v the Board
of Education did not immediately end school segregation everywhere.
"Background Case Facts and Arguments on the Brown Decision." NYSBA,
www.brownvboard.net/ms_04a.html. Accessed 1991. In this article about laws, dates, and
groups are discussed. This article is useful because it describes the Brown family more,
and most web sites don't. However, there are no images for me to imagine what it looks
like when the family is discussing these issues. This article was reliable because the
family is a different and new source to have, and that makes it useful, while giving a
different point of view on who is speaking, and telling a different story.
Brownstein, Ronald. How Brown v. Board of Education Changedand Didnt Change
American Education. The Atlantic, Atlantic Monthly Group, 25 Apr. 2014. Accessed 24
Oct. 2016. This source examines the lasting effect of Brown v the Board of Education.

This may not be the most reliable source because their are no sources cited. After reading
this source, it is clear that Brown v. Board of Education has not fixed every problem with
equality in education.
Chemerinsky, Erwin. Changing the Court. Erwin Chemerinsky uses Brown v.. Board of
Education as a reference in his book for the separate but equal when going up against
the Supreme Court. It gives information on the amendments and states how everyone is
equal, and how the Supreme Court was overruled. However, it is just a section of the
book that talks about this, and it was mostly about the effect it had, and not what
happened or what let to it. What we can get from this book is the way the Supreme Court
works, and how a case can change based on our amendments.
Civil Procedure Generally. Introduction. Accessed 31 Oct. 2016. This article goes
deeper than the court case by talking about the civil rights movement. This article gave
lots of information and pictures to help readers understand what is happening. This article
does lack information on the actual case, but it is useful for the background knowledge. I
would definitely use this again because it gives lots of background information on what
made Brown want to go through with this evaluation even more.
Civil Rights Movement for Kids: Brown vs Board of Education (Black History). Youtube, 16
May 2016. Accessed 4 Jan. 2017. This source gives an overview of the case. It is reliable
because the information is corroborated in other sources. This will enhance the website
by helping the viewers understand the context of the case.
Combined Brown Cases, 1951-54. Brown Foundation,
brownvboard.org/content/combined-brown-cases-1951-54. This website has lots of
information such as dates and groups and the case. The Brown foundation website gives

lots of information about the background, cases before, and the oral history. It does,
however, lack images for me and the readers to get an image in our head for what was
happening, and there is not much information in this that I already didnt know. I would
not use this website because there is nothing in this one that stands out from the rest.
Duignan, Brian. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Law Case. Encyclopedia Britannica,
30 Aug. 2011. Accessed 30 Oct. 2016. This source gave a small briefing as to the general
topic of the court case. It didnt provide any new information that could impact the
reader's viewpoint of the case, but if someone who knew about the topic at all,and wanted
to research it, this source would be a good starting place. From reading this source
nothing became more clear or more explained, but just repeated from previous sources.
Good, Diane L. Brown v. Board of Education. New York, Childrens Press, 2004. This book
gives background about the steps to Brown v Board of Education. It isnt a great source
because it does not provide much detail about the events. This book provides the context
for Brown v Board of Education such as attempts for desegregation before it.
Greenspan, Jesse. 10 Things You Should Know About Brown v.Board of Education. History,
16 May 2014. Accessed 25 Oct. 2016. This source provides an overview about the case
Brown v. Board of Education. It stated ten important facts that people should know about
it. Unlike the source American Experience, this source explains the main parts of the
case, while that source only focused on the affects some people had on the case. This
source gave the reader a better understanding of what happened during the case. This
could help the reader determine if they wanted to keep pursuing the topic.
Judgement Brown v. Board of Education. National Archives,
www.archives.gov/education/lessons/brown-v-board. Accessed 15 Aug. 2016. This

image, telling from the date is a later document proving that all schools have become
unsegregated. Children of all races can go to school and get the same education. This
document has lots of good information proving that it is desegregated, but the words they
use in the document make it harder to understand, but back then the people knew what
that meant. Overall, this is a good image to use because it has lots of useful information
in it.
History-Brown v. Board of Education Re-enactment. United States Courts. Accessed 30 Oct.
2016. This source really focused on the events that occurred leading up to Brown v.
Board of Education. Unlike some websites, this one really focused more on the court
cases. This source helped the reader gain a better understanding of the causes and effects
that court cases leading up to Brown v. Board of Education.
History.com Staff. Separate but Not Equal. History.com, 2009. This source explains what
separate but equal means in context to Brown v Board of Education and gives
background on the case. This is a reliable source because it comes from The History
Channel, but it is not very detailed. This source showed how separate but equal
affected the case.
Important Supreme Court Cases for Civil Rights. CivilRights.org, The Leadership Conference
on Civil and Human Rights. Accessed 27 Nov. 2016. This source gives a timeline of
important cases for civil rights. This is a reliable source because the information is
corroborated by other sources. This will add to my research because it proves that Brown
v. Board of Education didnt fix every civil rights issue.
McBride, Alex. Brown v. Board of Education 1954. The Supreme Court, Educational
Broadcasting, Dec. 2006. Accessed 30 Oct. 2016. This source talked about the general

overview of the court case. Most sources gave a deeper understanding to the topic, but
this source gave a general overview that yet, while it was descriptive, it didnt allow the
reader to connect with it. This source introduced general connections about the case,
which could lead to further investigations about the topic.
Smith, Brenna. 11 Examples of Casual, Everyday Racism in Our Society. Rant Now, Rant.
Accessed 31 Dec. 2016. This source provides some examples of how racism still exists
today in our society. While, this source provided some decent information, a date of
publication was not provided within the article. From reading this article, the claim that
racism is still evident became stronger.
Somervill, Barbara A. Brown v. Board of Education: The Battle for Equal Education.
Chanhassen, Childs World, 2005. This source gives background information as well as
different examples of segregation around the United States before Brown v Board of
Education. It is a reliable source because there are sources listed for further information,
which validates the information. Through this source, it is clear why a change was needed
and how schools were definitely not separate but equal.
Strauss, Valerie. How, after 60 years, Brown v. Board of Education succeeded and didnt.
The Washington Post, 24 Apr. 2014. Accessed 24 Oct. 2016. This source gives a summary
and statistics about the gap in education that still exists. This is a reliable source because
it comes from the Washington Post, a respected newspaper. From this source, it is clear
how Brown v Board of Education drastically changed schools, but there is still more
work to be done.
Thomas, Joyce Carol, and Curtis James. Linda Brown, You Are Not Alone: The Brown v. Board
of Education Decision : a Collection. New York, Jump at the Sun/Hyperion Books for

Children, 2003. This book talks about who Linda Brown is as well as some short stories
and poems from other African American children who felt inferior due to segregation.
Unlike all of the previous sources, this is a good direct source because it gets the reader to
understand how young kids, some probably their age, felt. This book introduced a
different way to learn about the important landmark case. Instead of learning about it
from websites and legal documents, readers can learn about it from the way children felt.