DAFTAR ISI

COVER
DAFTAR ISI...................................................................................................i
DAFTAR GAMBAR .......................................................................................ii
DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................iii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................1
1.1 Latar Belakang ..............................................................................1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah .........................................................................2
1.3 Tujuan ............................................................................................2
1.4 Manfaat ..........................................................................................2
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ........................................................................3
2.1 Pengertian Demam ........................................................................3
2.2 Etiologi Demam pada Anak............................................................3
2.3 Patofisiologi Demam ......................................................................4
2.3.1 Pirogen Eksogen ........................................................................5
2.3.2 Pirogen Endogen ........................................................................8
2.3.3 Termoregulasi .............................................................................14
2.4 Pola dan Klasifikasi Demam pada Anak ........................................17
2.4.1 Pola Demam ...............................................................................17
2.4.2 Klasifikasi Demam ......................................................................21
2.5 Pendekatan Diagnosis pada Anak dengan Demam .......................26
2.5.1 Manifestasi Klinis Demam ...........................................................26
2.5.2 Algoritma Penegakan Diagnosis pada Pasien Anak dengan
Demam ................................................................................................30
2.5.3 Indikasi Masuk Rumah Sakit .......................................................30
2.6 Tatalaksana Demam pada Anak ....................................................31
2.6.1 Surface Cooling ..........................................................................31
2.6.2 Antipiretik ....................................................................................32
2.6.3 Antibiotik .....................................................................................36
BAB III KESIMPULAN ...................................................................................37
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ......................................................................................38
1

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2.1

Hipotalamus ......................................................................... 4

Gambar 2.2

Mekanisme Induksi Demam ................................................ 5

Gambar 2.3

Perangkat

dan

Mekanisme

Sentral

yang

Terlibat

dalam

Patogenesis Demam ........................................................... 8

Gambar 2.4

Fungsi Utama Interleukin-1 .................................................. 9

Gambar 2.5

Pola Demam pada Demam Tifoid......................................... 17

Gambar 2.6

Pola Demam Remiten........................................................... 18

Gambar 2.7

Pola Demam Intermiten ....................................................... 18

Gambar 2.8

Pola Demam pada Malaria .................................................. 19

Gambar 2.9

Pola Demam Borreliosis / Relapsing Fever ......................... 20

Gambar 2.10

Demam pada Penyakit Hodgkin / Pel-Ebstein...................... 21

Gambar 2.11

Bagan Algoritma Demam pada Anak.................................... 30

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 2.1

Tiga Kelompok Utama Demam .............................................. 21

Tabel 2.2

Penyebab Utama Demam dengan Localizing Signs............... 22

Tabel 2.3

Penyebab Utama Demam tanpa Localizing Signs.................. 23

Tabel 2.4

Diagnosis Diferensial antara Infeksi Virus dan Bakteri............ 25

Tabel 2.5

Perubahan Metabolik Tubuh Akibat Demam .......................... 28

Tabel 2.6

Yale Observation Scale........................................................... 29

Tabel 2.7

Efek Setelah 3 Jam Pemberian Parasetamol ......................... 33