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Implementation [contd]
Administrative agencies are the principal organizations that implement public policies. Most
administrative agencies are street level bureaucracies. They are government organizations that
are put together to implement public policy. NSA and cia are public agencies. They should be
able to define law in the sense of interpreting it.
Every administrative service is designed in a way: the members of ruling group are on the top
whereas the majority or rest of them are career diplomats who have been in the services for a
long time.
Every place where we have a difficult diplomatic mission are places where we assign career
diplomats who have extensive traineing and knowledge. You can only assign scelebrities to
places which are not that strategically important.
SO why is it important to spereate the members of the ruling group from career civil servants.
They are sperated because so the career civil servants are unbiased and only do their jobs no
matter whether they approve of the policy or not.
When you are apointed to be in charge of this agency or ministry, you have to appoint a strategy
to make sure your policies are implemented by appeasing the civil servants. The civil servants
have enormous power and netweork to stop your designs. For example, you are the head of the
homeland security and you bought your people to run it. However there is also a lot of people
beneath you, and people like the ATF can block your ideas. Regan fired ATF people who were
protesting or striking and made Air traffic controocleres from the air force to do theur jobs.
Civil servants do not like uncertainty. To them, it is a potential threat to their livelihod and theu
dont want anything to do about it.
There is an administrative agency for practically any aspect of human endeavor. So for example
, if you wnat to build a govt in syria. You would list all the human endeavors and make
administrative agencies for all of them.
When you go into a country, the types of administrative agencies that are prioritized in that
country would give you a pretty good idea of what the country places emphasis on.
For ex. In saudi arabia, you want petroleum and religious agencies. This wont be the case with
China. For ex, the department of womens affairrs in African countries.

Left to right:
These are the standard agencies in the country:
Energy

Commerce

Industry

Health

So initially veteran affairs was under the health agency, then if you want to place even more
emphasis on veteran affairs, you can create a separate agency called veteran affairs which
would prove how much you prioritize it.
For example in India, its agriculture, electricity, and telecommunications.
In Israel, the two most important ministeries are Agriculture, Defense and Water Resources. The
beiggest desalination plant in the world today is in Israel.
One of things tha happens is politics never stops. Even at the implementation and evaluation
level, the special interrst gorups are sitll fighting. So one think that administrative agencies do is
that they have to ensure that one of the groups that lost a policy battle in one stage do not come
to a diffeent staeg to begin a new battle and cause policy paralysis.
FOr example, the medial marijiuanna fight was lost at the initial level. SO, special interest
groups went ot the implementations level so that it is vert difficult to get a license, and placing
even more restrictions such as you have to leave after you lose your license for at least 5 years.
Administrative Agencies operate at all levels of governmetn: national , state and local. Many
times, policies are in conflict. For ex, marijuana is illegal on the federal level and legal on the
state level. Same thing happened in immigration: arizona was complaianing that most of the
price of illegal immigration, is paid by the state. The state pays most of the price of health
benefits, social securtiy, crime etc for illegal immigrants. And they complain to the federal govt.

We have been told that the executive branch is reponsible for implementing public policy.
HOwbeerv, that is not completely true, the legislators and the judiciary also implement public
policy.
This is how does the LEgislature implement public poliy:
Interets: they want to ensure that policy is implelmented exactly the way the policy is supposed
to be implemented. Whene thr AA interprets the legal language in a way that is different form
the thought or intention of the legislature is whe the problem occurs. So this is how legislatures
do it:

1. MAke Legislative Legal Language Clear. - T

hey are trying to make it clear but they are
having diificulty. For ex, the gay marriage thing says that in 2015, people have the right
to marry whoever they choose. But, this also haas problems with polygamy. They are
tryong to make it clear so that there is no problem with interepretation and pepl;e do
whatever the legilstaures wanted the law to do in the first place. Although it is very
difficult to achieve this in conjucntion with mobilisation.
2. Legislative Veto: Legistlative veto is where legislatures are saying that before you begin
any implementation you need the legislature;s approval. And at every stage, you will
need to be in touch and accordance wiwth the legislatures persmiision to take a policy to
any step.
3. Hearings: Hearings are the way through which the legislative branch hold the executive
branch accountable for their actions. For example, benghazi herings. All of these
hearings are supposed to be a signal to the executive saying we are above you. You are
accountable to the president.
4. Casework: A lot of people in the legislatures are working in individual casework in order
to achive implementation in public policy. YOu might be against why a state agency is
interpreting a law and the states senator will intervene.

Courts Role in POlicy Implementation:

Thier main job is to interpret the laws.
1. Give meaning to Legislation/policy : H
owever the courts interpert public policy is how
you also have to inretpret it. The only way you can change it is by a constitutional
amendment. This was happening for a long time for racial discrimination stories. The
judges were telling the jury that there must be an intent to discrimate. After a while, the
supreme court got angry and said the intent was not te issue, you need to prve that
discrimination has occurred. This is one way the coursts implement public policy.
2. Implemented directly by courts: T
here are some policies that are implememnted
directly by courts. For example, crimes. Only a judge can implement a
merican criminal
law. Also, Immigration Law- includes Naturalization. Also, R
egulation- s uch as
anti-trust laws. Also Bankruptcy laws. Also Family Law.

POLICY EVALUATION:
IN 1992, California enacted a lot of Sunset Laws, sunset laws mean whether the policy is
working or not. A lot of what we do in the govt has ver little to do with efficiency and ahas a lot

oto do with keeping the community tigerther. This is problematic because it makes the
connotations of making govt work as a businees.
When we evaluate public policy, we can evaluate it using two methids, we are either doing a
process evaluation or we are doing an outcome evaluation.
Process Evaluatoin: We are repositioning a policy in order to make sure that the policy achives
it goal. IN this, you are managing by objectives, whch basically means we are following a
process and see whether that process achieves the objectoves. So , if we a re building a
building, we can mae sure that the building inspectro is at every level in the building. THe whole
idea of managing the objectives is you are part of the begninning and you want ot make sure
you are doing everything right in order to achieve the ends. For Ex; Children not achieving in
school adn you change the curriculum. The china one child policy.
Outcome Evaluation: With outcome evalutaion, you are thinking, unlike process evalutatoin,
does this policy achieve the goals that we wanted it to achieve. For example, the light rail.
Whenever we ask the question, what are the consequences of this policy. When we do outcome
evaluitons of a policy, it is based on g
oals.
We have: Primary GOals, Secondary Goals and Unintended consequences
Primary Goals: IT is the main goal for which the particular policy has been set up. The One
child policy was set up to reduce population. The city of tempe set up the light rail system to
decongest traffic.
Secondary Goal: The secondary goals are other goals that are noted that are appropriate
things that the policy can produce but they are not the main things for which the policy had been
set up. Sceondary goals of one child policy is that chinese people are much more cognizant
about birth control and repriductoin like chinese people. THey are good tings that can come out
of the policy. Even if a policy has protuced a lot of secondary consequence, the secondary
consequence can never take precedence of primary consequence.
THe head start program was supposed to educate the children coming from poor families so
that they can comepte with rich children in grade school. Every year, the federal govt would go
to schildren and help them, This policy had an educational goal . Every country in the world has
it. It was just made massive in this country. So, when the children were added to this program,
they also thought that theu were hungry. SO they decided to add food to this program, so that
they could eat food twice. SO the nutrition component was a secondary goal. When the federal
govt did an evaluatoin, they foud that the nutritional component wwas met but the primary
component of education was not met. So how do they handle this, the politics came in. Some
peole wanted to remove the whole program , whereas people in social work said that at least let
them eat, to hell with education . Whenevr a public problem has been set up, its next to
impossible to do away with it.

Never allow a public program to start if you dont want that program to stay for a while.
So if a policy is achieveing a social secondary goal but not he primary one, it becomes a big
problem as it becomes difficult to remove it.
Unintended Consequences: T
he uninteded consequences were those things that the people
dind tthink about or anticipate, this is diffeent from secindary goals, because they are thought
about and antiicipated. They could be both positive and negative. For example, some officilas
wanted to feed homeless people at night. However, they stayed because it was so late. So this
was the unintended consequence.
Whwenever we stat a public policy, we need to consider the unintended consequneces and the
scope as well. For example, the sex determination thing in china with the one child policy is a
perfect example .
Second hand smoke, it was an unintended consequence of smoking. That nobody ever talked
about.
Positive externality: one person consuming it leads to positive things for other people
Negative externality: one [erson consuming it leads to negative things for other people .
These are the four measures against which public policy is evaluated:
Efficiency, effectiveness, Adequacy and Equity
Efficiency: Whether we are getting the bang for our buck. How much are we putting in compared
to what we are getting out.
Effectiveness: We move from the input/output of efficeincy to achievement. The question is are
the streets cleaner by cleaning the trucks. People like talking about efficeincy but not
effectiveness. They usually have efficiency under control but not effectiveness under control For
ex: efficeincy of prison is number of inmates that have gone through here. Effectiveness is how
less of them have returned.
Adequcy: How adequate is the polcy to solve the priblem. ASU says tuition is 1000 dollars but
financial aid is 80000 dollars. MEdicare and Medicaid have adequacy problem. For Medicare, a
lot fo people were having problem buying prescriptionn of medicine. This is the adequacy
problem with medicare. IN case of an adequcy problem, you add or augment.
Equity: Part of the probelm in the community is the fact that we have a lot of policies, but then
we ask who are these benefitting. For ex: a lot fo research on healthcare found that it was being
done primarily on men. People relaized this and felt that womens diseases also need more

research. This was an equity priblem. In a diverese population environment, we need to ask
who is beniffitign from the policies that we are making.