Reatining WAll With HORZONTAL Bach Fill and Trrafic Load

RCC design B.C.
Punmia
RETAINING WALL
A retaining wall or retaining structure is used for maintaining the ground surfgaces at
defrent elevations on either side of it. Whenever embankments are involed in construction ,retaining
wall are usually necessary. In the construction of buildins having basements, retaining walls are
mandatory. Similsrly in bridge work, the wing walls and abutments etc. are designed as retaining
walls , to resist earth pressure along with superimposed loads. The material retained or supported by
a retaining wall is called backfill lying above the horizontal plane at the elevation of the top of a wall is
called the surcharge, and its inclination to horizontal is called the surcharge angle
In the design of retaining walls or other retaining structures, it is necessary to compute the
lateral earth pressure exerted bythe retaining mass of soil. The equation of finding out the lateral
earth pressure against retaining wall is one of the oldest in Civil Engineering field. The plastic state of
strees, when the failure is imminent, was invetigated by Rankine in1860. A Lot of theoretical
experiment work has been done in this field and many theory and hypothesis heve benn proposed.
18.2 TYPE OF RETAINING WALLS

Retaining walls may be classified according to their mode of resisting the earth
pressure,and according to their shape. Following are some of commen types of retaining walls (Fig)
1
2
3
4
Gravity walls
Cantilever retaining walls
Counterfort retainig walls.
Buttresssed walls.
a. T- shaped
b. L- shaped
A gravity retaining wall shown in fig 1 is the one in which the earth pressure exrted by the
back fill is resisted by dead weight of wall, which is either made of masonry or of mass concrete .
The stress devlop in the wall is very low ,These walls are no proportioned that no tension is devloped
any where, and the resultant of forces remain withen the middle third of the base.
The cantilever retaining wall resist the horizontal earth pressure as well as other vertical pressure by way of beending of va
ressure by way of beending of varios components acting as cantilever s.A coomon form of cantilever retaining waal
etaining waal
DESIGN OF CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL with horizontal back fill and

traffic load.
Height of Retaining wall
=
6.00
m
Super imposed load due to road traffic
=
18.00 KN/m2
Unit weight of Earth
=
18.00 KN/m3
Angle of repose
=
30
Degree
Safe Bearing capacity of soil
=
160
KN/m2
Coffiecent of friction
=
0.4
Height of Parapet wall
=
1.00
m
wt.
Concrete
M20
c
25000 N/m3
cbc
13.33
7
N/mm2
m
Steel
230
st
N/mm2
Fy
415
Nominal cover
=
30
mm
200
DESIGN SUMMARY
Stem thickness
Footing width
600 mm
1800 mm
Key
600
At top
Toe width
x
600
200 mm
1800 mm
mm
Reinforcement Summary
STEM:-
1000
10
mm 300 @ c/c
10
6000
mm 300 @ c/c
5540
2000
3100
mm 160 @ c/c
10
20
20
600
260
At footing
Heel width
4200 mm
Q= 2 kN/m
200
Toe
900
460
8 mm
120 @ c/c
1800
20
4200
600
10 mm
300 @ c/c
20 mm
520 @ c/c
20 mm
260 @ c/c
mm 130 @ c/c
mm 180 @ c/c
8 mm 120 @ c/c
Heel
200
1800
mm 130 @ c/c 600
10
mm 160 @ c/c
Main
20
20
20
mm@
mm@
mm@
130
260
520
mm c/c
mm c/c
mm c/c
10 mm
300 @ c/c
Distribution
Tamprecture
8
8
mm @
mm @
160
300
mm c/c
mm c/c
5540
Main
Distribution
20
8
mm@
mm @
130
120
mm c/c
mm c/c
Main
Distribution
20
8
mm@
mm @
120
120
mm c/c
mm c/c
100% Reinforcement upto
mm
mm
3100
2000
Top
3.10
2.00
20 mm
260 @ c/c
TOE:-
20 mm
130 @ c/c
HEEL:-
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in
20 mm
520 @ c/c
All diamention in mm
Out side face
Earth side face
Not to scale
DESIGN OF T SHAPED CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL

Height of Retaining wall
Super imposed load due to road traffic
Unit weight of Earth
Angle of repose
Safe Bearing capacity of soil
Coffiecent of friction
Concrete
0 = 13.33
Steel
fe = 415
=
=
=
=
=
q0
=
=
=
wt.c =
st
=
cbc =
=
Nominal cover
1 Design Constants:- For HYSD Bars
k=
m*c
m*c+st
j=1-k/3
1
0.5
R=1/2xc x j x k
=
x
Cocrete M =
6.00
18.00
18
30
160
0.4
1.00
m
kN/m2
kN/m3 =
Degree
kN/m2
=
m
18000 N/m2
25
N/mm2
M - 20
25000 N/m3
230
N/mm2
7
30
mm
20
x
7
13.33
= 0.289
7
+ 230
13.33 x
0.289 /
3
= 0.904
7
x 0.904 x 0.289 = 0.913
2 Diamension of base:Assume that a horizontal force Q=
kN/m length of parapet wall will be act because of person standing near the parapet
Due to surcharge eqivalent height of fill given by
w
18
=
= 1.00 m
y
18.00
Hence, in determining the valueof b and etc. we will use a height
he=
H2=H+he'=
6.00 +
1.00 =
7.00 m
The ratio of the length of toe slab EF to the base width b may be determinined by eq.
q0
160
1
=
1
= 0.423
=
2.2 y H
2.2 x
18 x 7.00
. Eq (1)
Keep = 0.42
The width of base is given by Eq.
Ka
1
- 0.50
1-sin
b = 0.95 H x
=
= 0.33
Ka =
(1- a)x(1+3 a)
1
+ 0.5
1+sin
b =
0.95
7.00
0.333
0.42 )x(
1
+ 1.26 )
3.35
The base width from the considration of sliding is given by Eq.

0.7
x 7.00 x 0.333
=
=
7.04
m
(
1
- 0.42 )x 0.4
(1-)
This width is excessive. Normal practice is to provide b between 0.5 to 0.6 H .
Taking maximum value of H = 0.6
b
= 0.60 x 7.00 =
4.20
m
Hence Provided, b = 4.20
m
The wall will be unsafe against sliding. This will be made safe by providing a shear Key at base .
b =
Width of toe slab =
0.7HKa
xb
Let the thickness of base be
Hence width of heel slab

=
=
=
0.42
H/12
4.20
x
=
-
4.20
7.00
0.60
=
/
-
1.76 m Provided toe slab = 1.80

m
12
= 0.58 or say
= 0.60 m for design
purpose
1.80 = 1.80 m
3 Thickness of stem:Heigth AB =
6.00 - 0.60 = 5.40 m consider 1 m length of retaining wall
Due to retained soil, the earth pressure diagram will be a triangle,having an ordinate equal to Ka.y.h at h
below B.Due to surcgarge w, there will be a uniform horizontal pressure
Ka.w =
0.33 x
18
= 6.00 kN/m2 throughout the height.
The total bending moment at C will be due to moment of horizontal force Q=
2
kN acting at A, plus
moment of rectangular pressure distribution, plus moment of triangular pressure distribution.
H12
H13
Q(H1+he)
=
+ Kaw x
+ Kay x
M
2
6
2
5.40 x 0.33 x
18 x( 5.40
+
1.00 + 0.33 x
18
x
M
2 x ( 5.40
2
6
Kn-m
M=
257.74
257.74 x
10 6
Effective depth
=
= 531 mm
required =
Rxb
0.913 x 1000
Keep d
=
= 540 + 60
= 600
540 mm and total thickness
Reduce the total thickness
=
200 mm at top so that effective depth of = 140 mm
to
continue uniform thickness of
200 mm from B to A
4 Stability of wall:-
Let w1
w2
w3
w4
w5
Full dimension wall is shown in fig 1a

Length of heel slab CD = 4.20 - 1.80 - 0.60 = 1.80 m
= weight of rectangular portion of stem
= weight of triangular portion of stem
= weight of base slab
= weight of soil on heel slab.
= Total super imposed traffic load, over heel slab.
The calculation are arrenged in Table
force(kN) lever arm
Detail
w1
1
x
0.20 x 6.40 x
25
= 32.00
2.30
w2 1/2
x
0.40 x 6.40 x
25
= 32.00
2.00
w3
1
x
4.20 x 0.60 x
25
= 63.00
2.10
w4
1
x
1.80 x 5.40 x
18
= 175.00
3.30
w5
1
x
1.80 x 1.00 x 18.00 = 32.00
3.30
w = 302.00 total MR
Total resisting moment
847.27
Ka x y x H2
18
2
x( 6.00 )2
Over turning
Over turning moment at Toe, due to horizontal force
Over turning moment at Toe, due to earth pressure
108
73.60
64.00
132.30
577.37
106.92
847.27
kN-m
0.33
Earth pressure p
Moment about toe (KN-m)
Over turning moment due to Horizontal pressure

=
caused by live load
Total over turning moment
x( 6.00 )2
108
kN
14
216
108
338 kN/m
847.27
F.S. against over turning
=
=
2.51
>
2
'Hence safe'
338
2
+ 108 +( 0.333 x
18 x 6.00 )= 146
Total horizontal pressure, p =
0.40 x 302
W
=
0.83
< 1.5
F.S. against Sliding =
146
p
Special shear key will have to be designed to make the wall safe against sliding
0.33 x
7
6
3
18
2
Pressure distribution
net moment M = 847.27 - 338 = 509.27 kN-m
Distance x of the point of application of resultant, from toe is
509.27
b
4.20
M
=
= 1.69 m
=
= 0.70 m
x =
302.00
6
6
w
b
4.20
Eccenticity e =
x
=
- 1.69 = 0.41 < 0.70
'Hence safe'
2
2
6e
302.00
6x 0.41
kN -m2
W
Pressure p1 at
=
1+
=
x 1+
= 114.4 < 160
toe
b
b
4.20
4.20
Hence safe
6e
302.00
6x 0.41
kN -m2
W
Pressure p1 at
=
1=
x
1= 29.40 < 160
Heel
Hence safe
b
b
4.20
4.20
Pressure p at the junction of stem with toe slab is
114.40 - 29.40
p = 114.40 x 1.80 = 77.97 kN-m2
4.20
Pressure p at the junction of stem with Heel slab is
114.40 - 29.40
p = 114.40 x 2.40 = 65.83 kN-m2
4.20
5 Design of toe slab:The upward pressure distribution on the toe slab is shown in fig 1b .The weight of soil above
the toe slab is neglicted . Thus two forces are acting on it
(1) Up ward soil pressure
Down ward weight of slab per unit area =
Hence net pressure intensities will be =
=
Total force = S.F. at F =
0.50 x(
62.97 +
C.G. of force from F
=
62.97
B.M. at F =
146.00 x
(2) Down ward weight of slab

0.60 x
1
x 1.00 x 25 = 15.00
114.40 - 15.00 = 99.40 kN-m2 under D
77.97 - 15.00 = 62.97 kN-m2 under E
99.40 + 62.97 ) x 1.80 = 146.00 kN
2.00 x 99.40
1.80
x
= 0.97 m
+
99.40
3
0.97
= 141.23 kN-m
141.23
x
10 6
Effective depth required

=
=
= 393 mm
Rxb
0.913
x
1000
Keep effective depth d =
= 400 + 60
Reduce the total thickness to
0.20
=
mm
or
m
at
edge
say
200
mm c/c giving Ast
Bars available from stem reinforcemnet are
20 mm @
130
Tv
146 x
1000 x
kN-m2
= 460
= 0.46
= 2416
1000
= 0.32 > 0.30 N/mm2

Hence un safe
460
100As
100 x 2416
=
% of reinforcement provided =
= 0.53 % tc = 0.30 Rafer table 3.1
bd
1000 x 460
Hence unsafe, To make safe, either increase the reinforcment or increase the Depth.
The reinforcement % required to get Tc >=
=
0.32
N/mm2 is equal to
0.6 % reinforcement
0.60 x b x d
x 1000 x 400
Rafer table 3.1
0.6
Ast =
=
= 2400
mm2
100
100
2
3.14 x ( 20 )'2
D
Using 20 mm bars, Area
=
=
=
314
mm2
4
4
=
Hence Spacing =
Distribution steel =
Using
0.12
100
1000
x 314
2400
460
1000 x
mm bars, Area
Spacing =
1000
=
x
396
D2
4
50
131
200
mm say
=
3.14 x (
4
127
=
mm c/c
130
Hence the slab just safe in shear
396
8
mm2
)'2
mm say =
50
mm2
120
mm c/c
6 Design of heel slab :Four force act on it

3
2 Live traffic load
Total weight of soil = 1.80
x
5.40 x
Live Load = 18.00
x
x
1
Total weight of heel slab =
1.80 x
Total upward soil pressure =
1/2 x(
65.83 +
Acting at
=
65.83
1. down ward weight of soil =

5.40 m high
down ward weight of heel slab
4 upward soil pressure
1
x 18 = 175.0 KN acting at 0.90 m from C.
1.80
=
32.4 KN acting at 0.90 m from C.
0.46 x
25
= 20.70 KN acting at 0.90 m from C.
65.83 + 29.40 )x 1.80 = 85.71 kN
1.80
2 x 29.40
x
=
0.79 m from B
3
+
29.40
Total force
B.M.at C
B.M.at C
= S.F. at B= 175 + 32.40 + 20.70 - 85.71 = 142.35 kN

=(
175 + 32.40 + 20.70 ) x 0.90 - 85.71 x 0.79 =
=
138.0 x 10'6
N-mm2
137.95
x
10 6
Effective depth required

=
=
= 389 mm
Rxb
0.913
x 1000
Keep effective depth d =
= 400 + 60
= 460
Reduce the total thickness to
0.20 m at edge
=
(as that of toe slab)
200 mm or
BM
137.95
x
10 6
=
Ast =
=
1660 mm2
st x j x D
230 x 0.904 x 400
3.14 x ( 20 )'2
D2
Using 20 mm bars, Area
=
=
=
314
mm2
4
4
Spacing =
Tv
1000 x
314
1660
142.35 x 1000
1000 x
400
The reinforcement % required to get Tc > =
Ast
Using 20
.b.d
100
0.82
mm bars, Area
Hence Spacing =
Hence provided
20
Distribution steel
Using
1000
mm bars
=
0.12
100
mm bars, Area
Spacing =
7 Reinforcement in the stem:BM x1000

=
Ast =
st x j x D
Using 20
1000
=
x
2575
@
x
=
x
396
0.36
0.82
D2
4
314
120
189
0.36
1000 x
100
3.14 x (
=
4
x
122
mm c/c,
460
257.74
x
10 6
230 x 0.904 x 540
3.14
D2
=
=
mm bars, Area
4
1000 x 314
Spacing =
= 137
2297
314
Actual AS provided = 1000 x
130
mm c/c
0.82
314
20
=
)'2
% of reinforcemenrt
2575
=
mm2
314
Rafer table 3.1
mm2
=
mm c/c
120
Hence the slab just safe in shear
1000 x
314
Actual Ast =
= 2617
mm
say
120
2
3.14 x (
4
127
180
N/mm2
N/mm2 is equal to
1000 x
D2
4
50
mm say =
200
8
=
)'2
mm say =
2297
x(
4
20
)'2
mm say =
x
2416
396
mm2
50
120
mm c/c
mm2
mm2
=
314
130
mm c/c
mm2
mm2
Bent all bars bars in the toe slab to serve as tensile reinforcement there. However in order to make the
toe slab safe in shear, steel required Ast
= 2400 mm2 Give spacing = 130 mm c/c
Hence provide
20
mm bars @ 130 mm c/c . Due to this, sufficient bond length will be
available to the side of point C (point of maximum bending moment)
Total Shear force at C =Q+Ka.w.H1+KayH12/2
S.F. at C =
0.33
18
5.40
0.33
18
5.40
2
Tv
122
Tc
121.88 x 1000
<
= 0.23 < 0.28 N/mm2
1000 x 540.00
Hence safe
100As
100 x 2400
tc = 0.28 Rafer table 3.1
=
% of reinforcement provided =
= 0.44
bd
1000 x 540
Let us curtail reinforcement between C and B. If there were no external force, except the earth pressure,
and if the depth of stem were constant, half the bars could have been curtailed at a depth
and if the depth of stem were constant, half the bars could have been curtailed at a depth
H1
H1
=
D
=
0.79 H1
Below the point B because of presence of other
=
2(1/3)
2(1/3)
0.65
force, let us try at depth =
H1
= 0.65 x 5.40 = 3.51 m below B to see whether
half bars could be curtailed there or not. Thus, depth of section below B = h
= 3.51 m
H12
H13
Q(H1+he)
=
+ Kaw x
+ Kay x
M.
2
6
2
3.51 x 0.33 x
18 x( 3.51
+
1.00 + 0.33 x
18
x
B. M. = 2 x ( 3.51
2
6
Kn-m
89.22
=
540 - 140
The effective depth d' at section is
= 140 +
x
h
(where h In meter)
H1
Shear stress at C
Tv
d'
140
540
- 140
5.40
400
mm
89.22
x
10 6
=
1074 mm2 < 1149
st x j x D
230 x 0.904 x 400
This is less than half of that provided at C. Hence half bars can be curtailed at this depth.
12 x 20 = 240 mm
However, the bars should be extented by a distance of =12 =
400 mm beyond this point, whichever is more.
or D =
0.4 = 3.10 m. Hence curtailed half bars at a height of
3.10
Hence
h 3.51
Ast =
BM
If we wish to curtailed half of the remaning part, let us try it at a section at depth
x
3.51 = 2.30 m
h 0.65
H12
H13
Q(H1+he)
=
+ Kaw x
+ Kay x
M.
2
6
2
2.30 x 0.33 x
18 x( 2.30
+
1.00 + 0.33 x 18.00 x
B. M. = 2 x ( 2.30
2
6
Kn-m
=
34.64
2400 - 140
The effective depth d' at section is
= 140 +
x
h
(where h In meter)
H1
d'
140
540
- 140
5.40
2.30 =
310
mm
34.64
x
10 6
=
mm2 < 574
537
st x j x D
230 x 0.904 x 310
This is less than half of that provided at C. Hence half bars can be curtailed at this depth.
12 x 20 = 240 mm
However, the bars should be extented by a distance of =12 =
310 mm beyond this point, whichever is more.
or D =
- 0.3104 = 2.00 m. Hence curtailed half bars at a height of
2.00
Hence
h 2.30
Ast =
BM
Distribution and temprechure reinforcement:Average thickness of stem
Using 10
Distribution reinforcement
mm bars, Area
x
79
=
480
Hence provided
10
mm F bars @
for tempreture reinforcement
Area =
480 mm2
provide
spacing
1000
600
+
2
200
0.12
x 1000 x
100
3.14 x ( 10 )'2
4
D2
=
4
400
400
mm
=
mm2
480
78.50
mm2
160 mm c/c
164
mm say =
160
mm c/c at the inner face of wall,along its length.
10
mm bars =
300 mm c/c both way in outer face
Design of shear key:The wall is in unsafe in sliding, Let us provide a shear keys of depth a below the stem
Let Pp be the intensity of passive pressure P p devloped just in front of shear key.this intencity
Pp depend upon the soil pressure P just in front of the key
Pp = Kp x P
1
1
Where Kp =
=
=
3
3
Pp =
3.00
x
77.97 = 233.90 kN/m
0.33
Ka
This intencity may be considered to be constant along the depth of key, through there will be little increase
in Pp , because of increase in pwith depth.Wewill, however,consider the constant value of Pp
= 233.90
total passive pressure Pp = Pp x a = 233.90 a.kN Keeping a = 600 mm (equal to stem width)
Pp x a = 233.90
Total sliding force at the bottom of key is
0.60 =
x ( 6.00
140
kN
6.60
2
6.6
)+ 0.33 x
18
P = 172.28 kN
Weight of the soil between bottom of the base and JJ =
302.00 + 45.36 = 347.36
W =
w+Pp
0.4 x
347 +
Hence F.S. against sliding is =
=
P
172.28
4.20
kN
140
18
= 45.36
0.6
(Approx)
= 1.62
1.5
Hence safe
it should be noted that passive pressure taken into account above will be devloped only when length
a1 given below is avilable in front of key ;
a1 = a tan
a tan
45
= a kp
where (45 + /2) =

shearing angle of passive resistance
a1 =
0.6 x ( 3.00 )
a1 = 1.04 m .Actual length of the slab available GF = 1.80 m

Hence satisfactory
Let us keepthe width of key
=
mm
(Equal
to
stem
width)
600
Actual force to be resisted by the key
= 1.5.P - W
= 1.5 x 172 - 0.4 x 347.36
=
kN
119
119 x 1000
Permissible shear stress
= 0.20 N/mm2 < 1.8
shear stress =
in M20 concrete
600 x 1000
119 x 300 x 1000
Hence safe
Bending stress =
2
1/6
x 1000 x(
600 )
=
0.59
N/mm2 <
7
Permissible Bending stress in M20 concrete
Hence safe
Since concrete can take this much of tensile stress no special reinforcement is necessary for key.
The key is to be cast monolithically with the base.
1/2
9 Construction Joint:A construction joint, in the form of key, is to be provided at the junction of stem with the
base slab. The width of key is kept equal to d/4 =
540 /
4
= 140 mm
inined by eq.
Eq (1)
0.33
y at base .
for design
purpose
ng at A, plus
sure distribution.
)3
mm
nt about toe (KN-m)
..(1)
..(2)
kN-m
kN-m
kN-m
'Hence safe'
kN
ng
'Hence safe'
kN -m2
Hence safe
kN -m2
Hence safe
ight of soil above
mm
m
mm2
Hence un safe
Rafer table 3.1
epth.
Rafer table 3.1
st safe in shear
soil pressure
m from C.
m from C.
m from C.
mm
of toe slab)
Rafer table 3.1
st safe in shear
mm2
kN
Rafer table 3.1
arth pressure,
a depth
esence of other
)3
his depth.
)3
his depth.
g its length.
y in outer face
stem
r key.this intencity
ittle increase
kN/m2
qual to stem width)

2
kN
(Approx)
Hence safe
only when length
assive resistance
Hence satisfactory
sible shear stress

M20 concrete
in M20 concrete
f stem with the
0.20
1.00
0.20
2
0.20
18.00 KN/m2
kN/m
H= 4.00
H1=5.40 m
6.00 m
H1=
6.00 m
W1
b
1.80
5.40 m
W1
W1
2.40
W2
1.80
B
0.60
heel
C
4.20
1.80
1.80
Kay(H+a)
###
2.40
###
b=
P=
a1
###
4.20
1.80
0.60
Toe
b=
W2
0.60
P=
Toe
W2
###
toe
D
5.40 m
D1
Pp = Kpp
C1
###
###
P=
P=
0.20
2
Height of parapet wall
1.00
kN/m
18.00 KN/m2
Outer side face

10 mm
@ 300 c/c
Earth side Face

`
10 mm
@ 300 c/c
20 mm@ 520 C/C
6.00 m
###
H=
###
10 mm@ 160 C/C

5.54
10 mm
@ 300 c/c
10 mm
@ 160 c/c
20 mm@ 260 C/C

10 mm
@ 300 c/c
20 mm@ 130 C/C

N.S.L.
mm
@ 120 c/c
20 mm@ 180 C/C

600
260
Toe
Heel
200
460
Earth side Face

Reinforcement Detail
200
Foundation level
20 mm
600
mm
Outer side face

Reinforcement Detail
@ 130 c/c
@ 120 c/c
600
mm
c/c
mm
c/c
Table 1.15. PERMISSIBLE DIRECT TENSILE STRESS

Grade of concrete
Tensile stress N/mm2
M-10
M-15
M-20
M-25
M-30
M-35
M-40
1.2
2.0
2.8
3.2
3.6
4.0
4.4
Table 1.16.. Permissible stress in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

2
Grade of Permission stress in compression (N/mm ) Permissible stress in bond (Average) for
plain bars in tention (N/mm2)
Bending cbc
Direct (cc)
concrete
M
(N/mm2)
(N/mm2)
in kg/m2
Kg/m2 (N/mm2)
Kg/m2
--10
3.0
300
2.5
250
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
5.0
7.0
8.5
10.0
11.5
13.0
14.5
16.0
500
700
850
1000
1150
1300
1450
1600
4.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
400
500
600
800
900
1000
1100
1200
0.6
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
60
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
Table 1.18. MODULAR RATIO

Grade of concrete
Modular ratio m
M-10
M-15
M-20
M-25
M-30
M-35
M-40
31
(31.11)
19
(18.67)
13
(13.33)
11
(10.98)
9
(9.33)
8
(8.11)
7
(7.18)
Table 2.1. VALUES OF DESIGN CONSTANTS

Grade of concrete
Modular Ratio
cbc N/mm
m cbc
kc
(a) st =
jc
140
N/mm2 Rc
(Fe 250) P (%)
c
kc
(b) st = j
c
190
Rc
N/mm2
Pc (%)
kc
(c ) st =
jc
230
Rc
N/mm2
(Fe 415) P (%)
c
kc
(d) st =
jc
275
Rc
N/mm2
(Fe 500)
M-15
18.67
5
93.33
0.4
0.867
0.867
0.714
0.329
0.89
0.732
0.433
0.289
0.904
0.653
0.314
0.253
0.916
0.579
M-20
13.33
7
93.33
0.4
0.867
1.214
1
0.329
0.89
1.025
0.606
0.289
0.904
0.914
0.44
0.253
0.916
0.811
M-25
10.98
8.5
93.33
0.4
0.867
1.474
1.214
0.329
0.89
1.244
0.736
0.289
0.904
1.11
0.534
0.253
0.916
0.985
M-30
9.33
10
93.33
0.4
0.867
1.734
1.429
0.329
0.89
1.464
0.866
0.289
0.904
1.306
0.628
0.253
0.914
1.159
M-35
8.11
11.5
93.33
0.4
0.867
1.994
1.643
0.329
0.89
1.684
0.997
0.289
0.904
1.502
0.722
0.253
0.916
1.332
M-40
7.18
13
93.33
0.4
0.867
2.254
1.857
0.329
0.89
1.903
1.127
0.289
0.904
1.698
0.816
0.253
0.916
1.506
Grade of concret
(d) st =
275
N/mm2
(Fe 500)
Pc (%)
0.23
0.322
0.391
0.46
0.53
0.599
Table 3.1. Permissible shear stress Table c in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

100As
bd
< 0.15
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
Permissible shear stress in concrete tc N/mm2

M-15
0.18
0.22
0.29
0.34
0.37
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.44
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
3.00 and above
M-20
0.18
0.22
0.30
0.35
0.39
0.42
0.45
0.47
0.49
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
M-25
0.19
0.23
0.31
0.36
0.40
0.44
0.46
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.56
0.57
M-30
0.20
0.23
0.31
0.37
0.41
0.45
0.48
0.50
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.58
0.6
M-35
0.20
0.23
0.31
0.37
0.42
0.45
0.49
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.62
M-40
0.20
0.23
0.32
0.38
0.42
0.46
0.49
0.52
0.55
0.57
0.60
0.62
0.63
200
1.20
175 150 or less

1.30
1.25
Table 3.2. Facor k

Over all depth of slab
300 or more
1.00
275
1.05
250
1.10
225
1.15
Table 3.3. Maximum shear stress c.max in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

M-15
1.6
Grade of concrete
c.max
M-20
1.8
M-25
1.9
M-30
2.2
M-35
2.3
M-40
2.5
Table 3.4. Permissible Bond stress Table bd in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

Grade of concrete M-10
bd (N / mm2)
--
M-15
0.6
M-20
0.8
M-25
0.9
M-30
1
M-35
1.1
M-40
1.2
M-45
1.3
Table 3.5. Development Length in tension

Grade of
concrete
M 15
M 20
M 25
M 30
M 35
M 40
M 45
M 50
Plain M.S. Bars

bd (N / mm2)
kd = Ld
0.6
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
58
44
39
35
32
29
27
25
H.Y.S.D. Bars
bd (N / mm2)
kd = Ld
0.96
1.28
1.44
1.6
1.76
1.92
2.08
2.24
60
45
40
36
33
30
28
26
M-50
1.4
Value of angle
Degree
sin
cos
tan
10
0.174
0.985
0.176
15
0.259
0.966
0.268
16
0.276
0.961
0.287
17
0.292
0.956
0.306
18
0.309
0.951
0.325
19
0.326
0.946
0.344
20
0.342
0.940
0.364
21
0.358
0.934
0.384
22
0.375
0.927
0.404
23
0.391
0.921
0.424
24
0.407
0.924
0.445
25
0.422
0.906
0.466
30
0.500
0.866
0.577
35
0.573
0.819
0.700
40
0.643
0.766
0.839
45
0.707
0.707
1.000
50
0.766
0.643
1.192
55
0.819
0.574
1.428
60
0.866
0.500
1.732
65
0.906
0.423
2.145

Reatining WAll With HORZONTAL Bach Fill and Trrafic Load

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Reatining WAll With HORZONTAL Bach Fill and Trrafic Load

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RCC design B.C.

18.2 TYPE OF RETAINING WALLS

DESIGN OF CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL with horizontal back fill and

Height of Parapet wall

100% Reinforcement upto

50% Reinforcement upto

25% Reinforcement upto

Out side face

Earth side face

DESIGN OF T SHAPED CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL

2 Diamension of base:Assume that a horizontal force Q=

Due to surcharge eqivalent height of fill given by

The base width from the considration of sliding is given by Eq.

Width of toe slab =

Let the thickness of base be

Hence width of heel slab

1.76 m Provided toe slab = 1.80

Full dimension wall is shown in fig 1a

Total resisting moment

Over turning moment at Toe, due to earth pressure

Moment about toe (KN-m)

Over turning moment due to Horizontal pressure

(2) Down ward weight of slab

Effective depth required

= 0.32 > 0.30 N/mm2

6 Design of heel slab :Four force act on it

1. down ward weight of soil =

= S.F. at B= 175 + 32.40 + 20.70 - 85.71 = 142.35 kN

Effective depth required

The reinforcement % required to get Tc > =

7 Reinforcement in the stem:BM x1000

Rafer table 3.1

Distribution and temprechure reinforcement:Average thickness of stem

mm c/c at the inner face of wall,along its length.

300 mm c/c both way in outer face

where (45 + /2) =

a1 = 1.04 m .Actual length of the slab available GF = 1.80 m

nt about toe (KN-m)

ight of soil above

Rafer table 3.1

Rafer table 3.1

qual to stem width)

sible shear stress

f stem with the

Outer side face

Earth side Face

20 mm@ 520 C/C

10 mm@ 160 C/C

20 mm@ 260 C/C

20 mm@ 130 C/C

20 mm@ 180 C/C

Earth side Face

Outer side face

Table 1.15. PERMISSIBLE DIRECT TENSILE STRESS

Tensile stress N/mm2

Table 1.16.. Permissible stress in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

Table 1.18. MODULAR RATIO

Table 2.1. VALUES OF DESIGN CONSTANTS

Table 3.1. Permissible shear stress Table c in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

Permissible shear stress in concrete tc N/mm2

3.00 and above

175 150 or less

Table 3.2. Facor k

Table 3.3. Maximum shear stress c.max in concrete (IS : 456-2000)