Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources (41):

"Abstract of Peking Gazettes et al." The Peking Gazette

1873-1885, 1872-1877,
1879-1881 ed.: Hathitrust Digital Library

. Web. 14 Oct. 2016. (12 articles)

The Peking Gazette was a government run newspaper that showed how the Qing dynasty
dealt with domestic adversity. Since this newspaper is government run, the newspaper
has to be biased towards the Qing dynasty. Throughout the newspaper, the policies of the
dynasty are brought to light by the manner they handle crime, revolutionaries, and
government workers. The policies of the Manchus provide further insight into why the
Chinese people disliked dynastic rule and started to share the thinking as Sun Yat-Sen:
the Qing dynasty has to be overthrown.
"American Infographic on Chinese Progress (1944)." Chinese Revolution. Alpha History, 30
July 2015. Web. 23 Oct. 2016.
This infographic was published by the US government in 1944, showing Chinas
progress in many categories before the Japanese invasion. In every category shown,
China grew, including, highways, cars, airlines, schools, students, and factories. All of
this shows that the new republican government that Sun Yat-Sen helped form was
working very successfully from an industrial, economic standpoint. This source shows
Sun Yat-Sen achieved his goal of modernizing China.
Anonymous. "Plea for Foreign Sympathy." Letter to The Hongkong Telegraph. 10 Oct. 1900.
MS. Kuei-shan District, Waichow Prefecture.
This letter was written on behalf of the Triads to the newspaper The Hongkong Telegraph
during the Waichow Uprising, while the group was collaborating with Sun Yat-Sen. The
Triads goal is to distance themselves from the violent Boxers by emphasizing their
radically different ideology. The author writes that they are simply reformers and says
that the rebels were inspired by anti-monarchical revolutions in the West. Their plea for
foreign neutrality is evidence of the higher level of discipline and sophistication of the
troops working with Sun. They seek to enact beneficial reforms, whereas the Boxers
massacred foreigners in Northern China.
Cantlie, James. "Sun Yat Sen and the Awakening of China : Cantlie, James : Free Download &
Streaming : Internet

Archive." Internet Archive. Fleming H. Revell Company, 2008.

Web. 18 Sept. 2016.
This book was written by James Cantlie, who was Sun Yat-Sens teacher, and friend. It is
about Sun Yat-Sen, his revolutionary attempts, and Cantlies interaction with him.
Cantlie takes a look into Suns achievements at a personal level, however, not from Sun
himself, which makes this source very unique. Cantlie provides a unique perspective on
Sun Yat-Sen, because Cantlie was a personal friend of Sun Yat-Sens.

Chinas Present and Future: The Reform Partys Plea for British Benevolent Neutrality,
Fortnightly Review (New series) 61:363 (March 1, 1897) 424-440.
In this article, written

by Sun Yat Sen in the Fortnightly Review, Sun argues that the only
way to improve China would be to overthrow the government, and establish a new
republic, with European aid. He also claims that by building infrastructure such as
railroads, it would actually only create a new avenue for extortion, fraud, and
peculation. This article shows how Sun Yat Sen believed that a pure government is more
important than modern technology.
Dingle, Edwin John. China's Revolution, 1911-1912; a Historical and Political Record of the
Civil War. New York: Haskell House, 1972. Web. 15

This book is a primary source of Chinas revolution by Edwin John Dingle, who was a
journalist and a member of the Royal Geographical Society in Great Britain. Edwin John
Dingle spent most of his life traveling China during its revolution, and wrote mainly
about social and political issues. Dingle personally knew such important revolutionaries
as Sun Yat-Sen, and spoke very highly of him in his book. The book entails many
first-person accounts of the revolution and gives us incredible insight as to what the
revolution looked like from the point of view of Westerners who were present at the time.
Feng, Guifen. On the Adoption of Western Learning. Rpt. in Changing China: Readings in the
History of China from the Opium War to the Present. Ed. J. Mason Gentzler. New York:
Praeger Publishers, 1977. Print.
Feng, who lived from 1809-1874, was a scholar and advisor to the Qing statesmen. In his
article, he urges the Chinese to learn from the many innovations of the West, and points
out that the principles of government are derived from learning. This article shows that
the debate over the proper extent of Chinese westernization was an important conflict, in
which Sun Yat-Sen would take part with his writings on Western Government.
Hsieh, Lin. Rpt. in Selected Articles on Current Events Written During the Ten Year Period
Preceding the 1911 Revolution. Ed. Wang Jeh-chih and Chang Nan. Vol. 1. Hong Kong:
1962. 902-03. Print.
Lin Hsieh, a revolutionary active in the early twentieth century, argues in his article that
there was a direct link between anti-Manchu and anti-foreign sentiments. He contends
that the Han race is in a racial struggle, and that if they cannot defeat the Manchu
government they cannot effectively resist the European powers in a larger global conflict.
His assertions are representative of many discontent Chinese citizens attitudes of the
time, as they reveal the racial aspect of the nationalist movements, which was a common
cultural root of anti-Manchuism and anti-Foreignism.

Kai-Shek, Chiang. "Jiang Jieshi on the Three Principles of the People (1943)." Chinese
Revolution. Alpha History, 30 July 2015. Web. 23 Oct. 2016.

In this online excerpt from Chiang Kai-Sheks (Jiang Jieshi) book, The Destiny of China,
he asserts that the three factors that make humans superior to other animals, as well as
able to develop, and progress, are emotions, laws, and reason. He then also goes on to
explain how the three people's principles are the culmination of these three factors, which
makes them the ultimate political philosophies, because of their connection to human
nature. This source is very useful in showing how Sun Yat Sens political philosophy had
an impact on China, as his successor, Chiang Kai-Shek, still highly believed in his ideas.
Koo, V. K. Wellington. Interview with C. Martin Wilbur and Crystal Seidman, December 14,
1972. Chinese Oral History Project, East Asian Institute of Columbia University. Rpt. in
Sun Yat-Sen Frustrated Patriot. New York: Columbia University Press, 1976. Print.
This primary source comes from an interview regarding Sun Yat-Sen, with Dr.
Wellington Koo, who met with Sen during their time in college and could still remember
his first impressions of him. This interview and description of Sun Yat-Sen gives insight
as to how he was able to attract followers. He described him as so amiable, yet such a
great leader. His description of Sens personality gave us a viewpoint as to the qualities
that made Sun Yat-Sen such a fantastic revolutionary, who was able to gather lots of
followers, by treating them as equals, and not as subordinates.
Li, Lu-chao. Letter to C. Martin Wilbur, October 25, 1976.
This letter sent to Clarence Martin, the author of Sun Yat-Sen, Frustrated Patriot, was
written by Mr. Li Lu-Chao, a long time friend and apprentice under Sun. Mr. Li mentored
under Sun as his secretary for a little under 10 years, but knew him as a friend for almost
15 years. He was described by Mr. Li as soft spoken and kind. This letter containing a
friend and admirers personal description of Suns qualities gave insight to his ability to
influence followers, especially on his ability in public speaking. He was never harsh, and
talked in a way that inspired people.
Liang, Qichao. Observations on a Trip to America. Rpt. in Chinese Civilization: A
Sourcebook. Ed. Patricia Buckley Ebrey. New York: The Free Press, 1993. Print.
In his essay, Liang Qichao compares the Chinese to the citizens of large American cities
such as New York, and outlines the differences between the two countries that he noticed
during his travels. He focuses on the weaknesses of the Chinese in comparison to the free
citizens of America. The essay shows two ideas which were common during the time
period: that the Chinese were weak and needed to regain strength, and that the Chinese
needed to learn about freedom from the West. These two ideas were quite prominent the
Sun Yat-Sens ideology, which resonated with discontented Chinese.
Lockhart, J. H. Stewart. Letter to Sun Yat-Sen. 4 Oct. 1897. MS. Hong Kong.

In this letter, J. H. Stewart Lockhart, Hong Kong Colonial Secretary, delivers a succinct
refusal to Sun Yat-Sens request to have his 1896 banishment from Hong Kong lifted,
and informs him that he will be arrested for plotting against the Qing if he returns.
Lockharts blunt attitude is evidence of Britains unwillingness to cooperate with the
revolutionaries, which was detrimental to Sun Yat-Sen because of his reliance on foreign
aid. The letter marked an important moment in Sun Yat-Sens loss of faith in the West,
which would eventually push him to seek aid from Japanese rebels.
"The Supposed Chinese Revolutionist." The China Mail [Hong Kong] 3 Dec. 1896. Print.
The China Mail was a newspaper published in Hong Kong beginning in the year 1845.
The article The Supposed Chinese Revolutionist was published shortly after Sun
Yat-Sen grew to be a famous and prominent figure due to his kidnapping in London. The
paper praises Sun for his worthiness as a leader and concludes that he will be able to
work effectively for the good of China in the near future. The China Mail is evidence of
the publics drastic change in opinion about Sun Yat-Sen, which would mark the
beginning of his growth as a leader powerful enough to stand up to the Qing.
Sun, Yat-Sen. A Program of National Reconstruction: The Three Stages of Revolution" 1918.
Rpt. in Sources of Chinese Tradition: From 1600 Through the Twentieth Century. Ed.
Theodore de Bary and Richard Lufrano. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.
Print.
The Three Stages of Revolution was written by Sun Yat-Sen in order to outline his
plans for the development in China in the years following the 1911 Revolution. In it, he
explains the need for a transitional second stage, involving a provisional government
and political tutelage of the Chinese citizens. Sun Yat-Sens advocacy of tutelage
before total democracy is evidence that, during the political chaos resulting from the
overthrow of the Qing, he was able to see the shortcomings of full democracy and
adjusted his plan accordingly.
Sun, Yat-Sen. "The Arguments for Preserving or Dismembering China."Chiang-su 6 (1903):
Rpt. in Hsin-hai Ko-ming Ch'ien Shih-nien Chien Shih-lun Hsuan-chi, 1903. 597-602.
Print.
This is an article written by Sun Yat Sen. In it, he explains how the Chinese people are
not inferior to Europeans, because of their determination. He points out the Boxer
Rebellion, in which a relatively small portion of China rose up against the foreigners and
fought vigorously. Sun claims that if the rebels had been more intelligent, and invested in
guns, and other modern weapons, the rebellion would have been very difficult to quell.
He claims that if all of China were to rise up, they would be a near unstoppable force.
This article shows how Sun Yat Sen views the chinese people, and how they can save
themselves if they are smart, and unite for a single organized revolution.

Sun, Yat-Sen. Collected Works of Sun Yat-Sen. Ed. Kuomintang. Vol 2. 84. Taipei:
1957. Print.
This is part of the collected works of Sun Yat-Sen, edited by the Kuomintang about how
European politics influenced his ideology. While in London, he studied European
politics, and realized that the Europeans, while having powerful governments, we're not
perfect socially. He says that he wants to solve the problems of the weak government of
China, and the imperfect happiness of the Chinese people all at once to surpass the
European nations. He says that this lead to his Three People's Principles, Nationalism,
Socialism, and Democracy. This source is useful because it shows part of how Sun Yat
Sen came up with his political ideology.
Sun, Yat-sen. Dr. Sun Yat-sen, His Life and Achievements. Shanghai: 1925. Print.
Sun Yat-Sen wrote this book about his life as a revolutionary and his political and
economic ideas for China at a time when he was attempting to form the early Chinese
republic to his democratic, progressive ideals. The first section of his book describes his
early life, including his many revolution attempts against the Qing Dynasty, as well as his
revolt against Yuan Shih-kai, when he declared himself emperor before being removed
from power by Sun Yat-Sen. The Second part of the book, describes Sun Yat-Sens
political philosophy, as well as the reasoning behind the constitution, and his plans for
industrializing China. This source was very useful to us, because it showed Sun
Yat-Sens perspective about many political ideas, and an overview of revolutions against
the Qing Dynasty.
Sun, Yat-sen, Frank W. Price, and L. T. Chen. San Min Chu I: The Three Principles of the
People. Shanghai: China Committee, Institute of Pacific Relations, 1927. Print.
This book written by Sun Yat-Sen in the 13th year of the republic( Sun Yat Sen) was
the last book in a series that he wrote called The Principles of Reconstruction. While
the other three books focused on psychological, material, and social reconstruction, this
primary source was written in order to convey Suns ideas on Political Reconstruction.
This book has been called The Philosophy of Sun Yat-Sen, and focuses on Sun's ideas
on nationalism, local and central government, and also his ideas on foreign policies and
national defense. In the book, Sun describes his plan to reinvent China and stir up a
strong sense of nationalism for his people.
Sun, Yat-sen. "How to Remove China's Antagonism." Letter to Asahi Sinbun. 1919. MS.
This letter was written by Sun Yat-Sen to Asahi Sinbun, a Japanese newspaper. He wrote
it in order to convince the Japanese that Chinese dislike of Japan could be easily avoided,
by ending their aggressive attitude towards China. He argues that China deserves the
territory the Germans took from them, and Japan does not. Sun says that he wants China
and Japan to be friends, and the way to do that would be to stop Japans imperialistic

attitude towards China. This source shows how Sun Yat Sen was an advocate for peace,
and wanted China to become a powerful nation.
Sun, Yat-sen. The International Development of China. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1929.
Print.
Written by Sun Yat-Sen himself following World War I, this book outlines his plans to
form China into a modern, industrialized country with economic principles combining
aspects of socialism and capitalism. His vision for Chinas future is explained in great
detail, and his painstakingly researched plans are a window into his thought process and
his values. Through the depiction of his ideal society, he reveals the motivation and the
strong values which pushed him to rebellion.
Sun, Yat-sen. Memoirs of a Chinese Revolutionary. New York: AMS, 1953. Print.
Memoirs of a Chinese Revolutionary is a book written by Sun Yat-Sen eight years after
the founding of the Chinese Republic. In this book, Sun Yat-Sen explains his struggle
with reconstructing China. He argues that an old Chinese saying, knowledge is easy, but
action is difficult is what is holding back the nation, and proceeds to try and convince
the reader that the opposite is true instead, in the hopes that he can convince the Chinese
to let go of that ineffective ideology. This source shows Sun Yat-Sens philosophy, and
struggles during the later part of his life, and how he continued to try and rally the people
to form a successful China.
Sun Yat-sen : My Reminiscences, Strand Magazine. Mar. 1912
This primary source is an account written by Sun Yat-Sen and was the first complete
statement of his career up until he left England for the last time. Sun Yat-Sen accounts
for his first attempts of revolution, and the looming threat of torture and death that
awaited him were he to be caught. Most importantly, Sun Yat-Sen writes about what
initially drove him to pursue becoming a political defector, and how he spread his ideas
throughout China, Europe, and the west.
Sun, Yat-Sen. Oath of the Hsing Chung Hui. 18 Feb. 1895. Hong Kong.
In this speech, Sun Yat Sen claims that the corrupt Qing government is dooming China.
He says that if China's men of determination were to rise up, no foreign nation could
conquer them. However, because of corruption and bribery, China as a country was
weak, and could eventually become slaves of the Europeans. He claimed that by
gathering men of determination, China could become powerful, and defend itself from
foreign powers.
Sun, Yat-sen. The Principle of Democracy. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1924. Print.

This lecture by Sun Yat-Sen was published when the new Chinese republic was in
shambles. There was no government to control the nation, and the nation was being ruled
mostly be independent warlords. Sun Yat-Sen wrote this lecture in order to spread his
Three People's Principles, which were nationalism, democracy, and people's livelihood.
This lecture spends a lot of time focusing on the structure of the new republican
government, and Suns ideas for stirring up a nationalist movement in order to get rid of
the warlords and restore China to a democratic nation.
Sun, Yat-Sen. "Rebuttal to the Pao Huang Newspaper." Lung-chi Pao [Honolulu] Jan. 1904.
Print.
Sun Yat-Sens article in the Hawaiian Chinese language newspaper Lung-chi Pao is an
attack on Chen I-kan, who advocated for a gradual move towards democratic values,
and the creation of a constitutional monarchy. Sun Yat-Sen responded that a
constitutional monarchy is an outdated, inferior form of government, and asserted that the
Chinese were disciplined enough to transition directly to a full democracy. His ruthless
attack on gradualism, which he considered to be stupidity, is evidence of his
unwavering faith in total democracy, which would set him apart from other
revolutionaries and draw attention to him as a bold republican, anti-Qing leader
Sun, Yat-Sen. Trans. Leonard Shihlien Hs. Sun Yat-Sen, His Political and Social
Ideals (1933): 44-82. Chinese.larouchepub.com. EIR, 1 Jan. 2000. Web.
This is a primary source written by Sun Yat-Sen himself and he talks about the important
moments that helped him overthrow the Manchus. He first talks using his background in
medicine to mask his discreet pro-revolutionary rhetoric and his anti-Manchu beliefs. He
found the Chinese students in Japan as a stepping stone to bringing forth revolution. This
source helps us understand what Suns democratic ideals were and provided insight into
his thinking that was so revolutionary during the time.
Sun, Yat-sen. The Vital Problem of China. Taipei: China Cultural Service, 1953. Print.
This book was written by Sun Yat-Sen during his time as a political leader in the new
Chinese Republic. As WWII was unfolding, China was under pressure to join the war as
an enemy of Japan as a newly modernized republic. Sun Yat-Sen wrote in this in order to
protest China's participation in the war, believing that it would only lead to the
destruction of the Chinese republic. He called participation in the war absurd and wrote
about what would happen to China if they joined forces with the allies and lost. This
book gives us insight to the Chinese republic after the 1911 rebellion as the new nation
was being created.
"The Supposed Chinese Revolutionist." The China Mail [Hong Kong] 3 Dec. 1896. Print.
The China Mail was a newspaper published in Hong Kong beginning in the year 1845.
The article The Supposed Chinese Revolutionist was published shortly after Sun

Yat-Sen grew to be a famous and prominent figure due to his kidnapping in London. The
paper praises Sun for his worthiness as a leader and concludes that he will be able to
work effectively for the good of China in the near future. The China Mail is evidence of
the publics drastic change in opinion about Sun Yat-Sen, which would mark the
beginning of his growth as a leader powerful enough to stand up to the Qing.
Yan, Fu. Learning from the West. Rpt. in Chinas Response to the West: A Documentary
Survey, 1839-1923, by Ssu-y Teng and John K. Fairbank. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1979. Print.
In this essay, the Chinese translator Yan Fu writes about Western learning in terms of
concepts already present in Chinese philosophy. In it, he expresses the idea that Western
culture and traditional Chinese culture should be kept separate, saying that one cannot
force the two cultures to be the same or similar. Yan Fus idea prevents the
Western-style progress which Sun Yat-Sen endeavored to bring to China, and therefore
represents a stagnant culture which impeded his goals.
Secondary Sources (26):
Allen F. Damon. "Financing Revolution: Sun Yat-sen and the Overthrow of the Ch'ing Dynasty."
The Hawaiian Journal of History 25 (1991): 161-186.
This scholarly online article is a biographical account of Sun Yat-Sens life and how he
affected modern day China in The Hawaiian Journal of History, whose focus is to
investigate how Sun Yat-Sens connection to Hawaii influenced his revolution. The
article is written by Allen Damon, a writer for the Dr. Sun Yat-sen Hawaii Foundation,
which is dedicated to researching and exhibiting the links between Sun Yat-Sen and
Hawaiis people, and how it influenced his modernization and revolution of China. The
article specifically provides details and insight to Sun Yat-Sens financial planning, and
how his work in Hawaii helped fund many of the rebellion attempts that were made
during the reformation of China during the early 1900s.
Clubb, O. Edmund. 20th Century China. New York: Columbia University Press, 1972.
Print.
This book gives a concise account of the major events in China during the 20th century
and how it influenced the rest of the world. The book is the second of two editions,
written by O Edmund Clubb, Who was a United States diplomat in China for more than
two decades, and after retiring spent nearly the rest of his life in China dedicated to
writing scholarly articles. During his time as a diplomat, Clubb and many other diplomats
were accused with letting China fall to communism. The purpose of the book was to
provide accurate details about the unknown effects of the original revolution, and how it
affected China for the rest of the 20th century up until now, as a communist nation.

DeKorne, John C. "Sun Yat-Sen and the Secret Societies." Pacific Affairs 7.4 (1934): 425-33.
Web.
This article in the scholarly journal, Pacific Affairs, features John C. DeKorne and talks
about the importance of Sun Yat-Sens secret societies played in the development of the
Kuomintang later on. John C. Dekorne was a missionary stationed in Jukao, Jiangsu and
written books on Chinese religion. DeKorne shortly summarizes the significance of each
of the ten secret societies that Sun took a part of in chronological order. Since DeKorne
described each society in chronological order, it was clear that Sun tried to learn from the
mistakes of each and every failed secret society. Although the source is around eighty
years old, the author does not provide any large biases regarding the significance of each
secret society. This article shows how through trial and error, Sun Yat-Sen was able to
shape the Kuomintang into the most influential and powerful political party in China.
Dutt, Vidya Prakash. "The First Week of Revolution: The Wuchang Uprising." China in
Revolution: The First Phase, 1900-1913. Ed. Mary Clabaugh Wright. New Haven and
London: Yale UP, 1968. 383-416. Print.
Dr. Vidya Prakash Dutt is the former the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Delhi, and
has written several books on the foreign policies of China and India. In his chapter in
China in Revolution: The First Phase, 1900-1913, edited by former Yale professor Mary
Clabaugh Wright, he recounts the story of the Wuchang Uprising, which marked the
beginning of the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. The chapter provides a useful account of
the context in which the revolution for which Sun Yat-Sen had been calling finally began,
and briefly mentions how it set the stage for his leadership. Dutt essentially gives a
detailed look at the concrete steps taken by revolutionaries to overthrow the Qing and
bring about the birth of the republic.
Fairbank, John King, and Ting-Yee Kuo. Cambridge History of China. Ed. John King Fairbank.
Vol. 10. London, NY, Melbourne: Cambridge UP, 1978. Print.
The Cambridge History of China Volume 10, is a broad context secondary source about
the late Qing dynasty. It was written by many experts, each writing chapters in the topic
they are experts in. a valuable part of this book is the introduction (Ch. 1), which is an
overview of the book. It was written by John K. Fairbank, who is a Professor of History
at Harvard University. Another valuable part is the section on Self-Strengthening (Ch.
10), which is about the Qing Dynastys plans to become a modern nation by reforming
the governments values, and military technology. This section was written by Ting-Yee
Kuo, who was the Director of the Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica, Taipei.
This source is mostly useful as an overview of the Qing Dynasty around the time before
The 1911 revolution, but it also has an extensive bibliography of sources on the topic of
the Qing Dynasty.

Fairbank, John K., Ernest P. Young, James E. Sheridan, Benjamin I. Schwartz, Jerome Ch'en, C.
Martin Wilbur, and Marie-Claire Bergre. The Cambridge History of China. Ed. Denis
Crispin Twitchett and John King Fairbank. Vol. 12. London: Cambridge UP, 1983. Print.
The 12th volume of the The Cambridge History of China overviews the start of
Republican China following the revolution of 1911, where the Qing dynasty was finally
overthrown. Each chapter is written by a different historian who is an expert in that
particular field. Fairbank is a professor of History at Harvard University, Young is a
Professor of History at the University of Michigan, Sheridan is a Professor of History at
Northwestern University, Shwartz is a Professor of History and Government at Harvard
University, Chen is a Professor of History at York University in Toronto, Wilbur is a
Professor of History at Columbia University, and Berg is a Professor of Language and
Oriental Civilization at the University of Paris. Within the book, it becomes evident that
Suns Republican China was not as strong as once theorized, adding on to the fact that Sun
Yat-Sens plans werent completely polished.
Feuerwerker, Albert, Immanuel C.Y Hsu, Hao Chang, and Michael Gasster. The Cambridge
History of China. Ed. John King Fairbank. Vol. 11. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1980.
Print.
The 11th volume of The Cambridge History of China is a broad context source about the
Qing Dynasty, and the beginnings of Nationalist China. Like volume 10, each chapter is
written by a different expert on the subject. Albert Feuerwerker is the Professor of
History at University of Michigan. Immanuel C. Y. Hsu is the Professor of History at
University of California, Santa Barbara. Hao Chang is the Professor of History at Ohio
State University. Michael Gasster is the Professor of History at Rutgers University.
Valuable parts of the book include the chapter on the Qing economy(Ch.1), foreign
relations(Ch.2), reform movements(Ch.5), and the republican revolutionary
movement(Ch.9). This source is useful to us as a detailed look at the situation prior to the
1911 revolution, as well as the revolution itself.
Franke, Wolfgang. A Century of Chinese Revolution; 1851-1949. Oxford, Great Britain: Basil
Blackwell & Mott, LTD., 1970. Print.
This book is a historical synthesis of the Chinese revolution, and stresses how it was not
just a sudden event, but was a continuous process that lasted decades. The author,
Wolfgang Franke, was a well known sinologist who spent nearly his whole life
researching chinese history and culture. Franke was appointed to the chair of Sinology at
the University of Hamburg and was also Director of the Institute for Language and
Culture of China for almost three decades. The purpose of the book is to explain the
political and social factors that gradually built up until exploding into revolution. The
book goes into detail about the original reformist groups such as the Triad Society and
how important revolutionists like Sun Yat-Sen Influenced modern China. The

broad-context book gives insight to values present before and during the 1911 revolution
and provided important details of Sun Yat-Sens campaign against the Qing dynasty.
"From Reform to Revolution, 1842 to 1911 | Asia for Educators | Columbia University." From
Reform to Revolution, 1842 to 1911 | Asia for Educators | Columbia University. Web. 18
Sept. 2016.
This online scholarly article was written by Asia for Educators, which is an organization
designed to serve faculty and students in world history, culture, geography, art, and
literature. The article was published by Columbia University. The article focuses on the
history leading up to the 1911 revolution, and the major influential revolutionaries that
accelerated its progress. The article goes into detail about Sun Yat Sen's role in the
construction and planning of the 1911 revolution, and also explains how his individual
revolutionist principals affected China later.
Hang, Xing. "Sun Yat-Sen and the Republic of China." Skype interview. 30 Dec. 2016.
Xing Hang is Assistant Professor of History at Brandeis University, and is an expert in
East Asia and Chinese nationalism and identity. In the interview, he was able to clarify
how and why Sun Yat-Sens core message of revitalizing China resonated with his
audience. Also, Professor Hang pointed out the abilities Sun Yat-Sen lacked, which
resulted in the collapse of the republic. The interview emphasized the causes and effects
of Sun Yat-Sens numerous successes and failures in his stand against the Qing.
Jansen, Marius B.: The Japanese and Sun Yat Sen, Cambridge, Mass. 1954.
This book was in the U.S. around 40 years after the actual revolution of China. The book
was written by Marius B Jansen, an american historian and professor of Japanese History
and Princeton University. The Japanese and Sun Yat Sen focused on the Japanese role
in influencing change in China during its revolution, and how Sun Yat Sen utilized Japan
in order to bring about change in the troubled nation.
Karl, Rebecca E. "Nationalism and the 1911 Revolution." E-mail interview. 6 Jan. 2017.
Rebecca Karl is the Associate Professor of History at New York University and the
author of several books on Chinese history, including Staging the World: Chinese
Nationalism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century. Her knowledge of Chinese nationalism
was helpful in explaining the context leading up to the 1911 Revolution, and she was able
to describe the political atmosphere of the time period. This interview provided insight
into the buildup of revolutionary anti-Qing activities and how these activities eventually
led to the outbreak of the revolution.
Kazuo, Sato. "Sun Yat-sen's 1911 Revolution Had Its Seeds in Tokyo." The Asia-Pacific
Journal: Japan Focus. 3 Nov. 2007. Web. 18 Sept. 2016.

The Asia Pacific Journal is a peer-reviewed scholarly journal focusing on geopolitics,

economics, history, society, culture, international relations and environment in the
Asia-Pacific region. Kazuos articles tells of Japanese activists who aided the Chinese
revolutionaries in 1911, specifically Miyazaki Toten, who personally aided Sun Yat-Sen.
The article helped us understand the course of action Sun Yat-Sen took when hiding from
the Qing in Japan, and explained the motivation the Japanese had in common with him
during his stand against the dynasty.
Leng, S. (2014) Sun Yat-sen and the Origins of the Chinese Revolution. By Schiffrin, Harold
Z.. (Berkeley: University of California Press), American Political Science Review, 65(3),
pp. 853854.
In this article, Dr. Leng, author of various books on Chinese history and former professor
at the University of Virginia, reviews Harold Z. Schiffrins book Sun Yat-Sen and the
Origins of the Chinese Revolution in the peer-reviewed political journal American
Political Science Review. Leng praises Schiffrins fairness and the accuracy of his
explanations, and points out some of the books main focuses. For example, he notes that
the book emphasizes some of Sun Yat-Sens strengths which allowed him to conduct a
successful revolution. Through his remarks, Leng draws attention to the techniques that
Sun Yat-Sen used to lead his radical followers.
Overholt, William H. "The 1911 Revolution and Its Consequences." Skype interview. 7 Jan.
2017.
William Overholt is President of the Fung Global Institute and an expert on Asia. He has
authored several books, including The Rise of China: How Economic Reform is Creating
a New Superpower, which was one of the first books in the West to argue that Chinas
strength would continue to increase. In the interview, he explained the relationship
between the Kuomintang Party and the Communist Party, and the economic development
of China up to the present day. He also analyzed why Sun Yat-Sen has gained a
reputation as a national hero despite his many shortcomings. Overall, Dr. Overholt
provided a very complete picture of the long term results of Sun Yat-Sens actions and
the 1911 Revolution.
Pomeranz, Kenneth. The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the
Modern World Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 2000. 151-250. Print.
Kenneth Pomeranz is a professor of History at the University of California, Irvine, and
won the John King Fairbank Prize, which is awarded by the American Historical
Association to an author of an exceptional book on East Asian history. This book
primarily focuses on why industrial growth began in Europe despite being very similar to
to advanced areas of East Asia. Within the sections of Chinese history, Pomeranz outlines
the economic policies of the Qing dynasty and how the way their wealth was generated
restricted themselves to labor intensive work. Throughout his analysis, Pomeranzs
assessment of the Manchus policies made them seem easily ridiculed and inefficient.

This leads to a small bias on the basis that he subtly hints that he doesnt support the way
the Qings had handled political and economic affairs. His writing further contextualizes
the circumstances and economic policies the Qing dynasty had before Sun Yat-Sen
helped overthrow the last dynasty.
Quo, Tai-Chi. "The Chinese Revolution." The Annals of the American Academy of Political and
Social Science 39 (1912): 11-17. Web.
Quo Tai-Chi was at the University of Pennsylvania studying political science when the
Qing were overthrown in in 1911 Xinhai Revolution. He would later become secretary
and councillor to Sun Yat-Sen and a member of the nationalist party, the Kuomintang.
His article, written in January 1912, contends that the revolution was disciplined and
well-executed, and that it was a step towards freedom and progress for all of humanity.
He goes into great detail about the general Chinese sentiment of hope and progress that
was prevalent after the fall of the dynasty. His writing revealed the significance of Sun
Yat-Sens revolution in the mind of the people, who interpreted it as a heroic step
forwards.
"Recent Political Developments in China." The American Journal of International Law 6.2
(1912): 467-73. Web.
This article was published in The American Journal of International Law, which has
featured scholarly articles since 1907 on the subject of international law and relations.
Recent Political Developments in China focuses on the diplomatic and political aspects
of the 1911 Revolution. It describes how the republic was set up shortly after the
Wuchang Uprising, and the dynamic between the different parties. This source gave
insight into how Sun Yat-Sens initial temporary leadership of the Chinese Republic was
viewed by scholars of the West.
Rowe, William T. China's Last Empire: The Great Qing. Cambridge, MA: Belknap of Harvard
UP, 2009. Print.
William Rowe is a professor of Chinese history at John Hopkins University, and
considers himself to be a social historian of modern China. His book argues against the
conventional narrative in which the Qing dynasty was characterized by little more than
failure and corruption, highlighting successful aspects of the government and society of
the time period. The book ends with an account and analysis of the various factors
leading to the empires collapse. Rowes book proved to be a valuable resource for
viewing the multifaceted Qing rule through an unconventional, unusually positive lens,
and allowed us to have a more complete picture of the context of the political unrest in
the late dynastic period.
Schell, Orville, and John Delury. Wealth and Power: China's Long March to the Twenty-first
Century. New York: Random House, 2013. Print.

Orville Schell was educated at Harvard University and the University of

California,Berkeley and he is currently the Arthur Ross Director of the Center on
U.S.-China Relations at the Asia Society in New York City. John Delury received his
Ph.D. in modern Chinese history at Yale University and taught at Beijing University and
was an associate director of Asia Societys Center on U.S.-China. This book primarily
focuses on how China got out of dynastic decline, intellectual upheaval, foreign
occupation, civil war, and revolution and reinvented itself to be one of the most powerful
countries in the world. They outlined the lives of eleven influential officials, writers,
activists, and leaders whose contributions helped create modern China. This would be a
good way of understanding the importance of Sun Yat-Sen in the upheaval of China as a
whole.
Schiffrin, Harold Z. Sun Yat-sen and the Origins of the Chinese Revolution. Berkeley: U of
California, 1968. Print.
Harold Schiffrin is a professor of East Asian Studies at the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem, and is an expert on Sun Yat-Sen and his 1911 revolution. The book is the
complete story of Sun Yat-Sens life, revolutionary activities, and political thinking as he
strove to overthrow the Qing dynasty. Schiffrins work describes both Sun Yat-Sen
anti-Manchu political motivations and the concrete steps with which he took a stand
against the corrupt Manchu dynasty.
Schiffrin, Harold Z. Sun Yat-sen, Reluctant Revolutionary. Boston: Little, Brown, 1980. Print.
Sun Yat-Sen, Reluctant Revolutionary, by University of Jerusalem professor Harold Z.
Schiffrin, contends that Sun Yat-Sen served mainly as a figurehead in the overthrow of
the Qing dynasty. He succeeded in becoming a leader in the movement because of his
strong ideology which came to be accepted by radicals. The book detailed how his
ideological stances influenced the revolution and was the driving force behind his
eventual success in gaining followers to resist the Qing.
Sharman, Lyon. Sun Yat-sen; His Life and Its Meaning; a Critical Biography. Stanford, CA:
Stanford UP, 1968. Print.
This critical biography of Sun Yat Sen was written to examine the effects that Sun Yat
Sen had on China during and after the 1911 revolution. The biography was written by
Lyon Sharman, a Ph.D. in sinology who devoted over three years to this book. Sharman
was born in China and lived there until she was eight years old. The biography goes to
great lengths to provide details of Sun Yat Sens personality and ideals, and how he
affected China many years after his death, even up to the present day. The book has some
historical errors due to Sharmans use of only american sources, but the biography is
extremely helpful due to her strength in recreating Suns personality.
Slack, Edward R. Journal of World History 12.2 (2001): 495-98. Web.

In this article, Edward R. Slack, a Professor of History at the University of Indiana,

reviewed The Great Divergence by Kenneth Pomeranz in the Hawaiian based historical
journal, the Journal of World History. Slack praises Pomeranzs argument that western
Europes economy diverged and got farther ahead than the economies of Eastern Asian
even though the two different economies were quite similar up until that point. The
reviewer does think that there was not adequate explanation for what happened to
account for the Great Divergence, the way Pomeranz equated technology was sometimes
dubious, and thought there was a lack of charts or graphs to support his thesis. Slack
brings to light the extensive research Pomeranz has done and highly rates the
trustworthiness of his book. Through his appraisal, Slack draws attention to the
techniques that Pomeranz used to explain the ineffective economic policies of the Qing
dynasty.
Spence, Jonathan D. The Search for Modern China. New York: W. W. Norton, 1990. Print.
The former Yale Professor Jonathan Dermot Spence is a historian who has concentrated
his studies on the Qing dynasty and on its relations with the West in particular. His book
The Search for Modern China spans over four centuries, and Spence explores how the
modern nation came to be, tracing its path throughout the rebellions and violence of the
nineteenth and twentieth centuries. His chapters New Tensions in the Late Qing and
The End of the Dynasty provided great insight into Chinas political unrest as it opened
its complicated relationships with the West, and into the growth of nationalism and the
push for reforms.
"Sun Yat-Sen: Reluctant Revolutionary by Harold Z. Schiffrin | Kirkus Reviews." Rev. of Sun
Yat-Sen: Reluctant Revolutionary. pag. Kirkus Reviews. Brown Little, 25 Aug. 1980.
Web. 29 Sept. 2016.
Kirkus Reviews is a review website that reviews books of many kinds. This is a review of
Harold Schiffrins Sun Yat-Sen: Reluctant Revolutionary. The reviewer for the most part
agrees with Harold Schiffrin's argument, however he disagrees about the effects of his
life. Schiffrin mostly believes that Sun Yat-Sens life was full of many failures, and did
not amount to much, but the reviewer argues that Sun Yat-Sen was very skilled in making
progress from his failures, and his influence lived on. This source is useful as a different
perspective from Schiffrins.
Uhalley, Stephen. "Sun Yat-Sen and Chinese History." Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the
Royal Asiatic Society 8 (1968): 109-18. Web.
This source is a scholarly journal by Stephen Uhally Jr., and published by the Journal of
the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. This publisher is an active
organization that has published many academic journals focusing around Chinese and
Asian history. This source is useful to us in that it shows Sun Yat-Sens philosophy, and
how his idea of nationalism changed over time.

Wei, Xinzhong. "The Consequences of Communism." Personal interview. 12 Jan. 2017.

Xinzhong Wei was a long time resident in agricultural china. His extensive traditional
education as well as his western education allowed him to fully put together modern
Chinese history. In the interview, Wei discussed the the legacy Sun Yat-sen left as well
as the implications Sun Yat-sen had with the soviets and communists. Overall, he helped
frame both the context that Sun lived in and the lasting effects he had on China.
Wilbur, C. Martin. Sun Yat-sen, Frustrated Patriot. New York: Columbia UP, 1976.
Print.
C. Martin Wilbur is George Sansom Professor Emeritus of Chinese History at Columbia
University. The main point of the book is to reinforce this idea that Sun Yat-Sen was a
frustrated patriot because he was overly confident in overcoming all obstacles. Pursuing
his dreams and seeing himself as the instrument for their fulfillment, Sun was repeatedly
thwarted by the realities of China and the outer world. Wilbur reveals the shortcomings
of Sun Yat-Sen even though he accomplished the huge feat of overthrowing the Manchu
dynasty.
Williams, F. W. "The Manchu Conquest of China." The Journal of Race Development
4.2 (1913): 152-67. Web.
This source is a secondary source written by F. W. Williams, an Assistant Professor of
Modern Oriental History at Yale University. This article is an overview of how the
Manchus took over the throne of China with the help of the Chinese themselves. The
author showed how barbaric this tribe of northerners were and how even though they
lacked intelligence compared to the Chinese, they still were able to overthrow the
weakening Ming Dynasty. This article contextualizes the time period and provides
background information on this sovereign tribe that was in charge of China for some
time.
Pictography:
100 Years of Xinhai Revolution. 2011. Oil. Chinese Cultural Centre Museum, Vancouver.
Painting to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the XinHai Revolution
1912 Ji Ming Xiao Ling. 1912. Nanjing. Wikimedia Commons. Web.
February 15, 1912: Sun Yat-sen, accompanied by Commander-in-chief Huang Xing
(Sixth from left) and other high-ranking officials from the Provisional Government, visits
Xiaoling Tomb, the final resting place of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the
Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) after the Qing emperor Puyi abdicated.
Born, Joe. The Three Principles of the People Will Unify China. 2010. China Digital Times.
Web. 11 Jan. 2017.
A photo of a sign that reads, The Three Principles of the People Will Unify China.

Boxer Rebellion. History. Web. 10 Jan. 2017.

A painting depicting the Boxer Rebellion
British Fleet. 1914. Western Front Witness. Web. 10 Jan. 2017.
A photo of a British fleet in 1914.
Chinese Peasants. Late 1800s. Alpha History. Web. 10 Jan. 2017.
A photo of Chinese Peasants
Chinese Warlords- Warlord Period 1916-1928. 1928. Global Security. Web.
A map of China during the Warlord Era
Coins of the Reign of Hsien Feng. 1851-1861. Calgary Coin Gallery, Calgary.
Coins of the Reign of Hsien Feng in the Qing dynasty.
Confucius. 2010. Capetown. Confucius Institute Capetown. Web.
A portrait of the Ancient Chinese philosopher, Confucius.
Deng Zhiyu. 1904. Boluo. Siakhenn.tripod. Web.
Deng Zhiyu, one of the revolutionaries responsible for the Huizhou Qinuhu Uprising.
Dr. Wellington Koo. 1921. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Library of Congress. Web. 11
Jan. 2017.
A photo of Dr. Wellington Koo.
Establishment of the Republic of China. 1911. Wikimedia Commons. Web. 11 Jan. 2017.
A photo of the establishment of the Republic of China, with display of two flags of the
Wuchang Uprising.
Flag Map of the Republic of China. Digital image. Wikimedia Commons. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Jan.
2017.
The flag of the Republic of China, in the shape of the country
Flag of Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army. Digital image. Wikimedia Commons. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 11 Jan. 2017.
The flag of the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army
Heshen. 112seo. Web. 10 Jan. 2017.
A depiction of the corrupt politician, Heshen
"Hong Kong Trams." The China Mail (1936): Wikimedia Commons. 30 Nov. 2005. Web. 11 Jan.
2017.
An edition of The China Mail.

Hong Xiuquan - Leader of the Taiping Rebellion. 1860. Wikimedia Commons. Web.
A picture of Hong Xiuquan - Leader of the Taiping Rebellion.
Jacobson, Dan. Youyi Guan. 2007. China-Vietnam Border. Wikimedia Commons. Web.
The pass on the China-Vietnam border, later known as "Friendship Pass."
Kidnapped in London. 1969. Hong Kong University Libraries. Web. 11 Jan. 2017.
The cover of the book, Kidnapped in London, written by Sun Yat-sen about when he was
imprisoned in London by a Qing official.
Leaders and Participants of Huizhou Uprising: Chen Shaobai, Sun Yat-sen, Zheng Shiliang.
1902. Zhongshan. Commemorating the 100th Anniversary of 1911. Web.
Leaders and participants of Huizhou Uprising: Chen Shaobai, Sun Yat-sen, Zheng
Shiliang
Mao Zedong. circa 1930s. Beijing. The History Learning Site. Web.
A young Mao Zedong
"Map of Warlord Era." The Xenophile Historian. Web. 10 Jan. 2017.
A map of China after the Qings Downfall
Ming Dynasty Coins. N.d. History. Web. 11 Jan. 2017.
A photo of coins from the Ming Dynasty
Miyazaki Torazo. Baike. Web. 11 Jan. 2017.
A photo of Miyazaki Torazo
My Thirty Three Years' Dream. Abe Books. Web. 11 Jan. 2017.
The cover of Miyazaki Totens autobiography, My Thirty Three Years Dream.
Naval Jack of the Republic of China. 1928. Canton. Wikimedia Commons. Comp. Zachary
Harden. Web.
Flag of the First Guangzhou Uprising
The Qing Court Corruption Tongue. BestChinaNews. Web.
A painting depicting a feast
Opium Smokers in China in the 1880's. 1880. Al Jazeera. Web. 11 Jan. 2017.
Chinese opium smokers from the mid-19th century.
Opium War. The Silk Roads. Web. 10 Jan. 2017.
A painting of a battle during the First Opium War
Orange Packing. 1886. Riverside Metropolitan Museum, Riverside, CA. KCET. Web. 10 Jan.
2017.

Chinese Farmers organizing citrus fruit in the late 1800s

"Qing Empire circa 1820." Wikimedia Commons. Web. 10 Jan. 2017.
A map of the extent of the Qing Empire
Rebecca Karl. New York University. Web. 11 Jan. 2017.
A photo of Rebecca E. Karl
Rebels Entrenched at Kilometre Ten. 1911. Wikimedia Commons. Web. 11 Jan. 2017.
Revolutionaries fighting in the Wuchang Uprising.
Sculpture of White Lotus Rebellion. Study in China. Web. 10 Jan. 2017.
A sculpture of the White Lotus Rebellion
Second Sino-Japanese War. 1938. Wuhan. Getty Images. Web. 11 Jan. 2017.
Japanese closing in on Wuhan during the Second Sino-Japanese War
Soviet Union Dr. Sun Yat-sen Stamp. 1986. Gulfmann Stamp Collection. Web. 11 Jan. 2017.
A stamp issued by the soviet union displaying a picture of Sun Yat-sen
Spring Silkworms. 1933. UCLA. Web. 11 Jan. 2017.
A scene from the 1933 film adaptation of "Spring Silkworms"
Sun Yat Sen. Britannica. Web. 10 Jan. 2017.
A photo of Sun Yat Sen in uniform
Sun Yat Sen. 1942. Postal Stamp.
A U.S. postal stamp depicting Sun Yat-sen and Abraham Lincoln over a map of China
Sun Yat-sen at Home in Guangzhou. 1923. Guangzhou. Britannica. Web. 9 Jan. 2017.
Sun Yat-sen on the balcony of his home in Guangzhou, Guangdong province, China,
1923.
Sun Yat Sen at Shanghai, before Leaving for Nanking. 1912. Shanghai. Avax News. Web. 11 Jan.
2017.
Sun Yat Sen and the Chinese Nationalist Party in Shanghai.
Sun Yat Sen Elected President of New Republic of China. 1912. UPI. Web. 11 Jan. 2017.
Sun Yat-sen as he is elected president of the Republic of China
Sun Yat-sen: Father of Modern China. Beijing.
A giant portrait of Dr. Sun Yat-sen is placed at Tiananmen Square, Beijing, at major
festivals or events.
Sun Yat-sen Sculpture. N.d. Wikimedia Commons. Web. 11 Jan. 2017.

A photo of a sculpture of Sun Yat-sen

Sun Yat Sen Together with the Members of the Singapore Branch of Tongmen Hui. 1905.
Wikimedia Commons. Web. 11 Jan. 2017.
A photo of Sun Yat-sen along with the members of the Singapore branch of the
Tongmenghui.
The Chinese Communist Party. 2015. Council on Foreign Relations. By Beina Xu and Eleanor
Albert. Web. 12 Jan. 2017.
The modern Chinese Communist Party.
The Fall of the Peking Castle. 1900. Wikimedia Commons. Web. 10 Jan. 2017.
A depiction of the battle of Peking (Beijing)
"The Three Big Principles." Min Bao Web. 10 Jan. 2017.
An article from the newspaper Min Bao that displays the three principles of the people.
Treaty of Shimonoseki. Cultural China. Web. 10 Jan. 2017.
A painting of the Treaty of Shimonoseki
Wang Heshun. 1904. Guangxi. Bai Ke . Web.
The revolutionary that Sun sent to assist in the Qinzhou uprising.
Wei, George Z. Panorama of Sun Yat-sen's Mausoleum. 2016. Nanjing.
A Panorama taken at the top of Sun Yat-sens Mausoleum.
Wei, George Z. Xinzhong Wei. 2017. Bedford.
Picture of Xinzhong Wei
William Overholt. Speakerpedia. Web. 11 Jan. 2017.
A photo of William Overholt
Wuchang Frieze. N.d. Alpha History. Web. 11 Jan. 2017.
A Frieze depicting the Wuchang uprising
Women in Rice Fields. 1920. Canton. Wikimedia Commons. Web. 11 Jan. 2017.
Chinese Peasants in 1920
Xing Hang. Brandeis. Web. 11 Jan. 2017.
A photo of Xing Hang