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ABSTRACT: Pitched roof steel portal frames are popular structures among single-storey buildings. Since the
bending moment at the column-to-rafter joint is very high, the decision is made to haunch a part of the rafter
adjacent to the joint. The haunch makes this part of the rafter linear non-prismatic. In this study, a stiffness matrix
for non-prismatic members is derived and passed through regression analysis to set up a practical stiffness matrix.
A column analogy is used to simulate the bending and shear effects whereas a virtual work method is used to
involve axial force effect into the stiffness matrix. After a large amount of data was collected from regression
analysis, quadratic coefficients have been obtained to generalize the stiffness matrix for both prismatic and
non-prismatic members. The correctness of the obtained stiffness matrix is verified by a simple numerical
example.
INTRODUCTION
167
Figure 1.
adopted the transfer matrix method to a deduced general expression for the components of the stiffness
matrix of non-prismatic members. Both developed
stiffness matrices require long computation time as the
matrices components are in integration form. Hence,
in this study, it is attempted to develop a practical and
generalized stiffness matrix for both prismatic and
non-prismatic members so that it could be brought
into office daily use. A typical pitched roof steel
portal frame with a haunched-rafter is depicted in
Figure 1.
2
2.1
STIFFNESS MATRIX
Prismatic members
E
[k] = 2
L
0 AL 0
0
6I 0 12I /L 6I
4IL 0 6I 2IL
AL
0
0
Symmetric
12I /L 6I
4IL
AL
0
12I /L
(1)
Figure 2. Internal axial force and displacement of nonprismatic member.
Non-prismatic members
u =
x
um
L
(7)
d(u)
x du
x
E A1 1
+ A2
dx
dx
L
L dx
L
2
x2
um
x2
= 2 E A1 x
+
A2
L
2L
2L
0
=
2
um
E
2
L
A1 L + A2 L
2
2
um
L
A 1 + A2
2
E
(9)
(2)
u A1 + A2
2
Eum
Fum =
(10)
L
2
L
x EAx dx
(8)
where:
Wint =
(6)
(3)
Wext = Fum
F=
(4)
Lx
L
= (Ax A2 )
(5)
(11)
and since
F = kum
(12)
therefore;
k=
E
(A1 + A2 )um
2L
E
(A1 + A2 )
2L
168
(13)
2
dx
Mu1 Mu2 dx
Mu1
(16)
v=
Fy +
Mz
EIx
EIx
and similarly for the rotation:
z =
Mu1 Mu2 dx
EIx
2
dx
Mu2
EIx
Fy +
Mz
(17)
Since,
{v} = [f ]{Fy Mz }
Figure 3. (a) Simulation of column analogy on nonprismatic member. (b) Application of the unit load methods
on the non-prismatic member.
(18)
2
Mu1
dx
Mu1 Mu2 dx
EIx
x
[f ] =
EI
Mu1 Mu2 dx
M 2 dx
u2
EIx
(L1 + x)2
EIx
=
(L1 + x)
EIx
(L1 + x)
EIx
dx
EIx
(19)
1
x2 dx
[k] = EIx
L1
x2
EIx dx
1
1
EIx dx
L1
x2
EIx dx
+
L12
x2
dx
EIx
(20)
[k] =
(21)
k44 k45 k46
Symmetric
k55 k56
k66
Mu1 = (L1 + x)
(14)
where:
Mu2 = 1
(15)
169
EIx
E
(A1 + A2 )
2L
k33 =
L2
x2
EIx dx
x2
EIx dx
1
1
EIx dx
+
L12
k4 = k8 = d(6I )
k6 = k12 = c(6I )
k7 = g(4I L)
k13 = e(4I L)
x2
EIx dx
L1 L 2
+ x2
EIx dx
L22
1
+ x2
= 1
EIx dx
EIx dx
1
1
EIx dx
REGRESSION ANALYSIS
k1 0
0
k2
0
0
k3 k4
0
k5 k6
E
k7
0
k8 k9
(22)
[k] = 2
k
0
0
10
L
Symmetric
k11 k12
k13
where:
k1 = k2 = k10 = a(A L)
k3 = k5 = k11 = b(12I /L)
k9 = f (2I L)
If A1 A2 :
k4 = k8 = c(6I )
k6 = k12 = d(6I )
k7 = e(4I L)
k13 = g(4I L)
and if A1 A2 :
L1
k36 =
k66
1
x2
EIx dx
170
BENCHMARK EXAMPLE
CONCLUSIONS
Component
Case 1
Case 2
Difference (%)
FxL , kN
FxR , kN
FyL , kN
FyR , kN
u2 , mm
u6 , mm
v4 , mm
Elapsed Time, Sec
60.11
60.81
69.88
70.12
2.2
1.8
25.3
1
60.67
61.37
69.88
70.12
2.1
2.3
23.9
3
0.1
0.1
0
0
5
22
6
200
171