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Urban Archaeology:
Reports from Beirut,
Assisi, and Pittsburgh
Glimpse Into a
Chinese
Song
Dynasty
Tomb
The Computer Chip
as Dig Site
Convict-Era Australia
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PLUS:
Back to Bamiyan, Geocaching,
Super Sonic Temple Complex
July/August
July/August2009
2011
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JULY/AUGUST 2011
VOLUME 64, NUMBER 4
CONTENTS
features
24 Rebuilding Beirut
As the modern city rises, evidence
of its complex history and changing
fortunes is being uncovered
BY ANDREW LAWLER
30 Digging Into
Technologys Past
Digital archaeologists excavate
the microprocessor that ushered in
the home computing revolution
BY NIKHIL SWAMINATHAN
44 Australias
Shackled Pioneers
A fresh look at the convict era
when tens of thousands of exiled
criminals helped lay the foundation
of a modern nation
BY SAMIR S. PATEL
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departments
6 Editors Letter
8 From the President
10 Letters
World War IIs lesser-known internment camps,
the shipwrecks of the Adriatic, and more
111
22
20 Reviews
Recasting the Rapanui of Easter Island
and animals role in shaping humanity
22 World Roundup
Captain Morgans cannons, Manhattans farmland
past, a 2,500-year-old preserved brain, medieval
20
32
68 Artifact
An early Irish Christian text survives
more than a thousand years in an Irish bog
on the web
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EDITORS LETTER
Editor in Chief
Claudia Valentino
Executive Editor
Deputy Editor
Jarrett A. Lobell
Samir S. Patel
Senior Editors
Nikhil Swaminathan
Claudia Valentino
Editor in Chief
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Associate Publisher
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Archaeological
Institute of America
A Lasting Legacy
his past March saw two events, one sad, the other celebratory, that marked the
end of an era that had begun in 2003 with the war in Iraq and the subsequent
looting of the National Museum in Baghdad. I am saddened to write of the death
of Donny George, at the age of 60, on March 11. George was director of research for
Iraqs State Board of Antiquities and Heritage at the time of the invasion. In the chaos
of war he tried valiantly to protect the priceless holdings of the museum from looters.
Despite his efforts, thousands of archaeological objects, made by the extraordinary
ancient cultures that had occupied Iraq over countless millennia, disappeared. The story,
however, didnt end there. And this is what we must celebrate. Ultimately, nearly half of
the looted treasures were returned.
In the wars aftermath George oversaw a
rebuilding of the museum, launched a conservation program, and improved security
for Iraqs many archaeological sites. George
left Iraq in 2006 and made a new life with
his family in the U.S. It is thanks to his
vision and energy that archaeology has a
future in Iraq.
We must also celebrate a signicant
friendship in Georges life, as we remember
him. In the week before his death, George
Donny George (left) and Matthew Bogdanos
was able to be present for the military
retirement of the U.S. soldier who partnered with him in the recovery of Baghdads looted museum objects, Colonel Matthew
Bogdanos. A highly decorated Marine, Bogdanos served multiple tours of duty in Iraq
and Afghanistan. In addition to helping George secure thousands of museum artifacts
after the war, he also headed the U.S. investigation into the looting. As with George, this
work was but one aspect of a career rich in its contributions to cultural preservation. His
2005 book, Thieves of Baghdad, makes a persuasive case for the link between tracking
in antiquities and terrorist nancing and thus has implications that transcend Iraq.
In one sense, the death of George and retirement of Bogdanos close an historical
episode that transformed the terms of debate about looting and cultural heritage. When
Egypt descended into civil war this past January, the AIA and countless cultural heritage groups around the world immediately expressed public concern for the countrys
archaeological patrimony, condemned the looting, and advocated both for protections in
Egypt and for scrutiny of imports of potentially looted material into other countries.
War and civil unrest will long be with us, but the lessons of Iraq will reduce the loss
of cultural patrimony. Two brave and principled men, Donny George and Matthew
Bogdanos, have permanently altered our response to archaeology under military threat.
All persons who care about the survival of cultural heritage owe a profound debt to this
pairin Georges poignant characterization, two brothers of dierent mothers.
OFFICERS
President
Elizabeth Bartman
First Vice President
Andrew Moore
Vice President for Education and Outreach
Mat Saunders
Vice President for Professional Responsibilities
Sebastian Heath
Vice President for Publications
John Younger
Vice President for Societies
Thomas Morton
Treasurer
Brian J. Heidtke
Chief Executive Officer
Peter Herdrich
Chief Operating Officer
Kevin Quinlan
GOVERNING BOARD
Susan Alcock
Michael Ambler
Carla Antonaccio
Cathleen Asch
Barbara Barletta
David Boochever
Laura Childs
Lawrence Coben
Julie Herzig Desnick
Mitchell Eitel
Harrison Ford
Greg Goggin
John Hale
Sebastian Heath
Lillian Joyce
Jeffrey Lamia
Lynne Lancaster
Robert Littman
Elizabeth Macaulay-Lewis
Peter Magee
Shilpi Mehta
Naomi Norman, ex officio
Eleanor Powers
Paul Rissman
Ann Santen
William Saturno
Glenn Schwartz
Chen Shen
Douglas Tilden
Claudia Valentino, ex officio
Shelley Wachsmann
Ashley White
John J. Yarmick
Past President
C. Brian Rose
Trustees Emeriti
Norma Kershaw
Charles S. LaFollette
General Counsel
Elizabeth Bartman
President, Archaeological Institute of America
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of
The trustees, gala committee, and staff of the Archaeological Institute of America extend our deepest
appreciation to the following sponsors for their support of our 2011 gala, which honored George F.
Bass with the Bandelier Award for Service to Archaeology, and celebrated the sights, sounds, and flavors
of Ireland. Special thanks to our friends at Culture Ireland and Tourism Ireland for their generous
assistance. To plan your visit to Ireland, please visit www.discoverireland.com. To learn about an
exciting yearlong celebration of Irish arts and culture in America, of which AIA is a part, please visit
www.imagineireland.ie.
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Backcountry Archaeology
Exploring Slickhorn Canyon, Utah
Discover spectacular archaeological sites
with the experts who know southeastern
Utah the best: archaeologists Jonathan Till
and Dr. Ricky Lightfoot.
CST 2059347-50
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Discover the Past, Share the Adventure
800.422.8975
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LETTERS
Here we publish several of the many
letters we received in response to
the World War II section in our
last issue. Personal and evocative
accounts continue to supply an everbroadening understanding of that last
great conict.
Your magazine brings back fond
memories of my rst and, sadly, only
dig at Tel Ashdod in Israel in 1963.
In your last issue, I was especially
taken with World War II: Battles,
Tactics, Home Front (May/June).
You mentioned it briey, and I would
like to emphasize that the excavation
of the killing elds of the war, especially ones containing the remains
of Jews in Eastern Europe, has been
taboo for many years, but this may
be changing. As a child of survivors
and as a rabbi, I see no reason not to
dig respectfully into these gravesto
nd out not only how the victims
lived and died, but who they actually
were! I lost my two sisters and 25
family members at a killing eld near
the Polish border in Kovel, Ukraine.
While we have a communal tombstone, it would be nice to have some
proof that they were actually buried
there. Such excavations have been
done in Bosnia and Kosovo. I cant
see any reason why we cant do it in
the Ukraine.
Jack Nusan Porter
Newtonville, MA
10
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hen Chinese
pilgrim Hsuan
Tsang arrived
in Bamiyan in a.d. 632
he was awed by the sight
of two massive statues of
Buddha, rising 125 and 180
feet above the rugged valley
floor. The statues, situated
in niches carved out of the
soft sandstone mountain
face, were brightly painted
and decorated with gold
and jewels. They would
have been dazzling in the
intense sunlight of central
Afghanistan. Hsuan Tsang
was no less impressed by the
10 monasteries clustered in
the surrounding caves and
at the feet of the statues,
Before the destruction of the Bamiyan Buddhas by the Taliban in March 2001, the larger of
housing more than a
the two statues once stood in the now-empty niche carved into the sandstone cliff face.
thousand Buddhist monks.
The monasteries
In the intervening years since these events,
eventually fell into ruin, a century or two after the
archaeologists and art historians have turned their
arrival of Islam in the eighth century a.d. A series of
eorts to studying the rubble left behind for new
conquerorsfrom the feared Mahmoud of Ghazni who
insights into how and when the statues were created.
forged a vast empire in the area in the eleventh century to
According to the Technical University of Munichs Erwin
Genghis Khan whose armies rampaged through Central
Emmerling, who led a team that examined the rubble,
Asiawreaked havoc on the remaining buildings and
the explosions expelled wooden pegs and timbers that
population. For another thousand years, Muslims,
provide importantand previously unknownclues to
oended by the images of Buddha, defaced the statues
the construction techniques used to create the Buddhas.
and the cave paintings that dot the honeycombed interior
Emmerling discovered that the pegs and timbers were
of the cli face. Weather ate away at the statues surfaces.
secured to the hewn rock with ropes to hold in place
Despite the abuse, in addition to normal wear and tear,
the layers of smooth clay resembling porcelain that
the Buddhas of Bamiyan still dominated the valley.
once covered the statues outer stone surface. Then by
Then, on March 2, 2001, the Taliban began to re
sculpting the clay, the artists created the lifelike folds in
artillery at the statues. The artillery probably did little
the Buddhas robes. Further analysis showed that the clay
damage, says Brendan Cassar, chief of cultural heritage
contained a mix of straw, animal hair, and quartz, which
at UNESCOs Kabul oce, of the rst Taliban attempts.
also served to stabilize and protect the structures, and
Only by detonating explosives placed up and down the
was likely one of the keys to their longevity.
statues did they succeed in dislodging the Buddhas from
The team also discovered that the Buddhas had been,
their niches. By the end of that month, the 1,500-yearas Hsuan Tsang reported, brightly painted. They found
old statues were no more.
www.archaeology.org
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11
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IN GOD WE TRUST
FINAL RELEASE
1-877-817-1220
CHECK
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17
eemingly every day, spectacular nds are made by archaeologists working across
China. One of the most astonishing
discoveries of the year is a well-preserved tomb uncovered in the city
of Dengfeng in central Chinas
Henan Province. Every inch of the
tomb, which dates to the Song
Dynasty (9601279), is covered in
brightly colored frescoes that depict
the daily life of the tombs occupant.
(Neither the identity nor sex of the
tombs owner or owners has been
reported, although the elaborate
decoration suggests that he or she
was well-o and of high status.)
The frescoes were clearly executed
by an artist with extensive experi18
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Coverage and service is not available everywhere. Other charges and restrictions may apply. Screen images simulated. There are no additional fees to call Jitterbugs 24-hour U.S. Based Customer Service. However, for calls to an
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REVIEWS
BOOKS
BOOKS
How Animals
Shaped Humanity
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end of the book, however, her provocative thesis is not argued clearly
enough to be satisfying. Ultimately,
her account of who we are and how
we got this way still feels speculative, a compelling idea in need of
convincing proof.
Kat McGowan
EASTERN TURKEY
With Dr. Angus Stewart
September 3 - 18, 2011
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
PUB CRAWL
A Journey through
Scotland and England
With Dr. James Bruhn
September 17 - 29, 2011
THE MAYA
Copn to Chichicastenango
With Professor Matthew Looper
November 1 - 13, 2011
EGYPT
With Professor Bob Brier
November 5 - 19, 2011
SOUTH INDIA
With Professor Sara Dickey
January 1 - 18, 2012
NORTH INDIA
January 9 - 23, 2012
SUDAN
TURKISH TREASURES
ESSENTIAL MONGOLIA
CENTRAL MEXICO
1-800-552-4575 www.farhorizons.com
www.archaeology.org
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21
WORLD ROUNDUP
22
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SOUTH
AFRICA: Last ye
year
witnessed the
announcement of a
new member
of the human family,
Australopithecus sediba, who
lived in South Africa nearly two million years ago. Paleoanthropologists
have now found two more A. sediba
individualsan adult and infant
who fell in a cave death trap.
Combined with the older female
and youth found previously, scientists are now able to study the
development of these early hominins, who show a combination of
primitive and modern skeletal traits,
from cradle to grave.
By Samir S. Patel
ENGLAND: The man was hanged and
decapitated between 673 and 482
B.C. All his soft tissues then decomposed exceptseemingly in defiance
of biology and chemistryhis brain.
A new analysis of the 2008 find suggests that rapid burial, cool and wet
soil, isolation from oxygen, and separation from the body (and its gut
bacteria) helped with preservation.
But theres something more at
workthe unique chemistry of the
brains lipids and proteins recombined to form a stronger, more stable material. Scie
Scientists
are still tryin
trying to
sort out what
w
happened.
happe
VOYAGES TO
ANTIQUITY
2012
ITALY:
Three
skeletons,
dating from between
A.D. 500 and 700 from Campochiaro,
are providing a glimpse of medieval
wartime medicine. Two of them,
Lombard or Avar soldiers who
resisted a Byzantine invasion, appear
to have been successfully treated for
serious head wounds. The third had
a nonfatal but unhealed cranial
wound, as well as leprosy
suggesting sick and healthy Avar
men alike were called on for
defense. Researchers hope to extract
DNA from the pathogen for
comparison with modern forms.
Cruise to classical
civilizations aboard
Aegean Odyssey
and discover the
fascinating history,
art and cultures of
the Mediterranean,
Adriatic and
Aegean Seas.
www.archaeology.org
2012
BROCHURE
OUT NOW
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V OYAGES TO A NTIQUITY
Call 1-877-398-1460
Visit www.voyagestoantiquity.com
Call: 800-748-6262
Email: aia@studytours.org Website: aiatours.org
*Price is per person, double occupancy, cat N. Free to $199 Air (and transfers)
applicable with cruise-tour purchase only and does not include government taxes,
fees and airline fuel surcharges. All offers are subject to availability, capacity
controlled and may be withdrawn at any time. Ships Registry: Malta.
23
24
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27
already been excavating there for a year, and have only another eight months before construction begins in earnest.
Work at the 1.5-acre site, where they have cleared a
15-foot-deep rectangular hole, has already yielded the
remains of a massive Roman wall dating to the rst centuries
a.d. Beirut was long thought not to have been fortied during the days when Romes army enforced peace throughout
the region. If this wall is identied as a fortication wall, it
would be a great surprise. It is also possible that the wall was
part of a monumental building. A small statue of Isocrates, a
fourth-century b.c. Greek rhetorician much admired by later
Roman lawgivers, was found nearby. Thats not a gure you
would typically have in your family house, says Seif, during a visit to the site. So there may beand Im cautious
heresome connection with the law school. Pinpointing
the location of the law school, the most famous of ancient
Beiruts institutions, is one of the greatest quests among the
citys archaeologists. Several sites have been suggested, based
on evidence from texts and archaeological work, but nothing
decisive has been uncovered.
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ment has so far not been willing to pay for the time and eort
needed to do so.I know that this is one of our most dicult
challenges, says Seif. While some archaeologists are applying their eldwork to advanced degrees, many are contract
workers living from one job to the next, with no benets
and little time for, or experience with, the consuming job
of publishing results. In the meantime, Beirut continues to
boom, each new building potentially a lost opportunity to dig
into the citys complex past. Most of the ruins will ultimately
be destroyed to make way for parking garages mandated
by law for the basements of the mammoth new buildings.
But the results obtained by the archaeologists promise to
transform both our understanding of the city and the way
archaeology will be done in Lebanon in the future.Much of
the citys history is being discovered today. And contractors
are changing their habits, and are willing to work with us,
says Choueri. He and others say this is a welcome change.
Beiruts archaeologists are always mindful of the demands
of a city undergoing tremendous changes. As Fadi Beayno
says, In urban archaeology, you need to know when to use a
brush and when to use a backhoe. And in a city that thrives
on reinvention, archaeologists have to keep one step ahead
of the next Beirut.
Andrew Lawler is a contributing editor to Archaeology.
www.archaeology.org
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The members of the Visual 6502 team refer to themselves as digital archaeologists, a term that Christopher Witmore, an archaeologist at Texas Tech University agrees is accurate.Even to say excavation is
quite appropriate here because you have to dig down through the components, you have unpack it and
take it apart, he explains. So much of it is lost, meaning its wide open for archaeologists to engage.
ill Mensch refers to himself as a tall, thin man, a term that among the computer engineering set refers to a person who understands how a microprocessor works from the silicon
level to the system level. Mensch was one of the primary designers of the 6502 and was part of
the cadre of former Motorola employees who defected to the Pennsylvania-based MOS Technology
in late summer 1974, led by Chuck Peddle, whose idea for a low-cost CPU was rejected by Motorola
top brass. In particular, Mensch was responsible for the design of the chips circuitry.
The CPU is essentially a maze of circuits mounted on a silicon wafer. Dotting the circuits are
transistors, junctions of wires that act as switches, which can open or close o a particular pathway.
The microprocessor reads an input from the particular program (anything from an operating system
to a game), performs transactions as required, and then writes its output to the computers memory.
Essentially, its the master of ceremonies, deciding what to focus on, making sure each step is followed,
and presenting various resultssending them to memory, a monitor, or a printer.
Mensch drew the entire layout of the chip on a single sheet of paper that he says was likely about
3.5-by-4-feet in size. Designers at companies such as Xerox created sprawling schematics of up to hun-
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www.archaeology.org
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fter years of doing little archaeological exploration in the area, scholars are now returning to
the scrubby, hilly lands where Fagg worked and are
nding that, indeed, the Nok thrived for longer than he had
realized. They may have been the rst complex civilization in
West Africa, existing from at least 900 b.c. to about a.d. 200.
Their terracottas are now some of the most iconic ancient
objects from Africa. And they may be the rst society in
Africa south of the Sahara to smelt iron, although at least
half a dozen competitors for that title have surfaced since
Fagg rst excavated a Nok furnace.
Nigeria has a reputation for chaos, corruption, and expensive
visas that has kept archaeologists away and drastically slowed
the pace of research. In 1959, anthropologist George Murdock
quipped that for every ton of earth moved by archaeologists on
the Nile, a teaspoon is moved on the Niger. Scholarship has
also been hampered by an almost 40-year campaign of looting
at Nok sites fed by the growing appetite for African antiquities
among collectors in the United States and Europe.
No one continued with the work of Bernard Fagg. Instead
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reunig and Rupp have found about 20 iron implements, including fearsome spear points, bracelets, and
small knives, most of which are fairly crude-looking.
How and when Africans developed iron is important
because metallurgy is considered a crucial marker in the
shift to complex societies. Manufacturing metal means better tools for farming, hunting, and preparing food, as well as
better weapons for waging war and gaining resources. Yet
whether metal-working creates the conditions for civilization to ourish or vice versa remains an open question for
archaeologists.
Carbon
C
b dating
d i on charcoal
h
l that
h Breunig
B
i gathered
h d from
f
a Nok iron smelter at a site called Intini yielded a date of
between 519 and 410 b.c., suggesting that iron technology
was established earlier than previous scholars, including Fagg,
had realized. These may not be the oldest smelters in subSaharan Africa, however. French archaeologists have located
evidence of iron-smelting in the Termit Hills of Niger from
as early as 1400 b.c., but critics point out that the wood
used for dating could have been centuries old, a problem
that dogs carbon dating, especially in very arid places such
as Niger, where the wood desiccates and lasts longer. Breunig acknowledges that the problem could distort dates for
the Intini furnace as well. But he has an important piece of
evidenceNok pottery, found inside the furnace alongside
the charcoal, suggesting that they were placed there around
the same time.
At Nok sites, metal tools made
around 500 have been found
alongside stone tools, attesting to the
manufacture of iron while stone was
still being used.
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Martini, and Pietro Lorenzetti. (After ve years and millions of dollars, the frescoes were restored to as close to their
original condition as possible.) But just half a mile from the
Basilica, untouched by the earthquake, lay other beautiful
frescoes that once covered the walls of a rst-century a.d.
Roman villa.
Four years after the earthquake, authorities began to stabilize and modernize some of Assisis oldest structures. They
decided that one of these buildings, the seventeenth-century
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ately thought that the master who painted them must have
come from Rome, says Manca.
The excavations came to a stop a few months later when
both time and money ran out. They would not start again
until 2006, when Manca decided to expand the project and
explore not only the area under the Palazzo Giamp, but
also under the adjacent building, which held the oces of the
committee for the Calendimaggio, a popular town festival celebrating Holy Week. Soon Mancas decision paid o. Right
under the oces of the Calendimaggio the team discovered
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41
42
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43
Australias Shackled
A fresh look at the convict era
when tens of thousands of
exiled criminals helped lay the
foundation of a modern nation
by Samir S. Patel
44
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Pioneers
criminal heritage, though in some parts of the country, the
convict stain is still a sore point.
Between 1788 and 1868, 170,000 men and women were
brought halfway around the world, from crowded, draconian Georgian prisons to an uncooperative, alien wilderness
more than 30 times the size of Britain. The Crown wasnt
merely trying to get rid of these peoplewell, maybe some
of themit was also trying to start a self-sucient colony
15,000 miles from home.
For both visitors and many Australians, its easy to get
lost in barbarous fantasies about the period. Every stone
building with small windows looks like a gaol. One imagines
the lash and shackles and solitary connement. Another
scenario casts the convicts as political prisoners who remade
themselves as frontiersmen and pioneers. Neither imagined
pastdegrading or digniedis wrong exactly, but the
truth of the era is more complex and therefore widely misunderstood. Convict Australia was an interconnected network
of penal systems that varied by location, by serving governor
of each sub-colony, and with evolving British philosophies
www.archaeology.org
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Field School
ARCHAEOLOGY (ISSN 0003-8113) is published bimonthly for $23.95 by the Archaeological Institute of America, 36-36 33rd Street, Long Island City, NY 11106. Periodicals postage paid at Long Island City, NY, and additional mailing oces. POSTMASTER: Send
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COVERZhao Peng/Xinhua/Landov;
2Marco Merola; 4Shah Marai/AFP/Getty
Images, Photo: Brett Eloff, Courtesy Lee Berger,
University of the Witwatersrand, Rivi/Wikipedia
Commons; 6Andrew Lawler; 11 Shah
Marai/AFP/Getty Images; 12 Zaheerudin/
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Getty Images; 14Courtesy Jose Luis Cruzado
Coronel (2); 15Courtesy Jose Luis Cruzado
Coronel, Courtesy John Rick; 16Courtesy Jose
Luis Cruzado Coronel; 17Courtesy University
of Oregon, Courtesy Pastor Fabrega, Project
Topain (CSIC); 18Zhao Peng/Xinhua/
Landov (3); 20Rivi/Wikipedia Commons;
22Arizona; Courtesy The Daily Courier,
Prescott, AZ, New York: Courtesy Alyssa
Loorya, Chrysalis Archaeology;Wales: Courtesy
Cheshire West and Chester; Panama: Photo:
Donnie Reid, Courtesy Fritz Hanselmann,
Texas State University; Brazil: Courtesy Tania
Andrade Lima, Museu Nacional/UFRJ; South
Africa: Photo: Brett Eloff, Courtesy Lee Berger,
University of the Witwatersrand; 23 England:
Courtesy York Archaeological Trust, Italy:
Courtesy Mauro Rubini, Foggia University;
India: Courtesy Shanti Pappu, Sharma Centre
for Heritage Education, Syria: Lorraine Paulhus/
Flickr; 24-25Courtesy Directorate General
of Antiquities, Ministry of Culture, Lebanon;
26Andrew Lawler; 27Andrew Lawler;
Courtesy Directorate General of Antiquities
Ministry of Culture, Lebanon (2); 28Courtesy
Directorate General of Antiquities Ministry of
Culture, Lebanon (2); 29Courtesy Directorate
General of Antiquities Ministry of Culture,
Lebanon (2); 30Dirk Oppelt; 31Courtesy
Greg James, Visual 6502; 32EE Times
1975; 33Bill Bertram, Rama & Muse Bolo,
Evan-Amos, SanderK; 34-35Courtesy Peter
Breunig; 36Courtesy Roger Atwood, Courtesy
Barbara Voss; 37Courtesy Barbara Voss;
38Courtesy Roger Atwood; 39Courtesy
Soprintendenza Archeologica dellUmbria;
40 Marco Merola (3); 41Marco Merola;
Courtesy Soprintendenza Archeologica
dellUmbria; 42Marco Merola (2); Courtesy
Soprintendenza Archeologica dellUmbria;
43Marco Merola; 44-45Samir S. Patel;
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Arthur Historic Site Management Authority;
Photo: Simon de Salis, Courtesy Jody Steele, Port
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Courtesy Eleanor Conlin Casella University of
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S. Patel; 53Courtesy Christine Davis
Consultants; 54Courtesy Fairmont Pittsburgh;
56Courtesy Christine Davis Consultants;
60Courtesy Curtis Biondich; Courtesy
Christine Davis Consultants; 68Courtesy
National Museum of Ireland
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59
Davis. For
instance,
a Brow
Brown Betty tea
pot is what a lady
wou
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up to show o
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he archaeological research
being conducted in the Yucatn
Peninsula has contributed
greatly to our knowledge of the
Maya groups that lived in the region.
But the area is also becoming
increasingly important to our
understanding of early human
occupation in the Americas.
Hoyo Negro, a site featured in the
May/June 2011 issue of Archaeology, and believed to be the nal resting place of some of the oldest human
remains discovered in the Americas,
was recently awarded an AIA Site
Preservation Grant. The award will
be used to protect the site through
the construction of a secured entrance
gate, fencing, and signage, and will
improve access for researchers by
building a new road, stairway, and
dive platform. These protective mea-
sures will pave the way for the rstever comprehensive and coordinated
study of a submerged Pleistocene
National Archaeology
Day Announced
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ARTIFACT
WHAT IS IT?
Early Christian
illustrated manuscript
DATE
a.d. 700800
MATERIAL
Tanned leather
and vellum
DISCOVERED
Folio size
of approximately
12 x 10 inches
CURRENTLY LOCATED
National Museum
of Ireland, Dublin
68
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