,

,
, ,
.
, -
: ,
,
. .
,
- ,
. , , ,

.
[1],
.

, 1951
. 1961
.[2]
Virus 1,2,3 Elk Cloner Apple II,
1981 . 1984
CHK4BOMB BOMBSQAD (. Andy
Hopkins). 1985 (. Gee Wong)
DPROTECT .
19861989
: Brain.A[en] ( ,
), Jerusalem[en]* ( 13 1988 ,
[3]), ( 6200
, ),
DATACRIME ( 100 ).
: (
, 1987), (AIDS, 1989[4]),
(Chameleon, 1990), - (Frodo, Whale, 2- 1990).

 -,
: 1990
BBS Virus Exchange,
,
Symantec Norton AntiVirus.
1992 PC VCL
( Amiga ),
(MtE, DAME TPE)
.
-
(SMEG.Pathogen, SMEG.Queeg, OneHalf, 1994;
NightFall, Nostradamus, Nutcracker, 1995),
(Dir II 1991, PMBS,
Shadowgard, Cruncher 1993). , ,
(Shifter, 1994) (SrcVir,
1994). Microsoft Office
(Concept, 1995).
1996 Windows 95 Win95.Boza,
Win95.Punch.

(ShareFun, 1997
MS Word, MS-Mail ;
Win32.HLLP.DeTroie, 1998 -; Melissa, 1999
,
).
BackOrifice (1998)
(NetBus, Phase).
Win95.CIH ,
FlashBIOS ( 1998
).
1990-x 2000-x
, Windows
NT, ,
,
,
( , )

 (
).
, Windows
-. 2004
MsBlast (
Microsoft 16 [5]), Sasser Mydoom (
500 4 . [6]).
,

( , /, , -
).
.
, p2p-
(Rustock, 2006, . 150 . ; Conficker, 20082009, 7
; Kraken, 2009, . 500 . ).
.

. -,
(Gregory Benford)
[7],
Venture 1970 .

. , PERVADE (1975),
, ANIMAL ,
VIRUS. , ,
, , .

.

[8][9], [10][11].

[12]:

M : (SM, IM, OM : SM x IM > IM, NM : SM x IM > SM, DM : SM x IM > d)

SM, IM
(OM, NM, DM), s SM
i IM, , :
o IM , s'
SM d {-1,0,1}.
M, v : vi IM
, v
t, ,
t, v ( v) ,
v M t, t t:
:

t N ,

PM N t

SM0

CM(t, c) c t