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EXPERIMENT VII

BASIC OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT


(Comparator, Summing Amplifier, Differential Amplifier,
Integrator & Derivative Circuit)
I. End Result
Students are able to explain the linear amplifier (summing amplifier, differential,
integrator and derivative circuit).
Student can determine the linear amplifier characteristics (summing amplifier,
differential, integrator and derivative circuit) using electronic circuit theory (Ohm
& Kirchoff Law) and the Golden Rule.
Students can compare characteristics of comparator, summing, differential,
integrator and derivative circuit.

II. Scope
A. Theory
a. Comparator and Schmitt Trigger
Comparator and Schmitt Trigger are comparison circuit which compare the
voltage between the inverting and noninverting input. The differences between
comparator and schmiit trigger are their feedback and reference voltage.
Comparator has one reference voltage while Schmitt trigger have two reference
voltage (UTP Upper Trigger Point and LTP Lower Trigger Point).

Figure 7.1

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b. Summing Amplifier
Summing amplifier is an amplifier that amplifies the total sum of input
voltages it receives. A summing amplifier build using Op-Amp will amplify the
total sum of input voltages on its inverting input. The output voltage can be
calculated as follows:
R1=2k2
V1

R2=4k7

V2

Vo = Av1.V1 + Av2.V2 + Av3.V3

Rf=10k

R3=10k

V3

With :
Vout

Av1 = - Rf / R1

R=1k

Av2 = - Rf / R2
Av3 = - Rf / R3

Figure 7.2

c. Differential Amplifier
Differential amplifier is an amplifier that amplifies the difference between
two input voltages.
Differential Amplifier will
amplify the difference between
two input voltages:

R2=10k
V1

R1=1k

V2

R3=1k

Vd = (V2 V1)

+
R4=10k

Vout

If:

R2 R4

R1 R3

Then the output is equal to:


Vo = R2/R1 (V2 - V1)
Figure 7.3
If V2 > V1 then the result will be
positive
If V2 < V1 then the result will be
negative

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d. Integrator
Integrator is a circuit which integrates the input signal. Aside from being an
integrator, the circuit also serves as a Low Pass Filter, if observed in the
frequency domain. Integrator changes the shape of the input signal; If the input
signal is square shaped, then the output signal will be triangular, if the input
signal is triangular, then the output signal will be parabolic.
Rf
t

Vout

Ri
Vin

1 RF C RF C

e
e Vin dt k .e RF C
Ri C

If the R f 10 X C

Vout

Then above formula change to :


1
Vout
Vin dt
Ri C

Figure 7.4
Characteristic Frequency:
fC

1
2 R f C

e. Derivative Circuit
Derivative circuit is a circuit which derivates the input signal. Aside from
being a derivative circuit, the circuit also serves as a High Pass Filter, if observed
in the frequency domain. Derivative circuit changes the shape of the input signal;
If the input signal is triangular, then the output signal will be square shaped, if the
input signal is square shaped, then the output signal will be an impulse signal.
Rf
C

Vo R f C

Vin

Vout
R

Figure 7.5

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Experiment 7

dVi
dt

Characteristic Frequency:
fC

1
2 R f C

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B. Reference
1. Thomas L. Floyd. (2005). Electronic Devices, Conventional Current Version. 7.
Pearson, Prentice Hall. New Jersey.
2. Robert L. Boylestad & Louis Nashelsky. (2006). Electronics Device and Circuit
Theory. 9. Pearson, Prentice Hall. New Jersey.
3. Robert T. Paynter. (2003). Introductory Electronic Devices and Circuits, Electron
Flow Version. 6. Pearson, Prentice Hall. New Jersey.
4. Malvino, Albert Paul. (1985). Semiconductor Circuit Approximations. 4.
McGraw-Hill.
5. Summing Amplifier: http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/opamp_4.html
6. DifferentialAmplifier:http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/opamp_5.html
7. Integrator: http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/opamp_6.html
8. Derivative: http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/opamp_7.html
9. Op Amp Animation: http://www.eas.asu.edu/~holbert/ece201/opamp.html
10. Questions: http://webpages.ursinus.edu/lriley/ref/circuits/node5.html
11. Op Amp Application:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier_applications
12. Average and Sum Amplifier:
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_3/chpt_8/8.html
13. Integrator and Derivative Circuit:
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_3/chpt_8/11.html

III. Devices

Experiment Box & module 5

Osciloscope

Signal Generator

Terminal Cable

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IV. Instruction of Laboratory


A. Procedure
1. Comparator

Vcc

1K

15K

V in

1M

LM311

Vout

2K
47uF
R1

Figure 7.6
1. Turn on PIN 1 from Module Selector DIP Switch to use
Comparator Module and turn off all other pins.
2. Apply 10 Vpp Sine wave at Vin.
3. Turn potensiometer R1 to minimum (CW).
4. Use the Osciloscope to observe the output signal and plot it in the
LPS.
5. Then turn potensiometer R1 to maximum (CCW).
6. Repeat step 3.

CW
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Experiment 7

CCW
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2. Schmitt Trigger

Figure 7.7
1. Turn on PIN 2 of Module Selector DIP Switch to use Schmitt Trigger
Module and turn off all other pins.
2. Turn OFF all Schmitt Trigger DIP Switch pins.
3. Set Vin to 20 Vpp.
4. Use the Oscilloscope to observe the output signal and plot it in the LPS.
5. Turn ON all Schmitt Trigger DIP Switch pins.
6. Repeat Step 3.

ALL DIP SW OFF


Input

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Experiment 7

ALL DIP-SW ON
Output

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3. Summing Amplifier
R1=2k2
V1
V2
V3

R2=4k7

Rf=10k

R3=10k
Vout
R=1k

Figure 7.8
1. Design the circuit above in the experiment board.
2. Apply an input signal of 1 Vpp with a frequency of 1 KHz to V1. Set R1 to
2K2.
3. Use the Osciloscope to measure Vout and write the result in Table 7.1.
4. Replace V1 and R1 with V2 = 1 Vpp, f = 1KHz and R2 = 4K7. Measure Vout and
record the result in Table 7.1.
5. Replace V2 and R2 with V3 = 1 Vpp, f = 1KHz and R3 = 10K. Measure Vout and
record the result in Table 7.1.
6. Apply V1, V2 and V3 configuration as shown in Figure 7.8 and record the total
voltage.

Table 7.1
V1 (R1)

V2 (R2)

V3 (R3)

Vtotal

Vo (Vpp)

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4. Differential Amplifier

Figure 7.9
1. Design the circuit above in the experiment board, with R1 = R3 = 1 K and
R2 = R4 = 10 K.
2. Apply V1 and V2 as shown in Figure 7.9
Vin

V1
V2

Figure 7.10
3. Apply an input signal of 1 Vpp with a frequency of 1 KHz and use the
osciloscope to measure V1, V2 and Vout. Record the result in Table 7.2.
4. Repeat step 3, after changing Vin to 2 Vpp.
5. Remove the additional circuit (Figure 7.10) so that all thats left is the
circuit in Figure 7.9.
6. Connect V1 and V2, then apply an input signal of 1 Vpp with a frequency
of 1 KHz.
7. Record the output voltage in Table 7.2.
Table 7.2
Vin(Vpp)

V1

V2

Vout

1
2
1 (V1 & V2
connected)

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5. Integrator

Figure 7.11

1. Turn on PIN 3 of Module Selector DIP Switch to use Integrator Module and
turn off all other pins.
2. Turn OFF all Integrator DIP Switch pins.
3. Apply an input signal of 1 Vpp with a frequency of 1 KHz and Rf = 100k.
Change the capacitor value using DIP 2 (see appendix) according to Table 7.3.
4. Record the data in Table 7.3. (T = output signal period)

Table 7.3
C (Farad)

100n

10n

1n

100p

10p

T
VO

6. Apply a square wave signal and observe the output signal. Plot the input and
output signal in the graphic below.

Input

Output

7. Repeat step 6 after changing the input signal to sine and triangular wave.

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6. Derivative

Figure 7.12

1. Turn on PIN 4 of Module Selector DIP Switch to use Integrator Module and
turn off all other pins.
2. Turn OFF all Derivative DIP Switch pins.
3. Apply an input signal of 1 Vpp with a frequency of 1 KHz and Rf = 100k.
Change the capacitor value using DIP 3 (see appendix) according to Table 7.4.
4. Record the data in Table 7.4. (T = output signal period)
Tabel 7.4
C (Farad)

100n

10n

1n

100p

10p

T
VO

5. Apply square wave, then observe output signal shape. Plot input and output
signal in the graphic below.

input

output

6. Repeat step six by changing square wave to sine and triangle wave!

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B. Final reports requirement for minimum grade

Give explanation regarding the Linear & Non-Linear amplifier!

Explain how comparator and schmitt trigger works!

Explain the difference between comparator and schmitt trigger!

Comparator and Schmitt trigger application!

Observe the figure below:


+ 15 V
Vin
+ 15 V

10 K

Vout

5 K

Display the output signal using multisim with an input voltage of:
a) 4 Vpp
b) 8 Vpp
c) 12 Vpp
Find the reference voltage of the circuit above! Compare the simulation result
(multisim) with theory!

Design Schmitt Trigger amplifier with UTP (VTH) = 4 V, LTP (VTL) = -2 V,


and Vin (Sine Wave) = 15 Vpp. Simulate the circuit using multisim and
display the output signal! (Note : Vcc = 15 V and Vee = -15 V)

Derive the formula for the summing amplifier!

Derive the formula for the differential amplifier!

If

Explain how the integrator and derivative amplifier works!

Analyze the integrator and derivative amplifier response!

Integrator and derivative amplifier formula!

Make a derivative amplifier which represents the function 5 2 = 3

R2 R4
, derive the formula for the differential amplifier!

R1 R3

(representation in volts). Use Multisim to display the comparison between the


input and output voltage. Analyze the result! (Note : Vcc = 15 V and Vee = -15
V)
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Calculate the gain of the circuit below, if Vin1 = 2 Volt, Vin2 = 3 Volt and Vin3 =
5 Volt.

Calculate the output voltage and compare it with the result you get from
Multisim! (note : Vcc = 15 V and Vee = -15 V)

Create an integrator circuit so that if a 5 Vp square signal with a frequency of 1


KHz is applied to its input, the output will be a 10 Vp triangular signal. Do the
simulation using Multisim! (Note: Vcc = 15 V dan Vee = -15 V)

Simulate experiment 7.1, 7.2, 7.5, and 7.6 using Multisim. Record the result.
Analyze and compare the experiment result with the result you get from
Multisim! (Note: Vcc = 15 V and Vee = -15 V)

Analyze experiment data and compare the result with theory!

Analyze the circuit in experiment!

Write conclusions for the experiment!

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V. Appendix
A. Guidance Appendix

Dip 1 (Module selector)

Dip 2 (Integrator circuit

Dip 3 (Derivative circuit

value selector)

value selector)

1.

Comparator

1.

NC

1.

1F

2.

Schmitt Trigger

2.

NC

2.

100nF

3.

Integrator

3.

NC

3.

10nF

4.

Derivative

4.

100nF

4.

1nF

5.

10nF

5.

100pF

6.

1nF

6.

10pF

7.

100pF

7.

NC

8.

10pF

8.

NC

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Experiment 7

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