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II. Scope
A. Theory
a. Comparator and Schmitt Trigger
Comparator and Schmitt Trigger are comparison circuit which compare the
voltage between the inverting and noninverting input. The differences between
comparator and schmiit trigger are their feedback and reference voltage.
Comparator has one reference voltage while Schmitt trigger have two reference
voltage (UTP Upper Trigger Point and LTP Lower Trigger Point).
Figure 7.1
b. Summing Amplifier
Summing amplifier is an amplifier that amplifies the total sum of input
voltages it receives. A summing amplifier build using Op-Amp will amplify the
total sum of input voltages on its inverting input. The output voltage can be
calculated as follows:
R1=2k2
V1
R2=4k7
V2
Rf=10k
R3=10k
V3
With :
Vout
Av1 = - Rf / R1
R=1k
Av2 = - Rf / R2
Av3 = - Rf / R3
Figure 7.2
c. Differential Amplifier
Differential amplifier is an amplifier that amplifies the difference between
two input voltages.
Differential Amplifier will
amplify the difference between
two input voltages:
R2=10k
V1
R1=1k
V2
R3=1k
Vd = (V2 V1)
+
R4=10k
Vout
If:
R2 R4
R1 R3
d. Integrator
Integrator is a circuit which integrates the input signal. Aside from being an
integrator, the circuit also serves as a Low Pass Filter, if observed in the
frequency domain. Integrator changes the shape of the input signal; If the input
signal is square shaped, then the output signal will be triangular, if the input
signal is triangular, then the output signal will be parabolic.
Rf
t
Vout
Ri
Vin
1 RF C RF C
e
e Vin dt k .e RF C
Ri C
If the R f 10 X C
Vout
Figure 7.4
Characteristic Frequency:
fC
1
2 R f C
e. Derivative Circuit
Derivative circuit is a circuit which derivates the input signal. Aside from
being a derivative circuit, the circuit also serves as a High Pass Filter, if observed
in the frequency domain. Derivative circuit changes the shape of the input signal;
If the input signal is triangular, then the output signal will be square shaped, if the
input signal is square shaped, then the output signal will be an impulse signal.
Rf
C
Vo R f C
Vin
Vout
R
Figure 7.5
dVi
dt
Characteristic Frequency:
fC
1
2 R f C
B. Reference
1. Thomas L. Floyd. (2005). Electronic Devices, Conventional Current Version. 7.
Pearson, Prentice Hall. New Jersey.
2. Robert L. Boylestad & Louis Nashelsky. (2006). Electronics Device and Circuit
Theory. 9. Pearson, Prentice Hall. New Jersey.
3. Robert T. Paynter. (2003). Introductory Electronic Devices and Circuits, Electron
Flow Version. 6. Pearson, Prentice Hall. New Jersey.
4. Malvino, Albert Paul. (1985). Semiconductor Circuit Approximations. 4.
McGraw-Hill.
5. Summing Amplifier: http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/opamp_4.html
6. DifferentialAmplifier:http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/opamp_5.html
7. Integrator: http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/opamp_6.html
8. Derivative: http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/opamp/opamp_7.html
9. Op Amp Animation: http://www.eas.asu.edu/~holbert/ece201/opamp.html
10. Questions: http://webpages.ursinus.edu/lriley/ref/circuits/node5.html
11. Op Amp Application:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier_applications
12. Average and Sum Amplifier:
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_3/chpt_8/8.html
13. Integrator and Derivative Circuit:
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_3/chpt_8/11.html
III. Devices
Osciloscope
Signal Generator
Terminal Cable
Vcc
1K
15K
V in
1M
LM311
Vout
2K
47uF
R1
Figure 7.6
1. Turn on PIN 1 from Module Selector DIP Switch to use
Comparator Module and turn off all other pins.
2. Apply 10 Vpp Sine wave at Vin.
3. Turn potensiometer R1 to minimum (CW).
4. Use the Osciloscope to observe the output signal and plot it in the
LPS.
5. Then turn potensiometer R1 to maximum (CCW).
6. Repeat step 3.
CW
Electronic Devices Guidance
Experiment 7
CCW
Computer Engineering Laboratory
Page 5 of 13
2. Schmitt Trigger
Figure 7.7
1. Turn on PIN 2 of Module Selector DIP Switch to use Schmitt Trigger
Module and turn off all other pins.
2. Turn OFF all Schmitt Trigger DIP Switch pins.
3. Set Vin to 20 Vpp.
4. Use the Oscilloscope to observe the output signal and plot it in the LPS.
5. Turn ON all Schmitt Trigger DIP Switch pins.
6. Repeat Step 3.
ALL DIP-SW ON
Output
3. Summing Amplifier
R1=2k2
V1
V2
V3
R2=4k7
Rf=10k
R3=10k
Vout
R=1k
Figure 7.8
1. Design the circuit above in the experiment board.
2. Apply an input signal of 1 Vpp with a frequency of 1 KHz to V1. Set R1 to
2K2.
3. Use the Osciloscope to measure Vout and write the result in Table 7.1.
4. Replace V1 and R1 with V2 = 1 Vpp, f = 1KHz and R2 = 4K7. Measure Vout and
record the result in Table 7.1.
5. Replace V2 and R2 with V3 = 1 Vpp, f = 1KHz and R3 = 10K. Measure Vout and
record the result in Table 7.1.
6. Apply V1, V2 and V3 configuration as shown in Figure 7.8 and record the total
voltage.
Table 7.1
V1 (R1)
V2 (R2)
V3 (R3)
Vtotal
Vo (Vpp)
4. Differential Amplifier
Figure 7.9
1. Design the circuit above in the experiment board, with R1 = R3 = 1 K and
R2 = R4 = 10 K.
2. Apply V1 and V2 as shown in Figure 7.9
Vin
V1
V2
Figure 7.10
3. Apply an input signal of 1 Vpp with a frequency of 1 KHz and use the
osciloscope to measure V1, V2 and Vout. Record the result in Table 7.2.
4. Repeat step 3, after changing Vin to 2 Vpp.
5. Remove the additional circuit (Figure 7.10) so that all thats left is the
circuit in Figure 7.9.
6. Connect V1 and V2, then apply an input signal of 1 Vpp with a frequency
of 1 KHz.
7. Record the output voltage in Table 7.2.
Table 7.2
Vin(Vpp)
V1
V2
Vout
1
2
1 (V1 & V2
connected)
5. Integrator
Figure 7.11
1. Turn on PIN 3 of Module Selector DIP Switch to use Integrator Module and
turn off all other pins.
2. Turn OFF all Integrator DIP Switch pins.
3. Apply an input signal of 1 Vpp with a frequency of 1 KHz and Rf = 100k.
Change the capacitor value using DIP 2 (see appendix) according to Table 7.3.
4. Record the data in Table 7.3. (T = output signal period)
Table 7.3
C (Farad)
100n
10n
1n
100p
10p
T
VO
6. Apply a square wave signal and observe the output signal. Plot the input and
output signal in the graphic below.
Input
Output
7. Repeat step 6 after changing the input signal to sine and triangular wave.
6. Derivative
Figure 7.12
1. Turn on PIN 4 of Module Selector DIP Switch to use Integrator Module and
turn off all other pins.
2. Turn OFF all Derivative DIP Switch pins.
3. Apply an input signal of 1 Vpp with a frequency of 1 KHz and Rf = 100k.
Change the capacitor value using DIP 3 (see appendix) according to Table 7.4.
4. Record the data in Table 7.4. (T = output signal period)
Tabel 7.4
C (Farad)
100n
10n
1n
100p
10p
T
VO
5. Apply square wave, then observe output signal shape. Plot input and output
signal in the graphic below.
input
output
6. Repeat step six by changing square wave to sine and triangle wave!
10 K
Vout
5 K
Display the output signal using multisim with an input voltage of:
a) 4 Vpp
b) 8 Vpp
c) 12 Vpp
Find the reference voltage of the circuit above! Compare the simulation result
(multisim) with theory!
If
R2 R4
, derive the formula for the differential amplifier!
R1 R3
Calculate the gain of the circuit below, if Vin1 = 2 Volt, Vin2 = 3 Volt and Vin3 =
5 Volt.
Calculate the output voltage and compare it with the result you get from
Multisim! (note : Vcc = 15 V and Vee = -15 V)
Simulate experiment 7.1, 7.2, 7.5, and 7.6 using Multisim. Record the result.
Analyze and compare the experiment result with the result you get from
Multisim! (Note: Vcc = 15 V and Vee = -15 V)
V. Appendix
A. Guidance Appendix
value selector)
value selector)
1.
Comparator
1.
NC
1.
1F
2.
Schmitt Trigger
2.
NC
2.
100nF
3.
Integrator
3.
NC
3.
10nF
4.
Derivative
4.
100nF
4.
1nF
5.
10nF
5.
100pF
6.
1nF
6.
10pF
7.
100pF
7.
NC
8.
10pF
8.
NC