Educational Session Geosynthetics in Reinforced Soil Structures

Educational session
Geosynthetics in reinforced soil structures

AOR Dipl.-Ing. Gerhard Bru
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Martin Ziegler

Geotechnik im Bauwesen, RWTH Aachen University
1
Educational session
Geotechnik im Bauwesen
Geotechnical Engineering
Univ.- Prof. Dr.-Ing. Martin Ziegler
Educational session
1. Introduction:
Functioning of geosynthetic reinforcement in soil (M. Ziegler)
2. Introduction:
Overview of EBGEO (G. Bru)
3. Example:
Geosynthetic reinforced retaining wall (M. Ziegler)
4. Example:
Earth dam (G. Bru)
2
Educational session
Functioning of geosynthetic reinforcement in soil

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Martin Ziegler
Geotechnik im Bauwesen, RWTH Aachen University
1. Introduction
2. Applications of Ground Reinforcement
3. Interaction between Reinforcement and Soil
4. Summary and Conclusions
Supported by
3
Educational session
1. Introduction
4
Educational session
1. Introduction
http://bauwiki.tugraz.at/bin/view/Baulexikon/BeWehrung
http://www.baunetzwissen.de/objektartikel/Beton-Haus-fuer-Musik-undMusiktheater-in-Graz-A_775168.html?img=3&layout=galerie
5
Educational session
1. Introduction
Courtesy Huesker
6
Educational session
1. Introduction
Temple Ziggurat in Aqar Quf (Mesopotamia, near Bagdad) 1500-1300 B.C.
Vogt/TUM
Stabilisation of foundation and brick walls with reed mats

7
Educational session
1. Introduction
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Pantheon_innen.jpg
http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Datei:Roemerkanal_buschhoven.jpg
&filetimestamp=20050602123409
Segment of the 116km long old Roman

Eifel water-channel (1 cent. AD)
Pantheon Rome
Invention of Opus Caementitium - ancestor of concrete (1 century AD)
8
Educational session
2. Applications
Foundation cushion
Steep slopes
Bridge abutment
Reinforcement
of base course
Embankments
Railway and
roadworks
Pile foundation
Bridging of
sinkholes
Applications of ground reinforcement

9
Educational session
2. Applications
Retaining wall with geogrids (Netlon LTD. UK)

10
Educational session
2. Applications
Courtesy Huesker
11
Educational session
2. Applications
Courtesy Huesker
Slope stabilization in Trento Italy

12
Educational session
2. Applications
Foundation cushion
Steep slopes
Bridge abutment
Reinforcement
of base course
Embankments
Railway and
roadworks
Pile foundation
Bridging of
sinkholes

13
Educational session
2. Applications
Bridge abutment at Ullerslev,
Denmark, 1991
Maybe the first geogrid reinforced
bridge abutment in Europe
Courtesy Huesker
Bridge abutment
14
Educational session
2. Applications
support
construction
precast
concrete
girder
Huesker Fortrac
140/30-30 MP
Huesker Fortrac
140/30-30 MP
Courtesy IBH Herold
Geogrid reinforced
construction w ith gabion
facing
First permanent bridge abutment

in Germany with geogrid reinforced
earth and gabion-facing
Ilse bridge, 2000
15
Educational session
non w oven fabric

for separation
geogrids
gabion
80/15
0
filling of reinforced area

0/45
2. Applications
Foundation cushion
Steep slopes
Bridge abutment
Reinforcement
of base course
Embankments
Railway and
roadworks
Pile foundation
Bridging of
sinkholes

16
Educational session
2. Applications
Courtesy Tensar
Stabilization of a site road with geogrids combined with a nonwoven

17
Educational session
2. Applications
Courtesy Bru
Courtesy Bru
unreinforced
reinforced
Stabilization of a site road with geogrids in combination with a

nonwoven fabric
18
Educational session
2. Applications
Courtesy Huesker
Courtesy Huesker
Courtesy Naue
Courtesy Naue
Use of geogrids and geotextiles over soft soil under the base course
19
Educational session
2. Applications
Foundation cushion
Steep slopes
Bridge abutment
Reinforcement
of base course
Embankments
Railway and
roadworks
Pile foundation
Bridging of
sinkholes

20
Educational session
2. Applications
Paulinenaue: German Rail 2003
cross section with two geogrid layers
Courtesy Huesker
Embankment on cemented stone colums in soft soil

21
Educational session
2. Applications
Courtesy Huesker
Courtesy Huesker
Selby Bypass, UK, 2002

Mixed solution
Geogrids FORTRAC M (PVA)
& FORTRAC (PET)
Courtesy Huesker
Embankment on reinforced concrete piles in soft soil

22
Educational session
2. Applications
Geosynthetic encased sand-columns

23
Educational session
2. Applications
courtesy Mbius
courtesy Mbius
Manufacture of
geosynthetic encased
sand-columns
24
Educational session
courtesy Mbius
2. Applications
Foundation of an embankment on geosynthetic encased sand columns

land reclamation Deutsche Airbus, Mhlenberger Loch
25
Educational session
2. Applications
October 2001, courtesy Airbus Deutschland GmbH
Land reclamation Airbus Mhlenberger Loch

26
Educational session
2. Applications
Foundation cushion
Steep slopes
Bridge abutment
Reinforcement
of base course
Embankments
Railway and
roadworks
Pile foundation
Bridging of
sinkholes

27
Educational session
2. Applications
Collapse sink phenomena

28
Educational session
2. Applications
Highway A 143,
Germany, 2004, Fortrac
R 1200/100-10 AM
Courtesy Huesker
Bridging of
sinkholes with highstrength geogrids
29
Educational session
Courtesy Huesker
2. Applications
coverage
geogrid
ringdyke
tailings - pond
Courtesy Naue
Courtesy Naue
Courtesy Naue
Coverage of tailings-pond
30
Educational session
3. Interaction
Field test at a temporarliy abutment

highway A8 (Germany)
(Bru a. Floss, 2000)
Stability analysis (global)

calculated:
measured:
h = 1,4
h >> 1,4
Enlargement of bearing capacity

31
Educational session
3. Interaction
nad Nisou - Stelnice
Enlargement ofJablonec
Jablonec-Stelnice
Stadium
Extensometr No.1
0,50%
Strain (%)
2m over GL
=0,4%
0,40%
0,30%
4m over GL
2,0
4,0
7,0
0,20%
10,0
courtesy Herle
10m over GL
0,10%
0,00%
1
100
Days (log scale)
3 years
10000
Strain - measurement
with extensometers in different layers (Herle 2006)
courtesy Herle
32
Educational session
Reduction of deformations
3. Interaction
Q
theoretical
stress
distribution
detail
reinforcement
bar
crack
real load
transfer
M
+
complete
bond
l/2
l/2
bending moments
M=
Ql
4
Load transfer in a reinforced concrete beam

33
Educational session
P
T
3. Interaction
deviatoric plane
1 = 2 = 3
3
O
D
metal
limit state surface
1
2 = 3
soil
3
2
2
3
Principal stress state

34
Educational session
3. Interaction
isotropic path: high stresses, low deformation
deviatoric plane
1 = 2 = 3
O
D
deviatoric path: approaching limit state, high deformation
possible
stress-states
not
possible
favourable
limit state surface

2 = 3
1 = 2 = 3
1
not possible
2 = 3
23
Principal stress state

35
Educational session
3. Interaction
Large triaxial compression test apparatus ( 500mm)
hydraulic plunger
3 (vacuum)
loading plate
elastic
cover
geogrids
measuring
band
base
course
0/45
H 1,1m
DU
D = 0,5m
36
Educational session
3. Interaction
37
Educational session
3. Interaction
unreinforced
reinforced
Geogrids
1,unreinf. = 1,reinf.
unreinf. >> reinf.
38
Educational session
3. Interaction
Radial Strains
39
Educational session
3. Interaction
Radial Strains
Confining Effect of the Reinforcement
40
Educational session
3. Interaction
Courtesy Naue
increasing lateral pressure with increasing load

without remarkable deformations
Courtesy Huesker
41
Educational session
Interlocking effect
3. Interaction
courtesy Naue
The effect of interlocking mechanism

42
Educational session
3. Interaction
Stress path for unreinforced triaxial testing (CD)
1
[kN/m]
3 = c
1
43
Educational session
3
[kN/m]
3. Interaction
Stress path for reinforced triaxial testing (CD)
1
1
1
[kN/m]
new failure point
3
3
Freinf.
Freinf.
3
1
3
[kN/m]
Activation of the
3: Additional
1: Increase of the Load
Reinforcement
Confining Effect
Bearing Capacity
44
Educational session
3. Interaction
failure point
with reinforcement
= tan
failure point
without reinforcement
3+D3
45
Educational session
1+D1
3. Interaction
Test Set-Up for the comparison of a unreinforced
and a reinforced bearing layer
0,12m
0,12m
Geogrid
Geogitter
Tragschicht
Load Bearing Layer
0,2m
Soft Soil
Weichschicht
Tragschicht
Load
Bearing Layer
Soft Soil
Weichschicht
0,8m
0,8m
1,0m
46
Educational session
2x
0,1m
1,0m
3. Interaction
unreinforced
bearing layer
soft soil
reinforced
bearing layer
geogrid
soft soil
Better Load Distribution

leads to less loading of subsoil
47
Educational session
3. Interaction
100
Footing Stress
[kPa]
Fundamentlast
[kN/m]
200
300
400
500
600
Fundamentsetzung
[mm]
Footing Settlement
[mm]
20
40
unreinforced
unbewehrt
60
80
Ds
bewehrt
reinforced
100
120
270 kPa
Different settlements for unreinforced and reinforced subgrade

at the same load
48
Educational session
3. Interaction
Stress paths under a runnning wheel
v
h=Kav
h=K0v
v0
h0
v=h
h
49
Educational session
3. Interaction
unreinforced subgrade
Q
Dh1
Dv
v
h=Kav
2
vQ
v0
h=K0v
1
h0 hQ
v=h
h
50
Educational session
3. Interaction
reinforced subgrade
Q
geogrid
Dh1
Dv
v
h=Kav
2
vQ
v0
h=K0v
1
h0 hQ
v=h
h
51
Educational session
v0
1
h0
3. Interaction
reinforced subgrade
Q
Q
geogrid
Dh1
Dv
Dh2 > Dh1

Dv
v
h=Kav
2
vQ
v0
h=K0v
1
h0 hQ
v=h
h
52
Educational session
vQ
v0
1
h0
hQ
3. Interaction
Test Set-Up
1= 50kPa
Development and distribution of the

earth pressure on the wall facing
53
Educational session
Kinematic behaviour
of soil grains
3. Interaction
Development of earth pressure
-1/3 Ea
No extra deformation required for geogrid activation!
54
Educational session
3. Interaction
Digital Image Correlation (DIC)
Particle displacements
Particle rotations
from: Tropea et al. (2008)
55
Educational session
3. Interaction
Sliding Planes
rot.
Geogrids: unreinforced
56
Educational session
3. Interaction
Sliding Planes
unreinforced
2 Geogrids
5 Geogrids
increasing
reinforcement
57
Educational session
less soil
moving
less
earth pressure!
3. Interaction
DIC-results (detail section)
horizontal displacements
max
max.
displacement
no
displacment
(geogrid not connected to facing)
58
Educational session
3. Interaction
Corresponding kinematic model
Primary
sliding body
Zone of major
failure planes
Secundary
sliding body
Detail
section
Geogrids
unconfined soil
(failure plane of
unreinforced soil)
59
Educational session
Illustration of the reinforcing effect
from: www.depechemode.de
road blocks
60
Educational session
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. M. Ziegler
4. Summary and Conclusions
Summary and conclusions

- Ground reinforcement (with geosynthetics) is an effective way to increase
the bearing capacity of different geotechnical constructions
- Under equal load the deformations of a reinforced construction are much
less than the ones of an unreinforced one
-The increase in bearing capacity and the decrease in deformations can
be explained by the change of the high deviatoric stress state in the
unreinforced case to a more isotropic one in the reinforced state.
- This change is caused by the interlocking effect of the geogrid which
enables the increase of an equivalent confining stress without remarkable
deformations.
61
Educational session
Thank you for your attention
Tests in Kyushu, Japan

62
Educational session

Educational Session Geosynthetics in Reinforced Soil Structures

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Educational session

Geosynthetics in reinforced soil structures

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Martin Ziegler

Functioning of geosynthetic reinforcement in soil

Stabilisation of foundation and brick walls with reed mats

Segment of the 116km long old Roman

Applications of ground reinforcement

Retaining wall with geogrids (Netlon LTD. UK)

Slope stabilization in Trento Italy

Applications of ground reinforcement

Courtesy IBH Herold

First permanent bridge abutment

non w oven fabric

filling of reinforced area

Applications of ground reinforcement

Stabilization of a site road with geogrids combined with a nonwoven

Stabilization of a site road with geogrids in combination with a

Applications of ground reinforcement

Embankment on cemented stone colums in soft soil

Selby Bypass, UK, 2002

Embankment on reinforced concrete piles in soft soil

Geosynthetic encased sand-columns

Foundation of an embankment on geosynthetic encased sand columns

October 2001, courtesy Airbus Deutschland GmbH

Land reclamation Airbus Mhlenberger Loch

Applications of ground reinforcement

Collapse sink phenomena

Field test at a temporarliy abutment

Stability analysis (global)

Enlargement of bearing capacity

Days (log scale)

Load transfer in a reinforced concrete beam

limit state surface

Principal stress state

deviatoric path: approaching limit state, high deformation

limit state surface

Principal stress state

Large triaxial compression test apparatus ( 500mm)

Confining Effect of the Reinforcement

increasing lateral pressure with increasing load

The effect of interlocking mechanism

new failure point

1: Increase of the Load

Better Load Distribution

Different settlements for unreinforced and reinforced subgrade

Dh2 > Dh1

Development and distribution of the

No extra deformation required for geogrid activation!

Digital Image Correlation (DIC)

from: Tropea et al. (2008)

(geogrid not connected to facing)

Illustration of the reinforcing effect

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. M. Ziegler

4. Summary and Conclusions

Summary and conclusions

Thank you for your attention

Tests in Kyushu, Japan

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