Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
I.
Introduction
A boiler is an enclosed vessel in which water is heated and
circulated, either as hot water, steam, or superheated steam for the
purpose of heating, powering, and/or producing electricity. The furnace of
the boiler is where the fuel and air are introduced to combust; fuel/ air
mixtures are normally introduced into the furnace by using burners, where
the flames are formed. The resulting hot gases travel through a series of
heat exchangers, where heat is transferred to the water flowing through
them. The combustion gases are finally released to the atmosphere via
the stack of exhaust section of the boiler.
II.
III.
A. Boiler shell: It is made up of steel plates bent into cylindrical from reverted
or welded together. A boiler shell should have sufficient capacity to contain
water and steam.
B. Combustion chamber: It is the space generally below the boiler shell,
meant for burning fuel in order to produce steam from the water contained
in the shell.
C. Gate: It is the platform in the combustion chamber, upon which fuel is
burnt. The gate, generally consist of cast iron bars which are spaced a
part so that air can pass through them. The surface is of the gate over
which the fire takes place is called gate surface.
D. Furnace: It is the space above the gate and the boiler shell in which the
fuel is actually burnt the furnace is also called fire box.
E. Heating surface: It is that part of boiler surface which exposed to the fire.
F. Mountings: There are the fittings which are mounted on the boiler for its
proper functioning. A boiler cannot function safely without mountings.
Through there are many types of boiler mountings yet the following are
important from the subject point view.
1. Water indicator: It is an important fitting which indicate the water
level inside the boiler to an observer.
2. Pressure gauge: A pressure gauge is used to measure the pressure
of the steam boiler. It is fixed in front of the steam boiler.
3. Safety valves: There are the devices attached to the steam chest
for preventing explosions due to excessive internal pressure of
steam. There are four types of safety valves.
a) Lever safety valve
b) Dead weight safety valve
c) High steam and low water safety valve
d) Spring loaded safety valve
4. Stop valve: It is the largest valve on the steam boiler. It is used to
control the flow of steam from boiler to the main steam pipe.
5. Blow off cock: It is fitted to the bottom of a boiler drum and consists
of a conical plug fitted to the body or casting. Its function is to
empty the boiler whenever required and to discharge the mud,
scale or sediments which are accumulated at the bottom of the
boiler.
6. Feed check valve: It is a non-return valve fitted to a screwed
spindle to regulate the lift. Its function is to regulate the supply
water which pumped into the boiler by the feed pump.
7. Fusible plug: It is fitted to the crown plate of the furnace or the fire.
Its object is to put off the fire in the furnace of the boiler when the
level of water in the boiler falls to an unsafe limit and thus avoids
the implosion which may take place due to overheating of the
furnace plate.
8. Blow down valve: It is fitted to the lower side of the boiler. Its
function is to reduce the impurities of the boiler.
G. Accessories: These are the devices which form an integral part of a boiler
but are not mounted on it. It may be noted that the accessories help in
controlling and running the boiler efficiency.
Though there are many types of accessories yet the following are
important from the subject point of view.
1. Feed pump: A feed pump needed to deliver water to the boiler. The
pressure of feed water is 20% more than that in the boiler. The feed
pump may be classified as simplex, duplex, triplex pumps
according to the number of pump of cylinder.
2. Super heater: A super heater is an important device of a steam
generating unit. Its purpose is to increase the temperature of
saturated steam without raising its pressure. It is generally an
integral part of a boiler and is placed in the path of hot flue gases
from the fluency. The heat given up by these flue gases is used in
super heating the steam.
3. Economizer: An Economizer preheater is used to recover heat from
the exhaust flue gases. It is installed between the economizer and
chimney. The air required for the purpose of combustion is drawn
through the air preheater where its temperature is raised. There is
an increase of about 2% in the boiler efficiency for each 35-40%
raise in temperature of air.
4. Air preheater: Air preheater are heat exchanger to preheat or air
heating of the combustion air by means of flue gas, steam, water or
thermal oil. Air preheaters are used when exhaust temperatures of
combustion systems are particularly high.
IV.
BOILER OPERATION
A. Before starting the Boiler
The following things should be checked thoroughly before starting
the boiler:
1. All the up-takes for the exhaust gases should be checked
properly for a clear flow and to prevent any kind of obstacle or
diversion. All the dampers should be checked for open position.
All the vents should also be kept open.
5. Start the boiler in automatic mode. The burner fan will start the
purging cycle which will remove any gases present in the
furnace by forcing it out through the funnel.
6. After the pre-set purge time the pilot burner will ignite. The pilot
burner consists of two electrodes, through which a large current
is passed, via the transformer, producing the spark between the
electrodes. The pilot burner is supplied with diesel oil and when
the oil passes over, the former ignites.
7. The main burner which is supplied by heavy oil catches fire with
the help of pilot burner.
8. Check the combustion chamber from the sight glass to ensure
the burner has lit and the flame is satisfactory.
9. Keep a close eye on the water level as the pressure increases
and open the feed water when the level of water inside the
gauge glass is stable.
10. Close the vent valve after the steam starts coming outside.
11. Open the steam stop valve.
12. Once the working steam pressure is reached, blow down the
gauge glass and float chambers to check for the alarms.
C. Stopping a boiler
1. If the boiler is needed to be stopped for longer duration for
maintenance or opened up for survey, change the fuel to
distillate fuel.
2. If separate heating arrangement for heavy oil is present then
theres is no need to change over to distillate fuel and the oil is
3.
4.
5.
6.
V.
Refferences
http://www.banksengineering.com/shutdown.htm
http://www.marineinsight.com/tech/boiler/boiler-operation-made-easyprocedure-for-starting-and-stopping-a-boiler/
http://www.brighthubengineering.com/marine-enginesmachinery/43844-boiler-starting-procedure-checks-and-techniques/
http://pages.qualichem.com/blog/8-steps-to-a-proper-boiler-startupprocedure
http://www.maxxtec.com/en/product/automatisch-aus-titelgenerieren/heat-exchanger/air-preheater
http://newmachineparts.blogspot.com/2012/09/boiler.html
https://www.myodesie.com/wiki/index/returnEntry/id/3061
http://www.e-inst.com/combustion/what-is-a-boiler