Lung cancer

Lung cancer is a disease in which some malignant cells grow in the lungs. Mostly lung cancer occur between the
ages of 45 and 75 after years of exposure to cigarette smoke or other pollutants. In many cases the disease
is preventable: 90 percent of cases are caused by smoking. Nonsmokers have only a small risk to this disease.

What causes cancer?

Cancer is ultimately the result of cells that uncontrollably grow and do not die. Normal cells in the body
follow an orderly path of growth, division, and death. Programmed cell death is called apoptosis, and when this
process breaks down, cancer begins to form. Unlike regular cells, cancer cells do not experience
programmatic death and instead continue to grow and divide. This leads to a mass of abnormal cells that
grows out of control.
Lung cancer occurs when a lung cell's gene mutation makes the cell unable to correct DNA damage and
unable to commit suicide. Mutations can occur for a variety of reasons. Most lung cancers are the result of
inhaling carcinogenic substances.
Carcinogens
Carcinogens are a class of substances that are directly responsible for damaging DNA, promoting or aiding
cancer. Tobacco, asbestos, arsenic, radiation such as gamma and x-rays, the sun, and compounds in car
exhaust fumes are all examples of carcinogens. When our bodies are exposed to carcinogens, free radicals
are formed that try to steal electrons from other molecules in the body. These free radicals damage cells
and affect their ability to function and divide normally.
About 87% of lung cancers are related to smoking and inhaling the carcinogens in tobacco smoke. Even
exposure to second-hand smoke can damage cells so that cancer forms.
Genes
Cancer can be the result of a genetic predisposition that is inherited from family members. It is possible to
be born with certain genetic mutations or a fault in a gene that makes one statistically more likely to develop
cancer later in life. Genetic predispositions are thought to either directly cause lung cancer or greatly
increase one's chances of developing lung cancer from exposure to certain environmental factors.

Leukemia

In leukemia a large number of abnormal white blood cells are produced. These malignant cells are released
into the blood, so they are carried out throughout the body. They may infiltrate other body tissues including
the liver the skin, and the Central Nervous System. Despite Leukemias reputation as a childhood disease, it
mainly affects people over 60, especially men.
Leukemia usually involves the white blood cells. Your white blood cells are potent infection fighters they
normally grow and divide in an orderly way, as your body needs them. But in people with leukemia, the bone
marrow produces abnormal white blood cells, which don't function properly.
Treatment for leukemia can be complex depending on the type of leukemia and other factors. But there
are strategies and resources that can help to make your treatment successful.
Symptoms
Leukemia symptoms vary, depending on the type of leukemia. Common leukemia signs and symptoms include:

Fever or chills

Persistent fatigue, weakness

Frequent or severe infections

Losing weight without trying

Swollen lymph nodes, enlarged liver or spleen

Easy bleeding or bruising

Recurrent nosebleeds

Tiny red spots in your skin (petechiae)

Excessive sweating, especially at night

Bone pain or tenderness

Skin Cancer

It occurs when ultraviolet rays damages the genetic material of the basal cells located in the skin. The most
common site for it is the face, although it may appear anywhere on the body. With early detection and
treatment, it can be cured in 95 percent of the cases. People with fair skin, blue eyes or red or blond hair are
mostly at risk, because they have relatively little natural pigment protection. So, as much as possible, avoid
exposure to direct sunlight between 10am and 3pm to avoid this disease.
The most common risk factors for skin cancer are as follows.
Ultraviolet light exposure, either from the sun or from tanning beds. Fair-skinned individuals, with
hazel or blue eyes, and people with blond or red hair are particularly vulnerable. The problem is worse
in areas of high elevation or near the equator where sunlight exposure is more intense.
A chronically suppressed immune system (immunosuppression) from underlying diseases such
as HIV/AIDS infection or cancer, or from some medications such as prednisone or chemotherapy
Exposure to ionizing radiation (X-rays) or chemicals known to predispose to cancer such as arsenic
Certain types of sexually acquired wart virus inf
Skin Cancer Symptoms and Signs
BCC is the most common type of skin cancer and has a predilection for sun-exposed skin. Tumors may appear
as a pearly or waxy bumps usually with visible blood vessels (nodular BCC), or as a flat scaly reddish patch
(superficial BCC) with a brown border, or as a hard or scar-like lesion (sclerosing BCC). Frequently BCCs can
be itchy, often bleed, or in more advanced cases, ulcerate.

Heart Disease

A heart attack is a medical emergency that occurs when a portion of the heart is deprived of oxygen because
of the blockage of one of the coronary arteries, which supplies the blood to the heart muscles. One-third of
all heart attacks occur with no prior warning signs. Suitable emergency medical attention is crucial. If
treatment is received within a few hours chances of survival are good. Cigarette smoking, high blood
pressure, high cholesterol levels, a diet rich in saturated fat, obesity, lack of exercise and diabetes mellitus
promote heart diseases like heart attack etc. It is recommended to eat a diet low in fat, cholesterol and salt
to avoid heart diseases. Pursue a program of moderate, regular, aerobic exercise which can help us to reduce
the chances of heart diseases.
Symptoms of heart disease in your blood vessels (atherosclerotic disease)
Cardiovascular disease is caused by narrowed, blocked or stiffened blood vessels that prevent your heart,
brain or other parts of your body from receiving enough blood. Cardiovascular disease symptoms may be
different for men and women. For instance, men are more likely to have chest pain; women are more likely to
have symptoms such as shortness of breath, nausea and extreme fatigue.
Symptoms can include:

Chest pain (angina)

Shortness of breath
Pain, numbness, weakness or coldness in your legs or arms if the blood vessels in those parts of your
body are narrowed
Pain in the neck, jaw, throat, upper abdomen or back

You might not be diagnosed with cardiovascular disease until you have a heart attack, angina, stroke or heart
failure. It's important to watch for cardiovascular symptoms and discuss concerns with your doctor.
Cardiovascular disease can sometimes be found early with regular exams.
Causes of cardiovascular disease
While cardiovascular disease can refer to different heart or blood vessel problems, the term is often used
to mean damage to your heart or blood vessels by atherosclerosis (ath-ur-o-skluh-ROE-sis), a buildup of
fatty plaques in your arteries. Plaque buildup thickens and stiffens artery walls, which can inhibit blood flow
through your arteries to your organs and tissues.
Atherosclerosis is also the most common cause of cardiovascular disease. It can be caused by correctable
problems, such as an unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, being overweight and smoking

Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder with abnormally high blood glucose level as its most prominent
feature. People with diabetes may also suffer from low blood sugar if too much insulin is given for the
treatment. After 10 to 20 years of diabetes, patients are at risk of developing complications, such as kidney
damage, peripheral nerve degeneration and vision disorders. Strict control of blood glucose can prevent these
complications. Treatment of Diabetes mellitus is largely a process of self-management. Although there is no
cure, almost all people with diabetes are able to control their symptoms and lead prosperous and productive
lives.

Symptoms of marked hyperglycemia include polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, sometimes with polyphagia, and
blurred vision. Impairment of growth and susceptibility to certain infections may also accompany chronic
hyperglycemia. Acute, life-threatening consequences of uncontrolled diabetes are hyperglycemia with
ketoacidosis or the nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome.
Long-term complications of diabetes include retinopathy with potential loss of vision; nephropathy leading to
renal failure; peripheral neuropathy with risk of foot ulcers, amputations, and Charcot joints; and autonomic
neuropathy causing gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and cardiovascular symptoms and sexual dysfunction.
Patients with diabetes have an increased incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular, peripheral arterial, and
cerebrovascular disease. Hypertension and abnormalities of lipoprotein metabolism are often found in people
with diabetes.

Seizures or Epilepsy

Seizures are alterations in neuralgic functions resulting from bursts of abnormal electrical activity in the
brain. Partial seizures may trigger isolated localized movements-such as chewing, lip smacking or swallowing or
merely produce odd sensations, such as numbness. There is generally no cure for this disease still it can
usually be controlled with a variety of anticonvulsant medications. The cause of it may be the sudden,
explosive, highly synchronized firing of nervous in the brain. Brain damage, tumor or stroke may also cause it.
There is no known way to prevent it, but medications can control seizures in most cases.
Epilepsy is a chronic disorder, the hallmark of which is recurrent, unprovoked seizures. Many people with
epilepsy have more than one type of seizure and may have other symptoms of neurological problems as well.
Sometimes EEG testing, clinical history, family history and outlook are similar among a group of people with
epilepsy. In these situations, their condition can be defined as a specific epilepsy syndrome.
The human brain is the source of human epilepsy. Although the symptoms of a seizure may affect any part of
the body, the electrical events that produce the symptoms occur in the brain. The location of that event, how
it spreads and how much of the brain is affected, and how long it lasts all have profound effects. These
factors determine the character of a seizure and its impact on the individual. Esssentially, anything the brain
can do, it can do in the form of a seizure.
Having seizures and epilepsy can affect one's safety, relationships, work, driving and so much more. Public
perception and treatment of people with epilepsy are often bigger problems than actual seizures.
A person is diagnosed with epilepsy if they have one or more seizures that were not caused by some known
and reversible medical condition like alcohol withdrawal or extremely low blood sugar. The seizures in epilepsy
may be related to a brain injury or a family tendency, but often the cause is completely unknown. The word
"epilepsy" does not indicate anything about the cause of the person's seizures or their severity.

PROJECT
IN
SCIENCE
Submitted by:
Jim Henson O. Portea
G10-Sincerity
Submitted to:
MRS. CARBONILLA

PROJECT
IN
SCIENCE
Submitted by:
Daryl L. Padillo

G10-Sincerity
Submitted to:
MRS. CARBONILLA