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Solution:
We find
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Finding
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Example 3.12.
Find the Thevenin
equivalent of the circuit in
Fig as seen from
terminals a-b.
Example 3.12.
Solution:
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Example 3.12.
Example 3.12.
To obtain
, we remove
the independent source.
Due to the presence of the
dependent current source,
we connect a 3-A current
source nodeto terminals a-b
as shown in Fig.
At the node, KCL gives
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Example 3.12.
The Thevenin impedance is
PRACTICE PROBLEM
Determine the Thevenin equivalent of the circuit in Fig. as
Answer:
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Example 3.13.
Obtain current
Solution 3.13:
Our first objective is to find the Norton
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Solution 3.13:
, we short-circuit
terminals a-b as in Fig. And apply
mesh analysis.
To get
Solution 3.13:
At node a, due to the current
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Solution 3.13:
PRACTICE PROBLEM
Determine the Norton equivalent of the circuit in Fig. as
Answer:
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Example 3.11:
Determine
Solution:
We first transform the circuit
to the frequency domain.
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Solution 3.11:
Applying KCL at node 1, we
obtain;
PRACTICE PROBLEM
Find
and
5000 V.
Answer:
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Example 3.12:
Compute the closed-loop gain
Solution 3.12:
Since the circuit in Fig. is an
Substituting the given values of R1, R2, C1, C2, and , we obtain
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3.9 APPLICATIONS
The concepts learned in this chapter will be applied in
3.9.1.Capacitance Multiplier
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3.9.1.Capacitance Multiplier
In Fig. 10.41, the first op amp
Hence, at node 1,
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Example 3.13:
Calculate
Solution:
3.9.2. Oscillators
We know that dc is produced by batteries. But how do
we produce ac?
One way is using oscillators, which are circuits that
convert dc to ac.
An oscillator is a circuit that produces an ac
waveform as output when powered by a dc input.
The only external source an oscillator needs is the dc
power supply. Ironically, the dc power supply is usually
obtained by converting the ac supplied by the electric
utility company to dc. Having gone through the trouble of
conversion, one may wonder why we need to use the
oscillator to convert the dc to ac again.
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(1)
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must be in
phase with
, which implies that the ratio in Eq. (1) must
be purely real.
Hence, the imaginary part must be zero. Setting the
imaginary part equal to zero gives the oscillation
frequency
as
C, so that
(2)
(3)
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Example 3.14:
Design a Wien-bridge circuit to oscillate at 100 kHz.
Solution:
Using Eq. (3), we obtain the time constant of the circuit as
Rf = 20 k while Rg = 10 k .
Summary
1.
2.
3.
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Summary
4.
5.
6.
7.
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