Design of slender ( Long ) columns ( with biaxial bending )

Size of column
400
mm x
300
mm ,
Column is restrained aga
Concrete grade
M30
Characteristic strength of reinforcement
Fe415
Effective length for bending parallel to larger dimension ex =
6.0
m
Effective length for bending parallel to shorter dimension ey =
7.0
m
Unsupported length =
Factored load
1500
KN
Factored.moment in the direction of larger dimension =

40
22.5
30
20

kNm at top and

KNm at bottom
kNm at top and
KNm at bottom

bw =

230

mm.

Df =
D=
Beam depth =

120
600
620

mm.
mm.
mm.

Factored.moment in the direction of shorter dimension =

Solution : About x axis :
1 and 2 are the same

For Beam :
bf = l 0 / 6 + b w + 6 D f
= 0.7 x 5000 / 6 + 230 + 6 x 120
=
1533.3
bf / bw = 1533.3 / 230 =

5.0

6.67

Df / D = 120 / 600 =

0.2
Kt from chart 88 , SP : 16 =

2.07
Beam stiffness
Kb = 1.5 x Ib / l
= 1.5 x ( 2.07 x ( 1 / 12 ) x 230 x 6203 ) / 5000
= 2836699.02 mm3
Column stiffness
Kc = Ic / l = 1/12 x 230 x 4003 / 7000
= 175238 mm3
1 = 2 = Kc / ( Kc + Kb )
= 2 x 175238 / 2 ( 175238 + 2836699 )
=
0.0582
as per IS 456-2000 fig. 27
lef / l =
1.035
<
lex = 1.2 x unsupported length
= 1.2 ( 7000 - 620 )
=
7656
mm
lex / D = 7656/400
=
19.14
>
The column is long about x direction.
About Y axis :

1.2

12

..consider

1.2

Beam stiffness
Kb = 1.5 x Ib / l

Beam depth =

420

= 1.5 x ( ( 1 / 12 ) x 230 x 420 ) / 5000

= 426006 mm3
Column stiffness
Kc = Ic / l = 1/12 x 400 x 2303 / 7000
3

= 57938.1 mm3
1 = 2 = Kc / ( Kc + Kb )
= 2 x 57938.1 / 2 ( 57938.1 + 426006 )
=
0.1197
as per IS 456-2000 fig. 27
lef / l =
1.06
<

1.2

.consider

1.2

ley = 1.2 x unsupported length

= 1.2 ( 7000 -420 )
=
7896
mm
ley / b = 7896/300
=
26.32
>
12
The column is long about Y direction.
The column is bent in double curvature. Reinforcement will be distributed equally on four sides.
ex / D = 6000 / 400
=
15
>
12
ey / b = 5000 / 300
=
16.7
>
12
Therefore the column is slender about both the axes.
Additional moments
Max = ( Pu D / 2000 ) x ( ex / D )2
= ( 1500 x 400 / 2000 ) x (15)2 x 10-3
=
67.5
KNm
May = ( Pu b / 2000 ) x ( ey / b )2
= ( 1500 x 300 / 2000 ) x (16.7)2 x 10-3
=
62.50
KNm
The above moments will have to be reduced in accordance with clause 39.7.1.1 of the IS 456-2000
but multiplication factors can be evaluated only if the reinforcement is known.
For first trial , assume p =
Ag = 400 x 300
=

120000

( with reinforcement equally on all the four sides ).

Puz = 0.45 fck A

Ac = 400 x 300 - 120000*3/10

mm2

From chart 63 , puz / Ag =

Puz = 22.5 x 120000 x 10-3

=
2700
KN
Calculation of Pb :

22.5

N/mm2

OR

= 116400
Puz = 0.45 x 30 x 116400 x 10-3 + 0.
= 1571.4
=

2692

Assuming

25

mm dia bars with

40

mm cover

d' / D ( about xx-axis ) = 52.5 / 400 =

0.13

, say

0.15

d' / D ( about yy-axis ) = 52.5 / 300 =

0.18

, say

0.20

From Table 60 , SP 16
Pb ( about xx-axis ) = ( k1 + k2 p / fck ) fck b D

k1 =

0.196

k2 =

k1 =

0.184

k2 =

Pbx = ( 0.196 + 0.203 x 3 /30 ) 30 x 300 x 400 x10-3

=
779
KN
Pb ( about yy-axis ) = ( k1 + k2 p / fck ) fck b D
Pby = ( 0.184 + 0.028 x 3 /30 ) 30 x 300 x 400 x10-3
=
672
KN
Kx = ( Puz - Pu ) / ( Puz - Pbx )
= ( 2700 - 1500 ) / ( 2700 - 779 )
= 1200 / 1921
=
0.625
Ky = ( Puz - Pu ) / ( Puz - Pby )
= ( 2700 - 1500 ) / ( 2700 - 672 )
= 1200 / 2028
=
0.592
The additional moments calculated earlier , will now be multiplied by the above values of k .
Max = 67.5 x 0.625
42.2
KNm
May = 62.5 x 0.592
36.99
KNm
The additional moments due to slenderness effects should be added to the initial moments
after modifying the initial moments as follows ( see note 1 under 39.7.1 of the code IS 456-2000 )
Mux =

( 0.6 x 40 - 0.4 x 22.5 ) =

15.0

KNm

Muy =

( 0.6 x 30 - 0.4 x 20 ) =
10.0
KNm
The above actual moments should be compared with those calculated from minimum eccentricity
consideration ( see 25.4 of the code ) and greater value is to be taken as the initial moment for
adding the additional moments.
ex =
( / 500 ) + ( D / 30 ) =
ey =
( / 500 ) + ( b / 30 ) =
Moments due to minimum eccentricity :
Mux =
1500 x 27.33 x 10-3 =

( 7000 / 500 ) + ( 400 / 30) =

27.33

( 7000 / 500 ) + ( 300 / 30) =

24

41.0

KNm

>

15.0

Muy =
1500 x 24 x 10-3 =
36.0
KNm
Total moments for which the column is to be designed are :
Mux = 41.0 + 42.2 =
83.2
KNm

>

10.0

Muy = 36.0 + 36.99

72.99
KNm
The section is to be checked for biaxial bending
Pu / fck b D = 1500 x 103 / ( 30 x 300 x 400 )

= 0.417
p / fck =

3 / 30 =

0.1

referring to chart 45 (d' / D =

Mu / fck b D2 = 0.104

0.15

),

0.20

),

Mux1 = 0.104 x 30 x 300 x 4002 x 10-6

=

149.8

KNm

referring to chart 46 (d' / D =

Mu / fck b D2 = 0.096
Muy1 = 0.096 x 30 x 400 x 3002x 10-6
=
103.7
KNm
Mux / Mux1 = 83.2 / 149.8 =

0.56

Muy / Muy1 = 72.99 / 103.7 =

0.70

Pu / Puz = 1500 / 2700 =

0.56
referring to chart 64 , the maximum allowable value of M ux / Mux1 corresponding to the

above values of Muy / Muy1 and Pu / Puz is

0.58

which is slightly higher than the actual

value of 0.56 . The assumed reinforcement of 3.0 % is therefore satisfactory.

for Pu / Puz =
0.56
for Pu / Puz
0.4
From , IS 456-2000 , Clause 39.6
n =
1.594
check :
Mux

Mux1

Muy
Muy1

( 0.70 )

0.391

0.571

0.963

1.594
( 0.56 )

As = p x b x D / 100 = 3.0 x 300 x 400 / 100

=
3600
mm2
Provide
25
mm diameter bar
No. of Bar required = 3600 / 491 =
7.3
Provide
25
mm diameter bar of
8
Ties : O min = 25 / 4

Pu / Puz

for

1.33

0.6

1.67

0.2

differ.

0.04

differ.

1
1.594

.( O.K.)

Area of one bar = 491

no. say
8
no.
no. =
3925
mm2.

=
Provide

6.25
8

mm.
500

mm O M.S. ties.

Spacing should not exceed lesser of

(i)

300

( ii ) 16 x 25 =
( iii ) 48 x 8 =
Provide
8

mm
400
384
mm O M.S. ties @

mm
mm
300

300

mm c/c

Note that the distance between corner bars in one face is more than 48 O tr
( 500 - 80 -25 =
395
>
384
( 48 x 8 )) Therefore two sets of clos
Note that if this distance would be less than ( 48 x 8 ) mm , open ties for internal bars would be
sufficient.

Design of slender ( Long ) columns ( with Uniaxial bending )

Size of column
230
mm x
450
mm
Column of a braced frame
Concrete grade
M20
Characteristic strength of reinforcement
Fe415 HYSD reinforcement
Unsupported length in both the direction =
5.0
m
Factored load Pu =
1000
KN
Factored.moment in the direction of larger dimension M uxx =

80
60
Factored.moment in the direction of shorter dimension M uyy =
40
30
The column is bent in double curvature and is slender about both the axis.
The slenderness ratios ex / Ixx and ey / Iyy are respectively
13.2

KNm at top and

KNm at bottom
KNm at top and
KNm at bottom

and
Assume that the moments due to minimum eccentricities about both the axes are less than applied
moments.
Solution : Assume adjustment factor k =
0.8
for the first trial .
Additional moments
Max = ( Pu D / 2000 ) x ( ex / D )2
= ( 1000 x 450 / 2000 ) x (13.2 )2 x 10-3
=
39.2
KNm
May = ( Pu b / 2000 ) x ( ey / b )2
= ( 1000 x 230 / 2000 ) x (15.6 )2 x 10-3
=
28.0
KNm
About XX
Pu = 1000
KN
Muxx =

Mi + k x Max

Mi = 0.6 Mu2 + 0.4 Mu1

= 0.6 x 80 - 0.4 x 60

= 48 - 24
=
24

KNm

<

32

KNm

( 0.4 x 80 )

Mi =
Take ,
32
KNm
Note that Mu1 is considered negative as the column bends in double curvature .
Mu,xx = 32 + 0.8 x 39.2
=
63.36
KNm.
Mu,xx =
Take ,
About YY
Pu = 1000
KN

<
80

80

KNm

16

KNm

40

KNm

KNm

Muyy = Mi + k x May
Mi = 0.6 Mu2 + 0.4 Mu1
= 0.6 x 40 - 0.4 x 30
= 24 - 12
=
12
KNm
Mi =
Take ,
Mu,yy = 16 + 0.8 x 28
=
38.4
KNm.
Mu,yy =
Take ,
Finally design the column for
Pu =
1000
KN
Mu,xx =

80

<
16

KNm
<

40

( 0.4 x 40 )

KNm

KNm

Mu,yy =
40
KNm
For the first trial , assume uniaxial bending about y axis for the following values .
P'u =
1000
KN
M'uy = ( 230 / 450 ) ( 80 + 40 ) =
61.33 KNm
d' = (40+10) =
50
mm.
Assume
d' / D = 50 / 230 =
0.22
, Say
0.20
P'u / fck b D =
1000 x 103 / 20 x 230 x 450 =
M'uy / fck b D =
2

61.33 x 106 / 20 x 450 x 2302 =

20

mm dia. Bar

0.48
0.129

p / fck = from chart 46 , SP : 16 =

0.162
p = 0.162 x 20
=
3.24
Asc = ( 3.24 /100 ) x 230 x 450
=
3353
mm2
Assumptions made above for k = 0.8 and for uniaxial moment to find out first trial steel are
usually conservative . Let us try
4
25
mm O +
4
Now check the assumed section as follows :
Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
Ac = 230 x 450 - 3219

= 100282 mm2
Puz = 0.45 x 20 x 100280 x 10-3 + 0.75 x 415 x 3219 x 10-3
=
902.53
+
1001.758
=
1904.3
KN
Pb = ( k1 + k2 p / fck ) fck b D
Asc = ( p / 100 ) x b x D
p / fck = ( 3219 x 100 ) / ( 230 x 450 x 20 )
=
0.155

Rectangular
, k1 = 0.184 and k2 =

For d' / D =
0.20
Pb = ( 0.184 - 0.022 x 0.155 ) x 20 x 230 x 450 x 10-3
= 0.181
x
2070
=
373.8
KN
k = ( Puz - Pu ) / ( Puz - Pb )
= ( 1904.3 - 1000 ) / ( 1904.3 - 373.8 )
= 904.7 / 1530.9
=
0.59
Design for
Pu =
1000
KN
Mux =

32 + 0.59 x 39.2 =

55.16

KNm

Muy =

16 + 0.59 x 28 =
32.54 KNm
For p / fck =
and Pu / fck b D =
0.162
the moment capacities can be found out as follows :
About XX
d' / D = 50 / 450 =
0.11

0.15
From chart 45 , SP : 16
Mux1 / fck b D2 =
0.145
Mux1 = 0.145 x 20 x 230 x 4502 x 10-6
=
135.07
KNm
About YY
d' / D = 50 / 230 =
0.22
From chart 46 , SP : 16
Muy1 / fck b D2 =
0.13

-0.022

<

80

<

40

0.48

, the reinforcement being

0.20

Muy1 = 0.13 x 20 x 450 x 2302 x 10-6

=
61.89
KNm
Check :
Pu / Puz = 1000 / 1904.3 =
From , IS 456-2000 , Clause 39.6
n =
1.543
check :

Mux n

For Pu / Puz
For Pu / Puz

0.525

Muy

0.4
0.6

0.2
differ.
0.075 differ.

Mux1

Muy1

1.543

1
1.543

80
135.07

40
61.89

0.446

0.510

0.956

1
( O.K.)
Provide
4
25
mm O +
4
20
mm O
Ties : Minimum diameter Otr = 25 / 4 =
6.25
mm
Use
8
mm diameter M.S. ties.
Spacing should not exceed lesser of
(i)
230
mm
( least lateral dimension )
( ii ) 16 x 25 =
400
mm
( 16 times least longitudinal diameter of bar
( iii ) 48 x 8 =
384
mm
( 48 times diameter of tie )
Provide
8
mm O M.S. ties @
230
mm c/c
Note that the distance between corner bars in one face is less than 48 O tr
( 450 - 80 -25 =
345
<
384
( 48 x 8 ) Therefore two sets of ope
Note that if this distance would be more than ( 48 x 8 ) mm , closed ties for internal bars would be
sufficient.

ending )
Column is restrained against sway.

( Given )
kNm at top and
KNm at bottom
kNm at top and
KNm at bottom

IS 456-2000 clause 25

Note :- A column may be considered as short when bo

lex / D and ley / b 12 OR lex / ixx < 40 where, For Circul
10 .
lex = effective length in respect of the major axis
D = depth in respect of the major axis
ley = effective length in respect of the minor axis
b = width of the member
ixx = radius of gyration in respect of the major axis.
iyy = radius of gyration in respect of the minor axis.

IS 456 : 2000
Table 28 Effective Length of Compress
Degree of End Restraint of
Compression members
Effectively held in position and
restrained against rotation in both
ends

Effectively held in position at both

ends , restrained against rotation
at one ends

Effectively held in position at both

ends , but not restrained against
rotation .
Effectively held in position and restrained
against rotation at one end , and at the
other end restrained against rotation but
not held in position
Effectively held in position and restrained
against rotation at one end , and at the
other partially restrained against rotation
but not held in position
Effectively held in position at one end but
not restrained against rotation and at the
other end restrained against rotation but
not held in position
Effectively held in position and restrained
against rotation at one end but not held
in position nor restrained against rotation
at the other end.

Effectively held in position and restrained

against rotation at one end but not held
in position nor restrained against rotation
at the other end.

mm.

NOTE - is the unsupported length of compression me

( i + 1 ) th floor

( i ) th floor

qually on four sides.

Effective length of column ( ef ) : It is the distance between the po

column height .

7.1.1 of the IS 456-2000

n all the four sides ).

= 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
400 x 300 - 120000*3/100

fck =

30

N / mm2.

fy =

415

N / mm2.

Asc =

mm2
5 x 30 x 116400 x 10-3 + 0.75 x 415 x 3600 x 10-3
+
1120.5
KN

3600

mm2

d' =

52.5

mm.

SP : 16 ,Table 60
Slender compression members- Values of P
Rectangular sections : Pb / fck b D = k
Circular sections : Pb / fck D2 = k1 + k2 . p / fck
Values of k1

0.203

Section
0.028

Rectangular
Circular
Values of k2

0.05

d' / D
0.10

0.219

0.207

0.172

0.160

Section

d' / D
fy N/ mm

250
415

0.05
-0.045
0.096

Rectangular ; equal
reinforcement on four
sides

500
250
415
500
250

0.213
0.215
0.424
0.545
0.193

Circular

415

0.410

500

0.543

Rectangular ; equal
reinforcement on two
opposite sides

ove values of k .

initial moments

IS 456-2000 clause 39.7.1

The additional moments Max and May shall be calculated by the f

he code IS 456-2000 )

Max = ( Pu D / 2000 ) x ( ex / D )2
May = ( Pu b / 2000 ) x ( ey / b )2
Where ,
Pu = axial load on the member,

minimum eccentricity

e initial moment for

mm

>

20

mm

mm

>

20

mm

KNm
KNm

ex = effective length in respect of the major axis ,

ey = effective length in respect of the minor axis ,

D = depth of the cross - section at right angles to

the major axis , and
b = width of the member

NOTES : 1) A column may be considered braced in a given plane if latera

stability to the structure as a whole is provided by walls or
bracing or buttressing designed to resist all lateral forces in
that plane. It should otherwise be considered unbraced.

2 ) In the case of a braced column without any transverse loads

occurring in its height, the additional moment shall be added

to an initial moment equal to sum of 0.4 Mu1, and 0.6 M
where Mu2 is the larger end moment and Mu1 is the smaller
end moment (assumed negative if the column is bent in double
curvature). In no case shall the initial moment be less than
0.4 Mu2 nor the total moment including the initial moment be
less than Mu2. For unbraced columns, the additional moment
shall be added to the end moments.

3 ) Unbraced compression members, at any given level or store

subject to lateral load are usually constrained to deflect
equally. In such cases slenderness ratio for each column may
be taken as the average for all columns acting in the same
direction.
IS 456-2000 clause 39.7.1.1

ing to the

her than the actual

The values given by equation 39.7.1 may be multiplied by the fo

K = ( Puz - Pu ) / ( Puz - Pb )
1
where ,
Pu = axial load on compression member,
Puz = as defined in 39.6,
Puz = 0.45 f

0.34
?

0.076

Pb = axial load corresponding to the condition

of maximum compressive strain of
0.0035 in concrete and tensile strain of
0.002 in outer most layer of tension steel.
39.6 Members Subjected to Combined Axial Load
and Biaxial Bending
Mux

Mux1

Muy
Muy1

mm2.

n is related to Pu/Puz
8-25 O

where Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc

8-25 O

For values of Pu / Puz = 0.2 to 0.8, ( 0.2 , 0.4 , 0.6 , 0.8 )the value
linearly from 1 .0 to 2.0.( 1.0 , 1.33 , 1.67 , 2.0 ) For values less
1.0; for values greater than 0.8, n is 2.0.

8O@
300 c/c
(two sets )

Therefore two sets of closed ties shall be used.

ernal bars would be

bending )
Column of a braced frame

KNm at top and

KNm at bottom
KNm at top and
KNm at bottom

15.6
es are less than applied

( Given )

Pu / Puz

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.00

1.33

1.67

2.00

( 0.4 x 80 )

ure .

( 0.4 x 40 )

ues .
fck =

20

N / mm2.

fy =

415

N / mm2.

mm dia. Bar

st trial steel are

20

mm O =

3219

mm2.

Area of one bar =

Area of one bar =

491
314

mm2.
mm2.

from table 60 ,SP : 16

Take , Mux =

80

KNm

Take , Muy =

40

KNm

, the reinforcement being equally distributed ,

n
1.33
1.67
0.34
?

0.127

4-25 O
+ 4 -20 O
450

equally distributed.

230

ongitudinal diameter of bar )

Therefore two sets of opened ties shall be used

nternal bars would be

8 O @ 230 mm c/c
( three sets )

Rectangular
Circular

nsidered as short when both slenderness ratios

/ ixx < 40 where, For Circular column lex / D

ect of the major axis

major axis
ect of the minor axis

spect of the major axis.

spect of the minor axis.

ctive Length of Compression Members ( Clause E-3 )

Symbol

Theoretical Value
of effective length

Recommended Value of
effective length

0.5

0.65

0.7

0.8

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.2

1.5

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

d length of compression member.

i + 1 ) th floor

slab

Beam

It is the distance between the points of zero moment (contraflexure ) along the

members- Values of Pb

Pb / fck b D = k1 + k2 . p / fck
/ fck D2 = k1 + k2 . p / fck
d' / D
0.15

0.20

0.196

0.184

0.149

0.138

d' / D
0.10
-0.045
0.082

0.15
-0.045
0.046

0.20
-0.045
-0.022

0.173
0.146
0.328
0.425
0.148

0.104
0.061
0.203
0.256
0.077

-0.001
-0.011
0.028
0.040
-0.020

0.323

0.201

0.036

0.443

0.291

0.056

Rectangular

shall be calculated by the following formulae :

respect of the major axis ,

respect of the minor axis ,

- section at right angles to

nd

ed in a given plane if lateral

provided by walls or

sist all lateral forces in

nsidered unbraced.

thout any transverse loads

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.219

0.207

0.196

0.184

moment shall be added

0.4 Mu1, and 0.6 Mu2,

and Mu1 is the smaller

e column is bent in double

moment be less than

g the initial moment be

, the additional moment

, at any given level or storey,

strained to deflect

atio for each column may

ns acting in the same

may be multiplied by the following factor :

Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc

the condition

sile strain of
tension steel.

ned Axial Load

where ,
Mux , Muy = moments about x and y axes
due to design loads,
Mux1, Muy1 = maximum uniaxial moment
capacity for an axial load of Pu,
bending about x and y axes
respectively, and

2 , 0.4 , 0.6 , 0.8 )the values of n vary

1.67 , 2.0 ) For values less than 0.2, n is

d' / D
0.05
0.1
0.15

Grade
M15
M20
M25

Steel
Fe250
Fe415
Fe500

Dia.
6
8
10

0.2

M30

Fe550

12

M35
M40

14
16
18
20
25

Design of short eccentrically loaded square columns - Biaxial bending.

Size
270
mm x
400 mm
Axial factored load 1200 KN
Factored moment Mux =
90
KNm
( Given )
Muy =
120
KNm
moment due to minimum eccentricity is less than the applied moment.
Material
M20 grade concrete
Fe415 grade HYSD reinforcement
Solution :Assume an axial load P'u of
1200 KN and a uniaxial moment M'ux = 90 + 120 =
P'u / ( fck x b x D ) = 1500 x 103 / ( 15 x 500 x 500 )
= 0.55556
2
M'ux / ( fck x b x D ) = 210 x 106 / ( 15 x 500 x 5002 )
= 0.24306
d' = 40 + 10 =
50
mm.
Assume
20
mm dia. Bar
0.1
d' / D = 50 / 500 = 0.125 say
From chart 32 , SP-16
p / fck = 0.078
p = 0.078 x 15 =
1.56
As = 1.17 x b x D = 1.17 x 500 x 500 / 100
= 1684.8 mm2
Provide
25
mm dia. Bar
Area of one bar = 491 mm2
Provide
20
mm dia. Bar
Area of one bar = 314 mm2
Provide
4
25
mm O +
4
20
mm O = 3219
p = 3219 x 100 / ( 500 x 500 )
p = 2.980
p / fck = 1.287 / 15
= 0.149
The assumed section is now checked.
For p / fck = 0.149
and Pu / ( fck x b x D ) =
0.55556
The reinforcement being equally distributed , the moment capacities from
Chart - 44 , SP-16
Mux1 / ( fck x b x D2 ) = Muy1 / ( fck x b x D2 ) =
Mux1 = Muy1 = 0.108 x 15 x 500 x 500 x 10
2

0.108

-6

= 93.312 KNm
Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
Ac = 500 x 500 - 3219
= 104782 mm2
Puz = 0.45 x 15 x 246782 x 10-3 + 0.75 x 415 x 3219 x 10-3

fck =
fy =

mm2 , equally distributed

= 943.034
=

1001.76

1945 KN
Pu / Puz = 1500 / 2668
=

From , IS 456-2000 , Clause 39.6

n = 1.699
check :
n
Mux
Muy
Mux1
90
202.5
0.940

For Pu / Puz =
For Pu / Puz =

0.62

1.606

+
+

Muy1
120
202.5

0.2
-0.02

0.4

1.33

0.6

1.67

differ.
differ.

0.34
?
-0.029

1.606

1.533

2.474

1
( Not O.K.)
Ties : Minimum diameter Otr = 25 / 4 =
6.25 mm
Use
8
mm diameter M.S. ties.
Spacing should not exceed lesser of
(i)
270
mm
( ii ) 16 x 25 =
400 mm
500
( iii ) 48 x 8 =
384 mm
Provide
8
150 mm c/c
mm O M.S. ties @

500
4-25 O +
4-20 O
8O@
350 c/c

Design of short eccentrically loaded rectangle columns - Biaxial bending.

Size
300
mm x
500
mm
1500
KN
Axial factored load
Factored moment Mux =
60
KNm
( Given )
Muy =
60
KNm
moment due to minimum eccentricity is less than the applied moment.
Material
M15 grade concrete
Fe415 grade HYSD reinforcement
Solution :Assume an axial load P'u of
1500 KN and a uniaxial moment M'uy = 300 / 500 ( 60 + 60 ) =
P'u / ( fck x b x D ) = 1500 x 103 / ( 15 x 300 x 500 )
= 0.67
2
M'u / ( fck x b x D ) = 72 x 106 / ( 15 x 500 x 3002 )
= 0.107
d' = 40 + 10 =
50
mm
Assume
20
mm dia. Bar

fck =
fy =

d' / D = 50 / 300 = 0.167 say

From chart 34 , SP-16
p / fck = 0.167
p = 0.167 x 15 =
2.5
As = 2.5 x b x D = 2.5 x 300 x 500 / 100

0.2

= 3758 mm2
Provide
16
mm dia. Bar
Area of one bar =
201
No. of bar required =
3758 / 314 =
18.7 no. say
19
Provide
19
16
mm O = 3818.24 mm2 , equally distributed
p = 3925 x 100 / ( 300 x 500 )
p = 2.55
p / fck = 2.62 / 15
= 0.170
The assumed section is now checked.
About X
, For p / fck =
d' / D = 50 / 500 =
0.1
say
0.1
0.170
Chart - 44 , SP-16

mm2

and Pu

Mux1 / ( fck x b x D2 ) =

0.13
Mux1 = 0.13 x 15 x 300 x 5002 x 10-6
= 146.25 KNm
About Y
d' / D = 50 / 300 =
Chart - 46 , SP-16

0.167

say

0.2

, For p / fck =

0.170

and Pu

Muy1 / ( fck x b x D2 ) =

0.103
Muy1 = 0.103 x 15 x 500 x 3002 x 10-6
= 69.53 KNm
Pure axial load capacity
Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
Ac = 300 x 500 - 3925
= 146182 mm2
Puz = 0.45 x 15 x 146075 x 10-3 + 0.75 x 415 x 3925 x 10-3
= 986.727
+
1188.43
= 2175.15 KN
Pu / Puz = 1500 / 2207.7
=

From , IS 456-2000 , Clause 39.6

n = 1.818
check :
n
Mux
Muy
Mux1

For Pu / Puz =
For Pu / Puz =

0.69

Muy1

0.2
0.11

n
0.6

1.67

0.8

2.00

differ.
differ.

0.33
?

0.182

1.801
60
146.25

0.20

1.801
60
69.53
0.77

0.96

1
..( O. K. )
Ties : Minimum diameter Otr = 25 / 4 =
4
mm
Use
8
mm diameter M.S. ties
Spacing should not exceed lesser of
(i)
300
mm
( ii ) 16 x 25 =
256 mm
300
( iii ) 48 x 8 =
384 mm
Provide
8
300 mm c/c
mm O M.S. ties @

500

Note that the distance between corner bars in one face is more than 48 O tr
( 500 - 80 -25 =
404
>
48 x 8 =
384 ). Therefore two sets of closed ties shall be u
Note that if this distance would be less than ( 48 x 8 ) mm , open ties for internal bars
would be sufficient.

210

KNm .

20

N / mm2.

415

N / mm2.

mm2 , equally distributed

39.6 Members Subjected to Combined Axial Load

and Biaxial Bending
where ,
Mux

Mux1

Muy
Muy1

n is related to Pu/Puz
where Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc

Mux1, Muy1 =

For values of Pu / Puz = 0.2 to 0.8, ( 0.2 , 0.4 , 0.6 , 0.8 )the values of n va

linearly from 1 .0 to 2.0.( 1.0 , 1.33 , 1.67 , 2.0 ) For values less than 0.2,
1.0; for values greater than 0.8, n is 2.0.
Pu / Puz

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.00

1.33

1.67

2.00

( least lateral dimension )

( 16 times least longitudinal diameter of bar )
( 48 times diameter of tie )

4-25 O +
4-20 O
8O@
350 c/c

0 / 500 ( 60 + 60 ) =

72

15

N / mm2.

415

N / mm2.

KNm .

and Pu / ( fck x b x D ) =

0.67

and Pu / ( fck x b x D ) =

0.67

8-25 O

( least lateral dimension )

( 16 times least longitudinal diameter of bar )
( 48 times diameter of tie )
8O@
300 c/c
(two sets )

ets of closed ties shall be used.

Mux , Muy = moments about x and y axes

due to design loads,
Mux1, Muy1 = maximum uniaxial moment
capacity for an axial load of Pu,
bending about x and y axes
respectively, and

d' / D
0.05
0.1

Grade
M15
M20

0.15

M25

0.2

M30
M35
M40

.6 , 0.8 )the values of n vary

) For values less than 0.2, n is

Steel
Fe250
Fe415

Dia.
6
8

Fe500

10

Fe550

12
14
16
18
20
25

Design of short eccentrically loaded columns - uniaxial bending.

Size 300
mm x
600 mm
Axial factored load
600
KN
300
KNm
Factored moment
( Given )
moment due to minimum eccentricity is less than the applied moment.
Material
M20 grade concrete
Fe415 grade HYSD reinforcement
Solution :Using
25
mm diameter bars with
40
mm clear cover
fck =
d' = 40 + 12.5 =
52.5 mm
20
d' / D = 52.5 / 600 = 0.088
, say
0.1
Pu / ( fck x b x D ) = 600 x 103 / ( 15 x 300 x 600 )
= 0.167
Mu / ( fck x b x D2 ) = 300 x 106 / ( 15 x 300 x 6002 )
= 0.139
From chart 32 , SP : 16
p / fck =
0.1
p = 0.1 x 15 = 2
As = 1.5 x b x D = 1.5 x 300 x 600 / 100

fy =

415

= 3600
mm2
Provide
25
mm O
Area of one bar = 491 mm2.
No. of bar required ( 2700 / 491 = 7.3
No.)
Provide
25
mm O
6
no. =
2944 mm2
As the distance between two opposite corner bars is more than 300 mm ,
provide
2
no.
12
mm O at centre of long sides of the column, which may be tied b
Area of one bar = 113 mm2
Provide
6
25
O+
2
12
O=
3170
mm2
600
Ties : Minimum diameter Otr = 25 / 4 = 6.25 mm
Use
8
mm diameter M.S. ties.
Spacing should not exceed lesser of
(i)
300 mm
300
( ii ) 16 x 25 =
400 mm
( iii ) 48 x 8 =
384 mm
Provide
8
300 mm c/c ( two sets )
mm O M.S. ties @
Note that the distance between corner bars in one face is more than 48 O tr
( 600 - 80 -25 =
495
>
384 ). Therefore two sets of closed ties shall be used.
Note that if this distance would be less than ( 48 x 8 ) mm , open ties for internal bars
would be sufficient.

N / mm2
N / mm2

olumn, which may be tied by open ties.

6-25 O
+ 2-12 O
8 mm O @
300 mm c/c
( two sets )

sed ties shall be used.

( least lateral dimension )

( 16 times least longitudinal diameter of bar )
( 48 times diameter of tie )

d' / D
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2

Grade
M15
M20
M25
M30
M35
M40

steel
Fe250
Fe415
Fe500
Fe550

dia
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
25

Design of short circular column

1200
KN

Working load =
Assume emin < 0.05 D
( a ) lateral ties &
( b ) helical reinforcement
Material
M20 grade concrete
Fe415 HYSD steel
For Lateral reinforcement mild steel
Solution : Factored load = 1.5 x 1200
= 1800
KN
( a ) lateral ties : Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc

Given

Fe250

Assume 0.8 % minimum steel.

Asc = 0.008 Ag
Then ,

fy =

415

N / mm2

fck =

20

N / mm2

Ac = Ag - Asc
= 0.992 Ag
Substituting , we have
0.4 x 20 x 0.992 Ag + 0.67 x 415 x 0.008 Ag
1800 x 103 =
1800 x 103 =

7.936

Ag +

1800 x 103 =

10.1604

Ag

2.2244

Ag

Ag = 177158.4 mm2
If D is the diameter of the column
( / 4 ) x D2 = 177158.4
D = 225679
D = 475
mm
Use
475 mm diameter column.
Asc = 0.008 x 177165
= 1417 mm2
Minimum 6 bars shall be used.
Provide
16
mm diameter bar.
No. of bar Required =
1417 / 201 =
Provide
16
mm diameter bars of
Asc = 8 x 201

Area of one bar =

7.1
no.
8
no.

201

mm2.

= 1608
mm2
Use
6
mm O lateral ties , Spacing shall be lesser of
(i)
475
mm
( least lateral dimension )
( ii ) 16 x 16 =
256
mm
( 16 times least longitudinal diameter of bar )
( iii ) 48 x 6 =
288
mm
( 48 times diameter of tie )
Provide
6
250
mm c/c .
mm O lateral ties @
( b ) Helical reinforcement : -

The column with helical reinforcement can support 1.05 times the load of a similar
member with lateral ties. Therefore
Pu = 1.05 [ 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc ]
1800 x 103 = 1.05 [0.4 x 20 x 0.992 Ag + 0.67 x 415 x 0.008 Ag ]
Ag +
1800 x 103 = 8.3328
2.33562 Ag
1800 x 103 = 10.66842 Ag
Ag = 168722.3 mm2
If D is the diameter of the column
( / 4 ) x D2 = 168722.3
D = 214933
D=
464
mm
Use
450 mm diameter column.
Ag = ( / 4 ) x 4502
Then ,
= 158962.5 mm2
1800 x 103 = 1.05 [0.4 x 20 x (158963 - Asc ) + 0.67 x 415 x Asc ]
=

1335285

Asc

8.4

Asc
=
283.55
Asc = 1638.903 mm2
Provide
20
mm diameter bar.
No. of bar Required = 1638.9 / 314 =
provide
20
mm diameter bars of
Asc = 6 x 314

291.953 Asc

464715

= 1884
mm2
mm O M.S. bars for helix at

Assume
8
Dc = 450 - 40 - 40
= 370
mm
asp = ( / 4 ) x 82
= 50
mm2
Minimum s = 0.36 ( (Ag / Acr) - 1 ) fck / fy

fy =

Area of one bar =

5.2
no.
6
no.

314

40

mm clear cover .

250

N / mm2.

= 0.36 ( ( 4502 / 3702 ) - 1 ) x 20 / 250

= 0.36 x 0.4792 x 20 / 250
= 0.0138
s = 4 x asp / p x Dc
Now
0.0138 = 4 x 50 / p x 370
p = 39.36
mm
.. ( 1 )
As per IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.3.2 ( d )
The pitch < 75 mm
< Dc / 6 ( = 370 / 6 = 61.67
mm )
> 25 mm
24
mm
( 2 )
> 3 x dia of helix bar = 3 x 8 =

mm2.

From ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) , provide

mm O helix @

35

mm pitch.

al diameter of bar )

6 - 20 O

450

6 - 20 O

35
8 mm O @
35 mm c/c

Grade
M15
M20
M25
M30
M35
M40

Steel
Fe250

Dia.
6

Fe415
Fe500
Fe550

8
10
12
14
16
18
20
25

Factored load =
1500
Assume emin < 0.05 D
Material

Design of short column

KN
Given

M15 grade concrete

Fe415 mild steel

Solution : Here , emin < 0.05 D , But emin = 20 mm

Therefore , size of column shall be minimum ( 20 / 0.05 = 400 )

400

Assume 0.8 % minimum steel.

Asc = 0.008 Ag
Then ,

mm
fy =

415

fck =

15

Ac = Ag - Asc
= 0.992 Ag
Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc
= 0.4 x 15 x 0.992 Ag + 0.67 x 250 x 0.008 Ag
1500 x 103 =
5.952 Ag +
2.2244 Ag
1500 x 103 =
8.1764 Ag
Ag =

183455 mm2

If the column is to be a square , the side of column =

Adopt

205705 =

270

mm
x
450 mm size column .
Ac = 202500
Asc
Then ,
1500 x 103 = 0.4 x 15 x ( 450 x 450 - Asc )+ 0.67 x 250 x Asc
Asc
1500 x 103 =
1215000
6
+
285000
=
161.5 Asc

167.5

Asc =

1765 mm2
Provide
16
mm diameter bars
No. of bar required = Asc / area of one bar =

Area of one bar = 200.96

8.8
no. giving Asc = 6 x 314 =
Provide
16
mm diameter bars of
9
Note that the distance between the bars exceeds 300 mm on two parallel sides .
the arrangement of reinforcement should be changed.
Provide then
4
no.
20
mm diameter bars +
4
Area of one bar =
314
mm2.
Area of one bar =
Total Steel area
Asc = 4 x 314
+
4 x 201
= 1256
+
804
2
= 2060
mm
.( O.K.)
Lateral ties :
Use
6
mm O lateral ties.
Spacing should be lesser of :
(i)
270
mm
( least lateral dimension )

201

( ii )
16 x 16 =
256
mm
( 16 times least longitudinal diameter of bar )
(iii)
48 x 6 =
288
mm
( 48 times diameter of tie )
Provide
6
mm O ties @
250 mm c/c.
Note that the distance between corner bars in one face is more than 48 O tr
( 450 - 80 -20 =
170
<
288 ( 48 x 6 )) Therefore two sets of closed ties shall be u
Note that if this distance would be less than ( 48 x 6 ) mm , open ties for internal bars
would be sufficient.
Open ties for internal bars would be sufficient.
450

450

6 - 20 O

450

450

wrong arrangement

correct arrangement

IS 456-2000 clause 25
Note :- A column may be considered as short when both slenderness ratio
lex / D and ley / b 12 OR lex / ixx < 40 where,
lex = effective length in respect of the major axis
D = depth in respect of the major axis
ley = effective length in respect of the minor axis
x

400

mm

b = width of the member

ixx = radius of gyration in respect of the major axis.

N / mm2.

iyy = radius of gyration in respect of the minor axis.

N / mm2.

All columns shall be designed for minimum eccentricity equal to the

unsupported length of column / 500 plus lateral dimension / 30 , subject to
a minimum of 20 mm. For bi-axial bending this eccentricity exceeds the
minimum about one axis at a time.
IS 456-2000 clause 39.3
When emin 0.05 D , the column shall be designed by the following
equation:
Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc
Ac = Area of concrete ,

428.316 mm.

Asc = Area of longitudinal reinforcement for columns.

If emin > 0.05 D , the column shall be designed for moment also.
IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.3.1
Asc

The cross-sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement , shall be not less

than 0.8 % nor more than 6 % of the gross cross-sectional area of the
column.

mm2.

NOTE - The use of 6 percent reinforcement may involve

practical difficulties in placing and compacting of concrete;

= 6 x 314 =
el sides .

1808.64 mm2.

no.
mm2.

16

hence lower percentage is recommended. Where bars from

the columns below have to be lapped with those in the
column under consideration, the percentage of steel shall
mm dia. usually not exceed 4 percent
26.5.3 columns
26.5.3.1 Longitudinal reinforcement
a) The cross-sectional area of longitudinal
reinforcement, shall be not less than 0.8 percent
nor more than 6 percent of the gross crosssectional
area of the column.
NOTE - The use of 6 percent reinforcement may involve
practical difficulties in placing and compacting of concrete;
hence lower percentage is recommended. Where bars from

meter of bar )

the columns below have to be lapped with those in the

column under consideration, the percentage of steel shall
usually not exceed 4 percent.

wo sets of closed ties shall be used.

internal bars

gement

4 - 20 O
+ 4 - 16 O

6 mm O @ 250 mm c/c
(double ties )

b) In any column that has a larger cross-sectional

area than that required to support the load,
the minimum percentage of steel shall be
based upon the area of concrete required to
resist the direct stress and not upon the actual
area.
c)The minimum number of longitudinal bars
provided in a column shall be four in rectangular
columns and six in circular columns.
d )The bars shall not be less than 12 mm in
diameter.
e) A reinforced concrete column having helical
reinforcement shall have at least six bars of
longitudinal reinforcement within the helical
reinforcement.
f )In a helically reinforced column, the longitudinal
bars shall be in contact with the helical
reinforcement and equidistant around its inner
circumference.
g )Spacing of longitudinal bars measured along
the periphery of the column shall not exceed
300 mm.
h )In case of pedestals in which the longitudinal
reinforcement is not taken in account in strength
calculations, nominal longitudinal reinforcement
not less than 0.15 percent of the cross-sectional
area shall be provided.

when both slenderness ratios

centricity equal to the

l dimension / 30 , subject to
eccentricity exceeds the

ned by the following

for moment also.

cement , shall be not less

ss-sectional area of the

ay involve

of concrete;

ere bars from

e in the
steel shall

nt
ional

ay involve
of concrete;
ere bars from

e in the
steel shall

nal

ar

nal

al
th

Grade
M15

steel
Fe250

dia.
6

M20

Fe415

M25
M30

Fe500
Fe550

10
12

M35

14

M40

16
18
20
25