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13-week Report

DTU, Course 11080


Advanced Building Design

Appendix 4 - Design of foundation


system
Vasile Daniel Mois
Subject 4

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Appendix 4 - Design of foundation


system
Design of mat foundation
In the design of the mat foundation the following steps has to be followed:
1. Calculate the total load
2. Determine the pressure in the soil
3. Compare the values of with the allowable soil pressure
4. Divide the mat into strips
5. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for each strips
6. The depth of the mat is obtained from diagonal shear verification near the columns
7. Maximum moment provides the reinforcement of the mat
In the case of mat foundation, the design approch used will be design approach 3.
A1+M2+R3
A2+M2+R3
Note: A1 is used for structural action and A2 is used for geotechnical action.
In this design the following safety factors are used:
1.25

c 1.25

cu 1.40

1.00

Dut to the fact that there are different loads on the building surfaces, in this computation 5
different rafts are considered.
Soil parameters

Fill
Initial data

Design data

Friction angle:

0 30deg

Unit weight:

0 21

kN

Friction angle:

0
0d
24 deg

Unit weight:

0d

m
Density

Clay 1

0 2.78

21

kN
3

kN
3

Initial data

Design data

Friction angle:

1 11.12deg

Unit weight:

1 17.92

kN
3

Friction angle:

1
1d
8.896 deg

Unit weight:

1d

17.92

kN
3

13-week Report
DTU, Course 11080
Advanced Building Design

Appendix 4 - Design of foundation


system
Vasile Daniel Mois
Subject 4

Undrained shear strength:

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Undrained shear strength:

cu.1 151.42kPa

cu.1d

Cohesion:

c1 62.43kPa

Cohesion

cu.1
cu

c1d

c1
c

108.157 kPa

49.944 kPa

In the following picture, the raft foundations are shown.

1. Mat foundation 1 for the central building (high rise


building)
Geometry of the foundation:
B 26.70m
L 63.510m
3

A B L 1.696 10 m
Bearing capacity of the foundation:
General bearing capacity of the mat foundation will be computed using the equation
proposed by Mayerhof (1963).

13-week Report
DTU, Course 11080
Advanced Building Design

Appendix 4 - Design of foundation


system
Vasile Daniel Mois
Subject 4

q u = c Nc Fcs Fcd Fci q Nq Fqs Fqd Fqi

1
2

B Ny Fys Fyd Fyi

Where:
- c -cohesion
- q - effective stress at the level of the bottom of foundation
- - unit weight of soil
- B - width of the foundation
- Fcs, Fqs, Fys - shape factors
- Fcd , Fqd , Fyd - depth factors
- Fci, Fqi, Fyi - load inclination factors
- Nc, Nq , Ny - bearing capacity factors
Bearing capacity factors
1d tan 1d

Nq tan 45deg
e
2.233
2

Nc Nq 1 cot 1d 7.88

N 2 Nq 1 tan 1d 1.012
Shape factors
Fcs 1

B Nq 1.119

L Nc

B tan 1.066
1d
L
B
Fs 1 0.4 0.832
L
Fqs 1

Depth factors
Df 10m
Df
B

11

1d 0 1
Fd 1

1 Fqd
Fcd Fqd
1.152
Nc tan 1d

Df

B 1.084

Fqd 1 2 tan 1d 1 sin 1d

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13-week Report
DTU, Course 11080
Advanced Building Design

Appendix 4 - Design of foundation


system
Vasile Daniel Mois
Subject 4

Load inclination factors


0
2
deg

Fci 1
1
90deg

Fqi Fci 1
deg
Fi 1
1
1d

At the bottom of the raft, it is considered that:


q 0

1
q u c1d Nc Fcs Fcd Fci q Nq Fqs Fqd Fqi B N Fs Fd Fi
2
q u 507.27 kPa
Considering the undrained condition of the soil:
q act 5.14 cu.1d 1

Df

1 0.4 691.615 kPa


B

0.195 B
L

The design bearing capacity of the raft is:

q des min q u q act 507.27 kPa

2. Mat foundation 2 for the extended basement


Geometry of the foundation:
B2 27.80m
L2 79.20m
3

A2 B2 L2 2.202 10 m
Bearing capacity factors

1d tan 1d

Nq2 tan 45deg


e
2.233
2

Nc2 Nq2 1 cot 1d 7.88

N2 2 Nq2 1 tan 1d 1.012

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13-week Report
DTU, Course 11080
Advanced Building Design

Appendix 4 - Design of foundation


system
Vasile Daniel Mois
Subject 4

Shape factors

B2 Nq2

1.099
Nc2
L2

B2
Fqs2 1
tan 1d 1.055
L2

B2
Fs2 1 0.4
0.86
L2

Fcs2 1

Depth factors
Df 10m
Df
B2

11

1d 0 1
Fd2 1

Fqd2 1 2 tan 1d 1 sin 1d

1 Fqd2
Fcd2 Fqd2
1.146
Nc2 tan 1d

Df
1.08
B2

Load inclination factors


0
2

deg
Fci2 1
1
90deg

Fqi2 Fci2 1
deg
Fi2 1
1
1d

At the bottom of the raft, it is considered that:


q 0

1
q u2 c1d Nc2 Fcs2 Fcd2 Fci2 q Nq2 Fqs2 Fqd2 Fqi2 B2 N2 Fs2 Fd2 Fi2
2
q u2 495.757 kPa
Considering the undrained condition of the soil:

q act2 5.14 cu.1d 1

0.195 B2
L2

Df

1 0.4 679.444 kPa


B2

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13-week Report
DTU, Course 11080
Advanced Building Design

Appendix 4 - Design of foundation


system
Vasile Daniel Mois
Subject 4

The design bearing capacity of the raft is:

q des2 min q u2 q act2 495.757 kPa

3. Mat foundation 3 for the extended basement


Geometry of the foundation:
B3 7.78m
L3 26.70m
2

A3 B3 L3 207.726 m

Bearing capacity factors


1d tan 1d

Nq3 tan 45deg


e
2.233
2

Nc3 Nq3 1 cot 1d 7.88

N3 2 Nq3 1 tan 1d 1.012


Shape factors

B3 Nq3

1.083
Nc3
L3

B3
Fqs3 1
tan 1d 1.046
L3

B3
Fs3 1 0.4
0.883
L3

Fcs3 1

Depth factors
Df 10m
Df
B3

10

1d 0 1
Fd3 1

Fqd3 1 2 tan 1d 1 sin 1d

1 Fqd3
Fcd3 Fqd3
1.119
Nc3 tan 1d

D 1
f

tan
1.066

B3

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13-week Report
DTU, Course 11080
Advanced Building Design

Appendix 4 - Design of foundation


system
Vasile Daniel Mois
Subject 4

Load inclination factors


0
2

deg
Fci3 1
1
90deg

Fqi3 Fci3 1
deg
Fi3 1
1
1d

At the bottom of the raft, it is considered that:


q 0

1
q u3 c1d Nc3 Fcs3 Fcd3 Fci3 q Nq3 Fqs3 Fqd3 Fqi3 B3 N3 Fs3 Fd3 Fi3
2
q u3 476.703 kPa
Considering the undrained condition of the soil:
0.195 B3

q act3 5.14 cu.1d 1

L3

Df

1 0.4 889.58 kPa


B3

The design bearing capacity of the raft is:

q des3 min q u3 q act3 476.703 kPa

4. Mat foundation 4 for the extended basement


Geometry of the foundation:
B4 7.91m
L4 26.70m
2

A4 B4 L4 211.197 m
Bearing capacity factors

1d tan 1d

Nq4 tan 45deg


e
2.233
2

Nc4 Nq4 1 cot 1d 7.88

N4 2 Nq4 1 tan 1d 1.012

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13-week Report
DTU, Course 11080
Advanced Building Design

Appendix 4 - Design of foundation


system
Vasile Daniel Mois
Subject 4

Shape factors

B4 Nq4
N 1.084
L4 c4
B4
Fqs4 1
tan 1d 1.046
L4
B4
Fs4 1 0.4
0.881
L4
Fcs4 1

Depth factors
Df 10m
Df
B4

10

1d 0 1
Fd4 1

Fqd4 1 2 tan 1d 1 sin 1d

1 Fqd4
Fcd4 Fqd4
1.128
Nc4 tan 1d

D 1
f

tan
1.071

B4

Load inclination factors


0
2

deg
Fci4 1
1
90deg

Fqi4 Fci4 1
deg
Fi4 1
1
1d

At the bottom of the raft, it is considered that:


q 0

1
q u4 c1d Nc4 Fcs4 Fcd4 Fci4 q Nq4 Fqs4 Fqd4 Fqi4 B4 N4 Fs4 Fd4 Fi4
2
q u4 481.301 kPa
Considering the undrained condition of the soil:

q act4 5.14 cu.1d 1

Df

1 0.4 885.411 kPa


B4

0.195 B4
L4

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13-week Report
DTU, Course 11080
Advanced Building Design

Appendix 4 - Design of foundation


system
Vasile Daniel Mois
Subject 4

The design bearing capacity of the raft is:

q des4 min q u4 q act4 481.301 kPa

5. Mat foundation 5 for the extended basement


Geometry of the foundation:
B5 6.00m
L5 79.20m
2

A5 B5 L5 475.2 m

Bearing capacity factors


1d tan 1d

Nq5 tan 45deg


e
2.233
2

Nc5 Nq5 1 cot 1d 7.88

N5 2 Nq5 1 tan 1d 1.012


Shape factors

B5 Nq5

1.021
L5 Nc5
B5
Fqs5 1
tan 1d 1.012
L5
B5
Fs5 1 0.4
0.97
L5
Fcs5 1

Depth factors
Df 10m
Df
B5

10

1d 0 1
Fd5 1

Fqd5 1 2 tan 1d 1 sin 1d

1 Fqd5
Fcd5 Fqd5
0.961
Nc5 tan 1d

D 1

f
tan
0.978

B5

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13-week Report
DTU, Course 11080
Advanced Building Design

Appendix 4 - Design of foundation


system
Vasile Daniel Mois
Subject 4

Team 03
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Load inclination factors


0
2

deg
Fci5 1
1
90deg

Fqi5 Fci5 1
deg
Fi5 1
1
1d

At the bottom of the raft, it is considered that:


q 0

1
q u5 c1d Nc5 Fcs5 Fcd5 Fci5 q Nq5 Fqs5 Fqd5 Fqi5 B5 N5 Fs5 Fd5 Fi5
2
q u5 386.341 kPa
Considering the undrained condition of the soil:

q act5 5.14 cu.1d 1

Df

1 0.4 940.234 kPa


B5

0.195 B5

L5

The design bearing capacity of the raft is:

q des5 min q u5 q act5 386.341 kPa


In coordination with the structural engineer the following combinatio were introduced in the FEM
model obtaining the following axial forces:

Axialforcefromthemainbuildingfordifferentcombination
Combinations
1
2
3
4
Axialforce,
N[MN]

960.954

1063.66

873.595

The most critical force is obtain in combination 2:


FEd 1063.66MN
q b

qb
q des

FEd
A

627.263 kPa

1.237

966.962

13-week Report
DTU, Course 11080
Advanced Building Design

Appendix 4 - Design of foundation


system
Vasile Daniel Mois
Subject 4

Team 03
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04.12.2016

The capacity of the soil is excedeed by 23% therefore piled raft foundation are considered for
main building.
With the current preliminary design, in a simplified manner it is considered the same load for all
the columns which belongs to the parking extension of the basement. The maximum axial force
obtained from the design combination is presented bellow.

Axialforcefromtheparkingextensionfordifferentcombination
Combinations
1
2
3
4
Axialforce,
N[kN]

1304.15

1421.57

1185.59

1327.29

The maximum axial force is obtained from combination 2.


Verificationofthematfoundationsfortheparkinglot
Areaof No.ofcolumns Axialforcefor
Matno.
2
onecolumn[kN]
onthemat
mat[m ]
2
2138.4
54
1421.57
4
1421.57
3 212.796
4
1421.57
4 216.137
12
1421.57
5
514.8

Totalaxial
forceN[kN]
76764.78
5686.28
5686.28
17058.84

Totalloadoverthe Bearingcapacity
ofsoil,q[kPa]
surfaceqd [kPa]
495.76
35.90
476.70
26.72
481.30
26.31
33.14
386.34

qd/q[%]
7.24
5.61
5.47
8.58

From above table can be seen that the capacity of the soil is much higher than required, another
option is also considered here.
At this point in the project, a suggested footing of 1.8x1.8 m will be computed.

6. Shallow foundation for the parking


extension
Geometry of the foundation:
B6 1.8m
L6 1.8m
2

A6 B6 L6 3.24 m

Bearing capacity factors


1d tan 1d

Nq6 tan 45deg


e
2.233
2

Nc6 Nq6 1 cot 1d 7.88

N6 2 Nq6 1 tan 1d 1.012


Shape factors
Fcs6 1

B6 Nq6

1.283
L6 Nc6

13-week Report
DTU, Course 11080
Advanced Building Design

Appendix 4 - Design of foundation


system
Vasile Daniel Mois
Subject 4

B6
tan 1d 1.157
L6
B6
Fs6 1 0.4
0.6
L6
Fqs6 1

Depth factors
The depth of foundation measured from the ground surface is taken as 2 m.
Df 2m
Df
B6

10

1d 0 1
Fd6 1

Fqd6 1 2 tan 1d 1 sin 1d

Df
tan

B6

1.111

1 Fqd6
Fcd6 Fqd6
1.201
Nc6 tan 1d

Load inclination factors


0
2
deg

Fci6 1
1
90deg

Fqi6 Fci6 1
deg
Fi6 1
1
1d

At the bottom of the foundation it is considered that:


q 0

1
q u6 c1d Nc6 Fcs6 Fcd6 Fci6 q Nq6 Fqs6 Fqd6 Fqi6 B6 N6 Fs6 Fd6 Fi6
2
q u6 606.39 kPa
Considering the undrained condition of the soil:

q act6 5.14 cu.1d 1

0.195 B6
L6

1 0.4

q des6 min q u6 q act6 606.39 kPa

959.593 kPa
B6

Df

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13-week Report
DTU, Course 11080
Advanced Building Design

Appendix 4 - Design of foundation


system
Vasile Daniel Mois
Subject 4

N 1421.57kN

Total Load of the column:

p column
p column

Check :

q des6

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N
A6

438.756 kPa

0.724

Isolated footing are more economical in this case and at this point they will be prefered instead
of a mat foundation. Also in this case the shape of the raft foundation for the main building is
changed to a more economical one, the shape is presented in the figure bellow.

Geometry of the foundation:


B7 26.83m
L7 55.84m
2

A7 1435m

Bearing capacity factors


1d tan 1d

Nq7 tan 45deg


e
2.233
2

Nc7 Nq7 1 cot 1d 7.88

N7 2 Nq7 1 tan 1d 1.012


Shape factors

B7 Nq7

1.136
L7 Nc7
B7
Fqs7 1
tan 1d 1.075
L7
Fcs7 1

13-week Report
DTU, Course 11080
Advanced Building Design

Appendix 4 - Design of foundation


system
Vasile Daniel Mois
Subject 4

B7
Fs7 1 0.4
0.808
L7
Depth factors
Df 2m
Df
B7

11

1d 0 1
Fd7 1

Fqd7 1 2 tan 1d 1 sin 1d

Df
tan

B7

3.996

1 Fqd7
Fcd7 Fqd7
6.424
Nc7 tan 1d

Load inclination factors


0
2

deg
Fci7 1
1
90deg

Fqi7 Fci7 1
deg
Fi7 1
1
1d

At the bottom of the foundation it is considered that:


q 0

1
q u7 c1d Nc7 Fcs7 Fcd7 Fci7 q Nq7 Fqs7 Fqd7 Fqi7 B7 N7 Fs7 Fd7 Fi7
2
3

q u7 2.873 10 kPa
Considering the undrained condition of the soil:

q act7 5.14 cu.1d 1

0.195 B7

L7

Df

1 0.4 626.144 kPa


B7

q des7 min q u7 q act7 626.144 kPa

Total load of the building:

N 1063.66MN

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13-week Report
DTU, Course 11080
Advanced Building Design

Appendix 4 - Design of foundation


system
Vasile Daniel Mois
Subject 4

p building

Check :

p building
q des6

N
A7

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741.226 kPa

1.222

Even the capacity of the soil is execeeded, the second solution show a better behaviour in the
second case. The rigidity factor of the raft is not computed since the raf foundation is not a
accepted as solution, further in desing, a piled rafted foundation is considered.

7. Piled raft foundation for main building


Loads to be considered for the design:
Nmax 1063.66MN
Partial safety factors for piles according to DK EN1997-1(2013):
KFL 1.1
Tip resistance:

b 1.3 KFL 1.43

Shaft resistance:

s 1.3 KFL 1.43

7.1 Computation of a single pile


For the single pile, another approximation of the undrained shear strength is made according to
the soil paramters determinations:

cu ( z) ( 4.8221 z 69.446)kPa
Undrained shear strength at the bottom of raft foundation:
cu ( 0 ) 69.446 kPa
cu ( 50) 310.551 kPa
For the pile cap dimensions are kept the same as the one from the second raft design.
Bpc B7 26.83 m
Lpc L7 55.84 m
As for pile dimensions, the following dimensions are chosen:
Lpile 20m

Area of the pile:

Dpile 1.2m

Apile

Perimeter of the pile:

Dpile
4

2
2

1.131 m

Ppile Dpile 3.77 m

13-week Report
DTU, Course 11080
Advanced Building Design

Appendix 4 - Design of foundation


system
Vasile Daniel Mois
Subject 4
2

Area of the surface of the pile: As Ppile Lpile 75.398 m

Shaft resistance
The effective vertical stress is given by:

v0( z) 0.1331 z 7.4584

z 0 20
v0( z) ( 0.1331 z 7.4584)kPa
cu ( z) ( 4.8221 z 69.446)kPa
Checking for behaviour:
cu ( 0 )
v0( 0 )

11

cu ( 60)

11

v0( 60)

Having the checks, the value of factor is:

c ( z) 0.25

u
( z) 0.5

v0( z)

f ( z) ( z) cu ( z)

Shaft resistance: Qs

20

As f ( z) dz 46.28 MN

Design shaft resistance:

Qs
Qsd
32.364 MN
s

Base resistance:
For the base resistance:

Nc 9

Qb Nc cu ( 20) Apile 1.689 MN


Design base resistance:

Qb
Qbd
1.181 MN
b

Total design resistance of a single pile is:


Qd Qsd Qbd 33.544 MN
Number of required piles is than:

Utilization ratio:

Nmax
Qd 32

100 % 0.991

Nmax

31.709
Qd

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13-week Report
DTU, Course 11080
Advanced Building Design

Appendix 4 - Design of foundation


system
Vasile Daniel Mois
Subject 4

Team 03
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7.2 Pile group design


Configuration of the piles:
Minimum spacing:

d min 2.5 Dpile 3 m

Distance from the edge:

d edge Dpile 1.2 m

For simplication of the pile distribution the length of the cap are considered as:
Lc 55.8m

Bc 26.8m

Spacing assumption:

d 5 Dpile 6 m

Lc 2 dedge
17
d min

Piles spacing along the length, L:

n L1 floor

It is chosen the number of piles along the L to be: n L 8


Spacing along the length:

Lc 2 d edge

d l

nL 1

7.6 m

Bc 2 d edge
8
d min

Piles spacing along the width, B: n B1 floor

It is chosen the number of piles along the B to be: n B 4


Spacing along the width:

d b

Bc 2 d edge
nB 1

Number of piles:

n piles n L n B 32

Check:

8.1 m

Piles if n n piles "Check number of piles" "PILE CONFIGURATION OK"

Piles "PILE CONFIGURATION OK"

Total resistance of the piles, acting as single piles:


3

Qgroup.d n piles Qd 1.073 10 MN

Cheking: Check if Nmax Qgroup.d "Piles are not sufficient" "Piles can carry the load"
Check "Piles can carry the load"
Study of the pile group as a single block of piles
Shaft resistance:

13-week Report
DTU, Course 11080
Advanced Building Design

Appendix 4 - Design of foundation


system
Vasile Daniel Mois
Subject 4

Perimeter of block: p b 2 n L 1 d l Dpile 2 n B 1 d b Dpile 160.4 m

Surface of the shaft: Asg Lpile p b 3208 m

Shaft resistance: Qsg

20

Asg f ( z) dz 1.969 10 MN

Design shaft resistance:

Qsg
Qsgd
1376.99 MN
s

Base resistance:
Area of the tip: Apg

2
n L 1 dl Dpile n B 1 d b Dpile 1397.76 m
9

Qb Nc cu ( 20) Apg 2.087 10 N


Design base resistance:

Qb
3
Qbgd
1.459 10 MN
b

Total design resistance of a single pile is:


Qgd Qsgd Qbgd 2836.322 MN

Checking efficiency of the pile group


Qgd
n piles Qd

Check if ( 1 "Piles behave as individual piles" "Piles behave as a block" )


Check "Piles behave as individual piles"

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