Ambient air pollution:

A global assessment
of exposure and
burden of disease

Content
List of tables 7
List of figures 7
List of annexes 9
Preface 11
Abbreviations 13
Summary 15
1. Introduction 19
2. Exposure to ambient air pollution 23

2.1. Exposure: ground measurements of PM10 and PM2.5 23

2.1.1. Methods 23
2.1.2. Results 25
2.1.3. Discussion 31

2.2 Exposure: modelled estimates of PM2.5 32

2.2.1. Methods 32
2.2.2. Results 32
2.2.3. Discussion 37

3. Burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution 39

3.1. Methods 39

3.1.1. Source of datas 39

3.1.2. Estimation of the disease burden 39
3.1.3. Uncertainty analysis 40

3.2. Results 40

3.3. Discussion 47

4. Conclusion and way forward 49

References 51
Acknowledgment 55
Annex 1. Modelled population exposure to particulate
matter (PM2.5), by country 57
Annex 2. Deaths, YLLs and DALYS Attributable to
Ambient Air Pollution, by country 63

List of tables
Table 1:

Ambient air pollution database: Proportion of settlements by population size

Table 2:

Total number of towns and cities in AAP database, 2016 version, by region

Table 3:

Number of cities included for the PM2.5 and PM10 comparison over a five-year
period (mostly 2008-2013), by region

Table 4:

Trend for the five-year period (mostly 2008-2013) in PM2.5 or PM10 based
on cities available in several versions of the database, by region

Table 5:

Deaths attributable to AAP in 2012, by disease, age and sex

Table 6:

Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to AAP in 2012, by disease,

age and sex

Table 7:

Population attributable fraction for disability-adjusted life years attributable

to AAP in 2012, by disease, age, sex and region

Table A1:

Annual median concentration of particulate matter of an aerodynamic diameter

of 2.5 m or less (PM2.5) with lower and upper bound, population-weighted and
modelled, by area and country

Table A2.1: Deaths attributable to AAP in 2012 in both sex, by disease and country
Table A2.2: Deaths attributable to AAP in 2012 in women, by disease and country
Table A2.3: Deaths attributable to AAP in 2012 in men, by disease and country
Table A2.4: Years of life lost (YLLs) attributable to AAP in 2012 in both sex, by disease

and country
Table A2.5: Years of life lost (YLLs) attributable to AAP in 2012 in women, by disease

and country
Table A2.6: Years of life lost (YLLs) attributable to AAP in 2012 in men, by disease

and country
Table A2.7: Disability-adjusted life years (DALY) attributable to AAP in 2012 in both sex,

by disease and country
Table A2.8: Disability-adjusted life years (DALY) attributable to AAP in 2012 in women,

by disease and country
Table A2.9: Disability-adjusted life years (DALY) attributable to AAP in 2012 in men,

by disease and country

List of figures

Figure 1:

Number of towns and cities with accessible PM10 and PM2.5 data in 2016
per urban population

Figure 2:

Location of the monitoring stations and PM2.5 concentration in nearly 3 000

human settlements, 2008-2015

Figure 3:

PM10 levels by region and city size, for available cities and towns latest year
in the period 2008-2015

Figure 4:

PM10 levels for selected cities by region, for the last available year in the period
2011-2015

Figure 5:

PM10 levels for available mega-cities of more than 14 million habitants for the
last available year in the period 2011-2015

Figure 6:

Annual mean particulate matter concentration of the assessed towns and cities
compared to the WHO Air Quality Guidelinesa

Figure 7:

Percentage of cities with increasing and decreasing PM2.5 or PM10 annual

means over a five-year period (mostly 2008-2013), by region

Figure 8:

Percentage of city population experiencing increasing and decreasing PM2.5

or PM10 annual means over a five-year period (mostly 2008-2013), by region

Figure 9:

Global map of modelled annual median concentration of PM2.5, in g/m3

Figure 10:

Annual median exposure to ambient (outdoor) PM2.5 in g/m3, by region -

urban and rural population, 2014

Figure 11:

Annual median exposure to ambient (outdoor) PM2.5 in g/m3, by region -

urban population only, 2014

Figure 12:

Median PM2.5 concentration, by geographic region urban and rural areas

combined, 2014

Figure 13:

Modelled annual median particulate matter concentration compared to the WHO

Air Quality Guidelines (AQG)

Figure 14:

Deaths attributable to AAP in 2012, by disease and region

Figure 15:

Age-standardized deaths per capita attributable to AAP in 2012, by disease

and region

Figure 16:

Deaths attributable to AAP in 2012, by country

Figure 17:

DALYs attributable to AAP in 2012, by country

Figure 18:

Age-standardized deaths per 100 000 capita attributable to AAP in 2012,

by country

Figure 19:

Age-standardized DALYs per 100 000 capita attributable to AAP in 2012,

by country

Figure 20:

Deaths attributable to AAP in 2012, by disease

List of annexes

Annex 1:

Modelled population exposure to particulate matter of PM2.5, by country

Annex 2:

Deaths, YLLs and DALYs attributable to ambient air pollution, by country

Preface
This report presents a summary of methods
and results of the latest World Health Organization (WHO) global assessment of ambient
air pollution exposure and the resulting burden
of disease.
Air pollution has become a growing concern in
the past few years, with an increasing number
of acute air pollution episodes in many cities
worldwide. As a result, data on air quality is
becoming increasingly available and the
science underlying the related health impacts is
also evolving rapidly.
To date, air pollution both ambient (outdoor)
and household (indoor) is the biggest environmental risk to health, carrying responsibility
for about one in every nine deaths annually.
Ambient (outdoor) air pollution alone kills
around 3 million people each year, mainly from
noncommunicable diseases. Only one person
in ten lives in a city that complies with the WHO
Air quality guidelines. Air pollution continues
to rise at an alarming rate, and affects economies and peoples quality of life; it is a public
health emergency.
Interventions and policies for tackling air pollution issues exist and have been proven to be
effective. The implementation of WHO resolution
WHA68.8, which maps out a road map for enhanced global responses to the adverse effects
of air pollution, provides an essential framework
for decision-makers to choose and implement
the most efficient policies.
Air pollution has also been identified as a global
health priority in the sustainable development
agenda. WHO has responsibility for stewarding
three air pollution-related indicators for monitoring progress against the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): in health (Goal 3), in cities
(Goal 11) and in energy (Goal 7).

11

Air pollution affects practically all countries in the

world and all parts of society.
The role of the health sector is crucial, and there
is a need to engage with other sectors to maximize the co-benefits of health, climate, environment, social and development. Saving peoples
lives is the overarching aim to implement policies
aiming at tackling air pollution in the health, transport, energy, and urban development sectors.
Dr Maria Neira
Director of Public Health, Environmental and
Social Determinants of Health
World Health Organization

Abbreviations

13

AAP

ambient air pollution

AFR

Africa Region

ALRI

acute lower respiratory disease

AMR

Americas Region

AQG

Air quality guidelines

BoD

burden of disease

COPD

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

DALY

disability-adjusted life year

DIMAQ

data integration model for air quality

EMR

Eastern Mediterranean Region

EUR

European Region

GBD

global burden of disease

HAP

household air pollution

HIC

high-income countries

IER

integrated exposure risk

IHD

ischeamic heart disease

LMIC

low-and middle-income countries

PAF

population attributable fraction

PM2.5

particulate matter of diameter of less than 2.5 m in g/m3

PM10

particulate matter of diameter of less than 10 m in g/m3

RR

relative risk

SDGs

Sustainable Development Goals

SEAR

South East Asia Region

UN

United Nations

YLD

year lived with disability

YLL

year of life lost

WHO

World Health Organization

WPR

Western Pacific Region

Summary
Air pollution represents the biggest environmental risk to health. In 2012, one out of every
nine deaths was the result of air pollution-related conditions. Of those deaths, around 3 million are attributable solely to ambient (outdoor)
air pollution. Air pollution affects all regions,
settings, socioeconomic groups, and age
groups. While all people living in a given area
breathe from the same air, there are nevertheless important geographical differences in
exposure to air pollution. Citizens in Africa, Asia
or the Middle East breathe much higher levels
of air pollutants that those in living other parts of
the world. Some places have air pollution levels
that are several times higher than those considered safe by the World Health Organization
(WHO) Air quality guidelines.
Air pollution is used as a marker of sustainable development, as sources of air pollution also produce climate-modifying pollutants
(e.g. CO2 or black carbon). Policies to address
air pollution also generate a range of benefits to human health, not only through air quality
improvements but also other health benefits, such
as injury prevention or enabling physical activity.
Consequently, concerns about air pollution are
reflected in the Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs): Air pollution levels in cities is cited as
an indicator for urban sustainable development
(SDG 11); access to clean energy particularly clean household fuels and technologies is
highlighted as an indicator for sustainable energy (SDG 7); and mortality due to air pollution
(ambient and household) is used an indicator for
the health SDG goal (SDG 3). Reliable estimates
of exposure to and impacts from air pollutants
are key to better inform policy-makers, as well as
development partners. These figures are necessary to track progress in air quality improvements
and to help evaluate the effectiveness of policies
aiming at reducing air pollution, as well as assessment of how much they are contributing to
protect health.

15

In 2015, to respond to this major global public

health threat, the 194 WHO Member States adopted the first World Health Assembly resolution to
address the adverse health effects of air pollution. The following year, Member States agreed
on a road map for an enhanced global response
to the adverse health effects of air pollution.
Among the main elements of this road map are
the monitoring and reporting of air pollution, and
enhanced systems, structures and processes
for monitoring and reporting health trends associated with air pollution and its sources.
The current report presents methods and data
for two of the SDG indicators reported by WHO:

SDG Indicator 11.6.2

: Annual mean
levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in
cities (population-weighted); and

SDG Indicator 3.9.1: Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution.

This report presents the updated results of mortality and morbidity attributed to ambient air pollution (also known as burden of disease due to air
pollution). It includes information on the sources
of data on air pollution available to the WHO,
on the methodology used to estimate human
exposure to air pollution and related burden of
disease, as well as the actual estimates of human
exposure to particulate matter of a diameter less
than 2.5 micrometres (PM2.5) for countries and
for the globe; and the related national burden
of disease attributable to long-term exposure to
ambient (outdoor) air pollution for the year 2012.
The global exposure assessment to air pollution consists of modelled data of populationweighted annual mean PM2.5 concentrations.
Data are modelled through combining remote
satellite sensing data with ground measurements from the 2016 WHO ambient (outdoor) air
quality database, which serves for calibration of
the satellite data.

This database compiles information on PM2.5

and PM101 from measurements for about 3000
cities and towns worldwide. The modelled
estimates indicate that in 2014 only about one
in ten people breathe clean air, as defined by
the WHO Air quality guidelines.
The burden of disease attributed to ambient
air pollution was estimated using methodology
developed for the Comparative Risk Assessment
study. This methodology is based on combining estimates of exposure to air pollution and
its distribution in the population, with results from
epidemiological studies that indicate the additional disease burden from different levels of exposure to air pollution, after adjusting for other risk
factors (e.g. tobacco smoke).
The results are refered to by epidemiologists as
exposure-risk estimates at each level of exposure. Health outcomes, for which there is enough
epidemiological evidence to be included in
the analysis, comprise acute lower respiratory,
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke,
ischeamic heart disease and lung cancer. Many
other diseases have been associated with air
pollution, but are not included in this assessment because the evidence was not considered
sufficiently robust.
The actual impact of air pollution on health presented here is a conservative figure, as it does not
include the separate impacts of health from other
air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) or
ozone (O3), and excludes health impacts where
evidence is still limited (e.g. pre-term birth or low
birth weight).
Through this combined approach, the current
report summarizes three sets of data and the
interrelationship between them: 1) The compilation of the PM2.5 and PM10 measurements data
in the 2016 WHO ambient (outdoor) air quality
database; 2) the modelled estimates of PM2.5;
and 3) the associated burden of disease.

Particulate matter of a diameter less than 25 and 10

micrometres respectively.

17

1. Introduction
This document summarizes the methods and the
results of the latest WHO global assessment of air
pollution exposure and related burden of disease.
Exposure to air pollutants can affect human
health in various ways, leading to increased mortality and morbidity (1). Epidemiological evidence
on the health effects of air pollution is growing
and evolving quickly. Today, air pollution is the
largest environmental risk factor (2).
Reliable estimates of exposure to air pollutants and related impacts on health are key to
better inform policy-makers, as well as other
health and development partners. Such information is essential to implementing, monitoring
and evaluating policies that help to tackle air
pollution while also protecting health.
The 194 WHO Member States recently adopted a resolution to respond to the adverse
health effects of air pollution (3), as well as a
road map for an enhanced global response (4).
The road map outlines goals and approaches
for monitoring and reporting of air pollution,
as well as enhancing systems, structures and
processes necessary to support monitoring and
reporting on health trends associated with air
pollution and its sources.
Air pollution is a clear marker for sustainable development, as sources of air pollution also produce
climate pollutants (like CO2 or black carbon).
Policies to address air pollution generate a number of benefits to human health, not only through
air quality improvements but also other health
benefits, such as injury prevention or enabling
physical activity. Adressing air pollution therefore features highly in the global agenda.
In September 2015, the United Nations (UN)
General Assembly adopted Transforming our
world:The 2030 Agenda for sustainable development, which paves the way for a renewed
global commitment to combat the worlds most
persistent development issues over the next 15

19

years (5). A framework of indicators for the 17

SDGs and 169 SDG-related targets has been
developed, and includes three air pollution-related indicators, which fall under WHOs reporting
responsibility:

SDG Indicator 3.9.1: Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air
pollution for the health goal (SDG 3).

SDG Indicator 11.6.2: Annual mean levels

of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in cities
(population-weighted) for the urban sustainable development goal (SDG 11).

SDG Indicator 7.1.2: Proportion of population with primary reliance on clean fuels
and technologies for the sustainable
energy goal (SDG 3).

Reporting for Indicators 3.9.1 and 11.6.2 are

based on the methods and results presented
in the current document, while the methods for
estimating SDG Indicator 7.1.2. are presented
elsewhere (6).
While a number of air pollutants are associated with significant excess mortality or morbidity, including NOx, ozone, carbon monoxide
and sulfur dioxides in particular, PM2.5 is the air
pollutant that has been most closely studied
and is most commonly used as proxy indicator
of exposure to air pollution more generally (1).
Particulate matter consists of a complex mixture
of solid and liquid particles of organic and inorganic substances suspended in the air. The major components of PM are sulphates, nitrates,
ammonia, sodium chloride, black carbon, mineral dust and water. The most health-damaging
particles are those with a diameter of 10 m or
less, which can penetrate and lodge deep inside the lungs. Both short- and long-term exposure to air pollutants have been associated with
health impacts.

Small particle pollution has health impacts even

at very low concentrations indeed no threshold
has been identified below which no damage
to health is observed. Therefore, the WHO Air
quality guidelines (AQGs) recommend aiming
for, and achieving, the lowest concentrations of
PM possible (1). The guideline values are:
PM2.5 PM10
10 g/m3 annual mean 20 /m3 annual mean
25 g/m3 24-hour mean 50 g/m3 24-hour mean
Reflecting the rising number of air pollution
episodes in cities worldwide and the resulting
increased awareness about its impacts on health
- PM2.5 is increasingly measured and monitored
by national air quality monitoring networks. WHO
has been compiling annual mean concentrations
for PM2.5 and PM10 in cities since 2011 (7,8).
A summary of a recent update of the WHO
ambient (outdoor) air quality database (9)
containing average annual estimates for PM2.5
exposure globally, by region and for 3 000 specific human settlements is presented as part of
this report.
The present work on global exposure modelling
further develops recent innovations in global
exposure estimates for PM2.5 (10,11), as used to
model global burden of disease attributable to
ambient air pollution (2, 1214).
It was also presented and reviewed at the
Global Platform on Air Quality and Health, initiatied by WHO and other partners in 2014 (15).
Academic researchers, scientists and international organizations have combined efforts to
harmonize in developing comprehensive and
reliable models of population exposure to PM2.5,
which can be used for health impact estimation.

21

Coverage of the entire exposure range for longterm exposure to PM2.5 has been achieved
through the development of the integrated exposure risk (IER) functions (16) that have been
developed for the Global Burden of Disease
Study (17).
This allows for the integration of available relative risks information from studies of ambient air
pollution, household air pollution, second-hand
smoke and active smoking. The IERs have been
used to derive estimates for both householdand ambient air pollution-attributable burden of
disease for the GBD Project (12, 14, 18) and by
the WHO (2, 6).
They currently cover cause-specific mortality
such as acute lower respiratory in children under
five years of age, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), ischeaemic heart disease
(IHD), stroke and lung cancers in adults.
Other health outcomes have been associated
with long-term exposure to particulate matter,
such as adverse birth outcomes, childhood
respiratory disease, diabetes, atherosclerosis,
and neurodevelopment and cognitive function,
but are not considered here (19).
The current report presents the latest national
mortality and morbidity estimates attributable to
ambient air pollution.

2. Exposure to ambient air pollution

2.1. Exposure: ground measurements of PM10 and PM2.5
2.1.1. Methods

Data sources

Description of methods

Primary sources of data include official reporting from countries to WHO, official national/
sub-national reports and national/sub-national
web sites containing measurements of PM10
or PM2.5. Furthermore, measurements reported
by the following regional networks were used:
Clean Air Asia for Asia (20), and the Air quality
e-reporting database (21) from the European
Environment Agency for Europe. In the absence
of the above-mentioned data, data from UN agencies, development agencies, articles from peer
reviewed journals and ground measurements
compiled in the framework of the Global Burden of
Disease Project (17) were used.2

The database compiles ground measurements

of annual mean concentrations of particulate
matter of a diameter of less than 10 m (PM10)
or 2.5 m (PM2.5) and aims to compile an average for each city/town. Years of measurements
range from 2010 to 2015, unless the latest available data precede these times, in which case
the most recent was used.

Scope of data
The database covers 3 000 human settlements
ranging in size from a few hundred to more than
10 million inhabitants. Most of these are urban
areas of 20 000 inhabitants or more hence
reference to an urban air quality data base.
However, about 25% of settlements in the database are smaller areas of up to 20 000 residents,
and a limited proportion (mostly in Europe) are
settlements of only a few hundred to a few thousand inhabitants - although these may also be
located in proximity to larger urban agglomerations (see Table 1).
Table 1. Ambient air pollution database: Proportion
of settlements by population size
Percentages
of observations

Settlement size

1%

5%

1 240

10%

4 173

25%

20 000

41%

50 000

50%

80 756

75%

314 719

90%

1 150 153

95%

2 313 328

99%

8 741 365

Mean settlement size

543 664

Number of settlements

2977

23

The data was compiled between SeptemberNovember 2015 from the above-mentioned sources/partners, or from web searches
when not availbable. The web search strategy
included the following approaches:
1. Screening of the web sites of respective ministries of environment, health, and statistics offices.
2. Web searches with the terms air quality,
air pollution, suspended particles, monitoring, PM10, PM2.5.
Language variations used included English,
French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and German.

Type of data used

The database incorporated annual mean
concentrations of particulate matter (PM10
or PM2.5) based on daily measurements, or other
data that could be aggregated into annual mean
values. In the absence of annual means, measurements covering a more limited period of the
year were exceptionally used and extrapolated.

2
For the full list of references, please refer to the online version
of the WHO database (9).

In order to derive air quality that is largely representative of human exposure in urban contexts,
mainly data from urban background readings,
residential areas, and commercial (or mixed)
area measurements were used. Air quality stations characterized as covering particular hot
spots or exclusively industrial areas were not
included, unless they were contained in reported city means and could not be disaggregated.
This selection is in accordance with the aim
of capturing representative values for average
human exposure. In contrast, measurements
from hot spots and industrial areas are often
captured for the purpose of identifying the
highest exposure areas, and were deemed to
be less representative of mean exposures for
most of the urban population. Hot spots were
either designated as such by the original
reports, or were qualified as such due to their
exceptional nature (e.g. exceptionally busy
roads etc.). Omitting these, may, however, have
led to an underestimation of the mean air pollution levels of a given city.
Where the data from various sources were
available, only the latest data and most reliable
sources were used. Only data measured since
2008 were included in the database.
It was not always possible to retrieve or use
all publicly available data of interest. Reasons
included language barriers, or incomplete information on data or data quality (e.g. missing year
of reference). Data were used as presented in
original sources. The indicated numbers of
monitors do not necessarily correspond to the
total number of existing or operational stations
in the cities, but to the numbers of stations used
for deriving the indicated city data.

Data processing and reporting

Where available, urban means reported by
the original sources are included in the database. Where no urban means were available,
the eligible city data were averaged using
appropriate denominators.

24

Population data - used for weighting and for

estimating the share of urban population covered - were either based on: UN population
statistics when available for all human settlements covered (22), or census data from national
statistical offices (23).
For completeness, cities with only PM10 (or resp.
PM2.5) reported, PM2.5 (or PM10) concentration
was calculated from PM10 (resp. PM2.5) using
national conversion factors (PM2.5/PM10 ratio)
either provided by the country or estimated as
population-weighted averages of urban-specific conversion factors for the country. Urbanspecific conversion factors were estimated as
the mean ratio of PM2.5 to PM10 of stations for the
same year. If national conversion factors were
not available, regional ones were used, which
were obtained by averaging country-specific
conversion factors.
As exposure to PM2.5 serves as indicator for
burden of disease calculation, PM2.5 data were
converted from PM10 in the absence of their
measurement because they were used to calibrate the model described below.
As the conversion factor PM2.5/PM10 may vary
according to location (generally between 0.4 and
0.8), the converted PM10 value for individual settlements may deviate from the actual value, and
should only be considered as approximations.
The temporal coverage represents the number
of days per year covered by measurements,
or any alternative qualification (as provided in
the original sources). If data from several monitoring stations in one city or town were available,
their average temporal coverage was used for
the overall average. Information on temporal
coverage was not always available
; however
reporting agencies often respect a specific
reporting threshold for the number of days covered before reporting on a given measurement value, or using it for estimating the city annual mean.

2.1.2. Results
Data availability
The 2016 version of the WHO ambient (outdoor) air quality database consists mainly of urban air quality
data - annual means for PM10 and/or PM2.5 - covering about 3 000 human settlements in 103 countries,
for the years 2008-2015 (9). The regional distribution and the number of settlements, and corresponding accessible data are described in Table 2 and Figure 1, respectively.
Table 2: Total number of towns and cities in AAP database, 2016 version, by region
Number
of towns/cities

Number of countries
with data

Total number of
countries in region

Americas (LMIC)

102

13

24

Americas (HIC)

524

11

53

15

Region

Africa (Sub-Saharan) (LMIC)

39

Eastern Mediterranean (LMIC)

Eastern Mediterranean (HIC)

10

47

31

165

19

1 549

33

34

South-East Asia (LMIC)

175

11

Western Pacific (LMIC)

225

21

Europe (LMIC)
Europe (HIC)

Western Pacific (HIC)

Global

109

2 972

103

194

AAP: Ambient air pollution database; LMIC: Low-and middle-income countries; HIC: high-income countries.

Figure 1: Number of towns and cities with accessible PM10 and PM2.5 data in 2016 per urban population.
Nr of towns and cities per 1 million urban inhabitants

PM10

3.0

PM2.5

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

Afr

Amr
(HIC)

Amr
(LMIC)

Emr
(HIC)

Emr
(LMIC)

Eur
(HIC)

Eur
(LMIC)

Sear

Wpr
(HIC)

Wpr
(LMIC)

PM10/2.5: Fine particulate matter of 10/2.5 microns or less; Afr: Africa; Amr: Americas; Emr: Eastern Mediterranean; Eur: Europe;
Sear: South-East Asia; Wpr: Western Pacific; LMIC: low- and middle-income countries; HIC: high-income countries.

25

PM2.5 measurements can be directly linked to

estimates of health risks, and are therefore of
particular interest. In high-income countries,
PM2.5 measurements are conducted widely.
In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs),
PM2.5 measures are not readily available in many
countries but there have been large improvements since in the past three years.

In high-income countries (HIC), 1 241 cities and

towns with PM2.5 measures could be accessed,
compared to 1639 cities and towns with PM10
measurements.

Annual mean PM2.5 measurements were available for 339 cities, or almost five times more
than in the 2014 version of the database.

Ground measurements of annual mean concentration of PM2.5 for the 3000 towns and cities is
shown in Figure 2.

The 3 000 cities and towns currently covered by

the WHO database represent about 1.6 billion
people, or 43% of the global urban population.

Annual mean PM10 measurements could be

accessed in as many as 586 cities in LMICs.

Figure 2: Location of the monitoring stations and PM2.5 concentration in nearly 3 000 human
settlements, 2008-2015

PM2.5 : Fine particulate matter of 2.5 microns or less.

26

Data summary
An overview of PM10 levels for the WHO regions and selected cities is presented in Figures 3, 4 and 5.
Figure 3: PM10 levels by region and city size, for available cities and towns latest year in the period 20082015
PM10 (g/m3)

<100 000 habitants

300

100 000 - < 500 000 habitants

1 million - < 3 million habitants
1 million - < 3 million habitants

250

above 3 million habitants

all cities

200

150

100

50

0
Afr

Amr
(HIC)

Amr
(LMIC)

Emr
(HIC)

Emr
(LMIC)

Eur
(HIC)

Eur
Sear
(LMIC)

Wpr
(HIC)

WPr
World
(LMIC)

World*

* regional urban pop weighted

PM10: Particulate matter of 10 microns or less

; Afr
: Africa
; Amr
: Americas
; Emr
: Eastern Mediterranean
; Eur
: Europe
;
Sear: South-East Asia; Wpr: Western Pacific; LMIC: low- and middle-income countries; HIC: high-income countries. PM10 values for
the world are regional urban population-weighted.

Figure 4: PM10 levels for selected3 cities by region, for the last available year in the period 2011-2015
PM10 (g/m3)
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50

Wpr
(HIC)

Wpr
(LMIC)

Auckland
Sydney
Singapore
Seoul
Kuching
Manila
Beijing
Ulaanbaatar

Sear

Bangkok
Colombo
Dhaka
Delhi

Eur
(LMIC)

Bucharest
Belgrade
Sofia
Istanbul

Eur
(HIC)

Madrid
London
Berlin
Roma

Emr
(LMIC)
Beirut
Casablanca
Tehran
Greater Cairo

Emr
(HIC)
Abu Dhabi
Doha
Ma'ameer
Riyadh

Amr
(LMIC)
Sao Paulo
Mexico city
Bogot
La Paz

Amr
(HIC)
Toronto
Buenos Aires
Caracas
Santiago

Afr

Vereeniging
Pretoria
Dakar

PM10: Particulate matter of 10 microns or less; Afr: Africa; Amr: Americas; Emr: Eastern Mediterranean; Eur: Europe; Sear: South-East
Asia; Wpr: Western Pacific; LMIC: low- and middle-income countries; HIC: high-income countries.

Selection criteria: For year of measurement (2011 or more recent), the largest city or capital for each country
within a region (or two cities for one country if only two countries available in the region. City size ranges from
140 000 to 26 million habitants.

27

Figure 5: PM10 levels for available mega-cities of more than 14 million habitants for the last available
year in the period 2011-2015
PM10 (g/m3)
250

200

150

100

50

Delhi

Sao Paulo
Shanghai

Mexico city
Mumbai

Cairo

Buenos Aires

Beijing

Dhaka

Istanbul

Kolkata

PM10: Particulate matter of 10 microns or less.

Compliance with Air Quality Guidelines

Figure 6 shows the regional percentages of the assessed towns and cities with PM measurements experiencing PM10 or PM2.5 air pollution levels that meet or exceed the WHO Air Quality Guidelines (AQG)
(i.e. annual mean values of 20 g/m3 (for PM10) and 10 g/m3 (for PM2.5)).4 Globally, according to the
currently available data, only 16% of the assessed population is exposed to PM10or PM2.5 annual mean
levels complying with AQG levels. This increases to 27% for the interim target 3 (i.e. IT-3: 30 g/m3 for PM10
and 15 g/m3 for PM2.5) of the AQG, 46% for interim target 2 (i.e. IT-2: 50 g/m3 for PM10 and 25 g/m3
for PM2.5), and 56% for interim target 1 (IT-1: 70 g/m3 for PM10 and 35 g/m3 for PM2.5).
1.2

Figure 6: Annual mean particulate matter concentration of the assessed towns and cities, compared
to the WHO Air Quality Guidelinesa
exceed AQG
below AQG

% of cities assessed
100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

Amr
(HIC)

Wpr
(HIC)

Eur
(HIC)

Amr
(LMIC)

Eur
(LMIC)

Afr

Emr
(LMIC)

Sear

WPr
(LMIC)

Emr
(HIC)

Afr: Africa; Amr: Americas; Emr: Eastern Mediterranean; Eur: Europe; Sear: South-East Asia; Wpr: Western Pacific; LMIC:
low- and middle-income countries; HIC: high-income countries; AQG: WHO Air Quality Guidelines.
a
Annual mean PM10: 20 g/m3; Annual mean PM2.5: 10 g/m3.
4

For town and cities with both PM10 and PM2.5 values, PM2.5 were used.

28

Comparison of urban air pollution levels in recent years

A total of 792 towns and cities in 67 countries were selected for a more refined comparison of PM2.5
(where available), or PM10 values over a period of five or more years (Table 3). The selection was made
according to the following criteria: These cities/towns have either measured PM.2.5 or PM10 values
in the three databases, and cover a period of three years or more; or these towns/cities are represented in the data that was collected in 2011, 2014 or 2016 and cover a period of four years or more.
The 2011 version of the database contains data for 2010 or earlier and the 2014 version for 2012 or earlier. To
compare levels of air pollution for the equivalent of a five-year period (mostly 20082013) for cities included
in such a selection, a linear regression was made. Table 4 presents a regional summary by WHO region and
income groups. Globally, annual PM levels are estimated to have increased by 8% during the recent five-year
period in the assessed cities. (The cited global increase is weighted by the regional urban population)
Table 3: Number of cities included for the PM2.5 and PM10 comparison over a five-year period
(mostly 2008-2013), by region
Region

Africa (Sub-Saharan)

Number of town and cities

2

Number of countries
2

America (LMIC)

13

America (HIC)

343

Eastern Mediterranean (LMIC)

16

Eastern Mediterranean (HIC)

Europe (LMIC)

32

Europe (HIC)

277

30

South-East Asia

53

Western Pacific (LMIC)

33

Western Pacific (HIC)

21

Global

796

68

LMIC: Low- and middle-income countries; HIC: High-income countries. Regions with less than five cities were not included in the
analysis, due to poor representatation.

Figure 7 shows the percentage of towns and cities with decreasing levels of annual mean PM2.5 or PM10
(in green), increasing levels (in light orange), and levels with changes of 10% over a five-year period
(in blue), by region. The variation in population living in cities with increasing or decreasing population
levels is represented in Figure 8.
Table 4: Trend for the five-year period (mostly 2008-2013) in PM2.5 or PM10 based on cities available
in several versions of the database, by region1
Region

Africa (Sub-Saharan)

Trend over the mean period 2008-20132

NA

America (LMIC)
America (HIC)
Eastern Mediterranean (LMIC)
Eastern Mediterranean (HIC)
Europe (LMIC)
Europe (HIC)
South-East Asia

Western Pacific (LMIC)

Western Pacific (HIC)
Global 3
1 Criteria for inclusion: cities with measured PM2.5 or PM10 values in the three database versions covering a period of three years
or more, or in two versions and covering a period of four years or more.
2 : No more than 5% change over the five-year period;
: More than 5% decrease over the five-year period;
: More than 5%
increase over the five-year period.
3 Based on weighting by regional urban population. LMIC: Low- and middle-income countries; HIC: high-income countries;
NA: not available. Results are based on 795 cities and are to be interpreted with caution, as: a) cities included might not ensure
representativeness; a) yearly variations due for example to climatic changes can be important; and c) a five-year comparison does
not necessarily represent trends, in particular when changes are limited.

Figure 7: Percentage of cities1 with increasing and decreasing PM2.5 or PM10 annual means over
a five-year period (mostly 20082013), by region
% cities increasing
Limited change (10% over 5 years)

1.2

% cities decreasing

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

Amr
Eur
(LMIC) (LMIC)
(13)
(30)

Eur
(HIC)
(277)

Wpr
(HIC)
(21)

Amr
(HIC)
(343)

Emr
(LMIC)
(15)

Sear
(53)

Emr
(HIC)
(6)

WPr
(LMIC)
(32)

World*
(792)

Amr: Americas; Emr: Eastern Mediterranean; Eur: Europe; Sear: South-East Asia, Wpr: Western Pacific; LMIC: Low- and
middle-income countries; HIC: high-income countries.1 The number of cities is indicated in bracket. *The world figure is regional
population-weighted.

Figure 8: Percentage of city population experiencing increasing and decreasing PM2.5 or PM10
annual means over a five-year period (mostly 2008-2013), by region
with increasing air pollution
Limited change (10% over 5 years) in air pollution

1.2

with decreasing air pollution

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

Eur
(LMIC)

Amr
(HIC)

Wpr
(HIC)

Amr
(LMIC)

Eur
(HIC)

Emr
(LMIC)

Sear

WPr
(LMIC)

Emr
(HIC)

World

Amr: Americas; Emr: Eastern Mediterranean; Eur: Europe; Sear: South-East Asia, Wpr: Western Pacific; LMIC: Low- and middleincome countries; HIC: high-income countries.

30

2.1.3. Discussion
The WHO urban ambient air quality database
presents data on annual mean concentration of
particulate matter (PM) for almost 3 000 human
settlements, mostly cities, in 103 countries and
is the most comprehensive database of its kind
to date. The number of cities and towns reporting on PM measurements has nearly doubled
since the previous version of the database was
published in 2014 (1 600 cities) (8) and nearly
tripled since the first 2011 version (1 100 cities)
(7), which indicates an increased awareness
of the risks posed by air pollution. In the past
two years, the number of ground measurements
available in high-income countries has doubled,
while there has been a 50% increase in low-and
middle-income countries.
Monitoring the air quality is the first, but key,
step to be taken by public authorities, both at
the national and city levels, to tackle the multisectoral challenge of addressing air pollution.
However, there are still huge monitoring and
reporting gaps between high-income countries
and low- and middle-income counterparts.
Most air quality data still comes from Europe
and the Americas, with regions such as Africa,
South East Asia, and Eastern Mediterranean
lagging behind.
The data presented in the latest database
reflects a number of important limitations. The
ground measurements are of limited comparability because of various reasons: a) Differing
locations of measurement stations; b) varying
measurement methods; c) different temporal
coverage of certain measurements (i.e. if only
part of the year was covered, the measurement
may significantly deviate from the annual mean
due to seasonal variability); d) possible inclusion of data that should not have been eligible
for this database due to insufficient information
to ensure compliance; e) differences in sizes of
urban areas covered (i.e. for certain countries,
only measurements for larger cities were found,
whereas for others also cities with just a few thousand inhabitants were available); and f) varying
quality of measurements.

31

In addition, some existing data may have been

omitted, either because it could not yet be
accessed due to language issues or limited accessibility. Finally, the city means presented in
the database may differ from the ones calculated
by the cities or municipalities themselves because
they are averaged from multiple station data.
The comparison of air pollution levels for a given
set of cities over the five-year period 2008-2013
shows a global increase of 8% in annual mean
concentrations of PM2.5. High-income regions
of the Americas, Europe and Western Pacific
demonstrate decreasing air pollution, while the
other regions have increasing levels.
However, such a comparison of air pollution levels
has a number of limitations. First of all, when PM2.5
measurements were not available, PM10 values
(converted into PM2.5) were used for the comparison, which may have influenced the results.
Second, the period of comparison is relatively
short. Yearly variations may for example be influenced by weather patterns and data within a
five-year period may not be sufficient to reflect a
longer-term trend. A longer time period of comparison would be required to confirm any trends.
Third, although sampling locations are reasonably stable over time, they may have changed
within the period of comparison, and variations
in annual mean PM levels for a given city may
reflect different sampling locations rather than a
genuine trend. As the data collected is used for
calibrating the model that derives global PM2.5
estimates, data quality is crucial, as well as location details and the type of monitoring stations:
information that is also used in the modeling exercise. Efforts and investments should be made to
encourage cities and countries to monitor air
quality closely, using standard, good quality
and comparable methods and instruments, as
well as making this information widely available.
To date, only particulate matter concentrations
have been compiled in the database. Additional
pollutants such as nitreous oxide (NO2), ozone
(O3) or others might be added to the database
in the future.

2.2. Exposure: modelled estimates of PM2.5

2.2.1. Methods

2.2.2. Results

Assessment of the global effects of air pollution

requires a comprehensive set of estimates of
exposure for all populations. Ground monitoring networks have provided the primary source
of this information but, although coverage has
increased, there remain regions in which there is
no or very little monitoring.

Global exposure to PM2.5 has been modelled

for the year 2014 in order to provide a comprehensive global coverage of estimates of
air quality. The key parameter is the annual
median concentration of PM2.5, which is highly
relevant for estimating health impacts. Modelled
exposure to ambient PM2.5 levels provides more
comprehensive information for countries than
measured data, which only provide data for a
selection of towns and cities. A comprehensive
set of estimated exposures such as this will be
required, when estimating the health impacts of
ambient air pollution for a given country.

Ground measurement data therefore need to

be supplemented with information from other
sources, such as estimates from satellite retrievals of aerosol optical depth and chemical
transport models. The recently developed Data
Integration Model for Air Quality (DIMAQ) incorporates data from multiple sources in order to
provide estimates of exposures to PM2.5 at high
spatial resolution (0.1o0.1o) globally.
Sources of data include: Ground measurements
from 6 003 monitoring locations around the world
(9,10), satellite remote sensing
; population
estimates; topography; and information on local
monitoring networks and measures of specific
contributors of air pollution from chemical transport models. The DIMAQ model calibrates data
from these sources with ground measurements.
The relationships between the various sources
of data may be complex and will vary between
regions due to differences in the composition of
PM2.5, and other factors.
DIMAQ has a hierarchical structure within which
calibration equations are produced for individual countries using, as a priority, data from
that country where available. Where data within
a country is insufficient to produce accurate
estimates, it is supplemented with regional
information. When calibration equations have
been established and tested, the model is used
to estimate exposures, together with associated measures of uncertainty across the globe.
These high-resolution estimates can be used
to produce air quality profiles for individual
countries, regions and globally.
A full description of the model development and
evaluation is available separately (24).

32

Estimates of exposure are required for all areas,

including those that may not be covered by
ground monitoring networks. Estimates of air
quality, expressed in terms of median concentrations of PM2.5 are now available for all regions
of the world, including areas in which PM2.5
monitoring is not available (Figure 9) . It can
be viewed on an interactive map at www.who.
int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/en.
Estimates of exposure, by country, are presented in Table A1 of Annex 1.

In the majority of regions of the world, annual

median concentrations of air pollution are
higher than the WHO guideline levels of 10
g/m3 (Figures 10 and 11). Exposures are
particularly high in the Eastern Mediterranean,
South-East Asian and Western Pacific Regions.
Air pollution does not exclusively originate from
human activity, and can be greatly influenced
by dust storms, for example, particularly in
areas close to deserts. This is partially illustrated in Figure 12, where modelled annual median
PM2.5 concentration by area (rural/urban) is presented and where rural areas in the African and
Eastern Mediterranean Regions show greater
concentrations than urban ones.

Based on the modelled data, 92% of the world

population are exposed to PM2.5 air pollution
concentrations tha are above the annual mean
WHO AQG levels of 10 g/m3 (Figure 13). With
the exception of the region of the Americas, all
regions both HIC and LMIC have less than
20% of the population living in places in compliance with the WHO AQG.

Figure 9: Global map of modelled annual median concentration of PM2.5, in g/m3

PM2.5 : Fine particulate matter of 2.5 microns or less.

33

Figure 10: Annual median exposure to ambient (outdoor) mean annual concentration of PM2.5
in g/m3, by region - urban and rural population population, 2014
PM2.5 (g/m3)
100

91

80

60

55

55

49
39
40

32
25
17

20

14

15

Afr

Amr
(HIC)

Amr
(LMIC)

Emr
(HIC)

Emr
(LMIC)

Eur
(HIC)

Eur
(LMIC)

Sear

Wpr
(HIC)

WPr
(LMIC)

World

WHO AQG for PM2.5: 10 g/m3

Afr: Africa; Amr: Americas; Emr: Eastern Mediterranean; Eur: Europe; Sear: South-East Asia, Wpr: Western Pacific; LMIC: low- and
middle-income countries; HIC: high-income countries; PM2.5: particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 m or less.
WHO AQG: WHO Air Quality Guidelines.

Figure 11: Annual median exposure to ambient (outdoor) PM2.5 in g/m3, by region - urban population
only, 2014
PM2.5 (g/m3)
120
104
100

80
59

59

54

60

43
40

37
28
18

20

16

15

Afr

Amr
(HIC)

Amr
(LMIC)

Emr
(HIC)

Emr
(LMIC)

Eur
(HIC)

EUR
(LMIC)

Sear

WPr
(HIC)

WPr
(LMIC)

World

WHO AQG for PM2.5: 10 g/m3

Afr: Africa; Amr: Americas; Emr: Eastern Mediterranean; Eur: Europe; Sear: South-East Asia, Wpr: Western Pacific; LMIC:
low- and middle-income countries; HIC: high-income countries. PM2.5: particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 PM2.5:
pa. WHO AQG: WHO Air Quality Guidelines.

34

Figure 12: Median PM2.5 concentration, by geographic region - urban and rural areas combined, 2014
PM2.5 (g/m3)
100

89

92
urban
rural

80

60

52

49

49

46

37
40

35

29

30

25
15

20
8

Afr

19
14

13

Amr
(HIC)

12
7

Amr
(LMIC)

Emr
(HIC)

Eur
(LMIC)

Eur
(HIC)

Eur
(LMIC)

Sear

Wpr
(HIC)

WPr
(LMIC)
.

Afr: Africa; Amr: Americas; Emr: Eastern Mediterranean; Eur: Europe; Sear: South-East Asia, Wpr: Western Pacific; LMIC: low- and
middle-income countries; HIC: high-income countries. Note: This graph represents the median PM2.5 of regional urban and rural
areas. These estimates are not in relation to the number of people exposed to those levels.

Figure 13: Modelled annual median particulate matter concentration compared to the
WHO Air Quality Guidelines (AQG)a
1.2

exceed AQG
below AQG

100%

80%

60%

40%

76
20%

0%

20

18

16
2

Amr
(HIC)

Amr
(LMIC)

Eur
(HIC)

Wpr
(HIC)

Sear

1.0

0.7

0.5

0.0

Eur
(LMIC)

Afr
(LMIC)

WPr
(LMIC)

Emr
(HIC)

0.0

8%

Emr
World
(LMIC)

Afr: Africa; Amr: Americas; Emr: Eastern Mediterranean; Eur: Europe; Sear: South-East Asia; Wpr: Western Pacific;
LMIC: Low- and middle-income countries; HIC: high-income countries; AQG: WHO Air Quality Guidelines.a Annual mean PM10:
20 g/m3; Annual mean PM2.5: 10 g/m3.

35

2.2.3. Discussion
Global population exposure to PM2.5 matter has
been modelled for the year 2014 to provide a
comprehensive global coverage of estimates
of air quality. Annual mean concentration of
PM2.5 is highly relevant for estimating health
impacts and is used as an exposure indicator for
calculating the burden of disease attributable to
ambient air pollution.
The model used for this study currently has
several limitations, however. The first limitation
relates to population data. While the quality of
estimates of population data and population
density, used to calculate the average estimates of PM2.5 for urban and rural areas is generally good for high-income countries, it can be
relatively poor for some low- and middle-income
areas. Furthermore, the definition of urban/rural
may greatly vary by country.
The second limitation relates to resolution
:
The grid size is 0.1 x 0.1 (11 x 11 km close
to the equator, but smaller towards the poles).
This resolution may cause limitations when
considering local situations. However, finer
resolutions are planned for future studies.
Regarding lack of monitoring data in countries,
the model produces a calibration equation for
each country using country level data as a priority, with regional data being used to supplement local information for countries with sparse,
or no, ground monitoring data. It is acknowledged that the estimates for data-poor countries
may be relatively imprecise and that this may result in apparent changes in levels of air pollution
at borders with data-poor countries. In order to
achiever reduced uncertainty in modelled data
it is important that countries continue and/or
improve ground measurement programmes.

37

Finally, where measurements of PM2.5 are not available, PM10 measurements are used after conversion to PM2.5 using either city, country or regional
conversion factors. Conversion factors typically
range between 0.4-0.8 depending on location.
Localised conversion factors are likely to be more
accurate, but the ability to calculate them relies
on availability of localised data. The potential for
inaccuracies in conversion factors means that
model outputs for areas using large numbers of
converted values may be less accurate than those
based on measurements of PM2.5 and extra caution should be taken in their interpretation.
Wherever possible, estimates of PM2.5 have
been computed using standardized categories
and methods in order to enhance cross-national comparability. This approach may result in
some cases in differences between the estimates presented here and the official national
statistics prepared and endorsed by individual WHO Member States. These differences
between WHO and national statistics may be
larger in countries with small cities and settlements which may not be fully represented by
the resolution of the WHO model. This may be
compounded for isolated regions where air
pollution is primarily from local sources and is
experienced at very local levels.

3. Burden of disease attributable

to ambient air pollution
3.1. Methods
The burden of disease attributable to ambient air
pollution was estimated for the year 2012 based
on Comparative Risk Assessment methods (25)
and in consultation with expert groups for the
Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study (12, 14).
This methodology is based on combining exposure to air pollution and its distribution in the
population with exposure-risk estimates at each
level of exposure. This results in a population
attributable fraction of disease burden, which is
then applied to the health outcome of interest.

3.1.1. Source of the data

Health data
The total number of deaths, years of life lost
(YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs) and
disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) by disease,
country, sex and age group have been developed by the World Health Organization (26).

Exposure data
Annual mean concentration of PM2.5 were
modelled according to the description in the
section Exposure: modelled estimates of PM2.5.
The model output provided the percentage of
the population exposed to PM2.5 by country, in
increments of 1 g/m3.

Exposure-risk relationship
The integrated exposure-response (IER) functions, developed for the GBD 2010 study (16)
and further updated for the GBD 2013 study
(14; 27), were used for acute lower respiratory
infections (ALRI), lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), stroke and
ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and can be described with the following formula (16):

39

where z is the annual mean concentration of

PM2.5, zcf is the counterfactual PM2.5 concentration, , and are the parameter estimates.
The IERs are age-specific for both IHD and stroke.

Demographic data
Population data from the UN Population Division
(21) were used.

3.1.2. Estimation of disease

burden
The percentage of the population exposed
to PM2.5 was provided by country, in increments of 1 g/m3; relative risks were calculated for each PM2.5 increment, based on the
integrated exposure-response functions (IER).
The counterfactual concentration was selected to be a uniform distribution with lower and
upper limits of 5.9 and 8.7 g/m3 respectively,
given by the average of the minimum and and
5th percentiles of outdoor air pollution cohort
exposure distribution, as described elsewhere
(14, 16). The country population attributable
fractions (PAF) for ALRI, COPD, lung cancer, stroke and IHD were calculated using the
following formula, for each sex and age group:

where i is the level of PM2.5 in g/m3, and Pi is

the percentage of the population exposed to that
level of air pollution, and RR is the relative risk.

The attributable burden is calculated by multiplying the population-attributable fraction (PAF)

by the health outcome, for each health outcome,
sex and age group:
AB = PAF x health outcome
where AB is the attributable burden, PAF is the
population-attributable fraction and the health outcome of interest, e.g. deaths, DALYs, YLLs, etc.
DALYs are calculated by adding the years of
life lived with disability (YLDs) and the YLLs.
The relative risks (RRs) for YLDs were adjusted by a scalar of 1 for ALRI, lung cancer, and
COPD; of 0.141 for IHD and of 0.553 for stroke
(27). The age groups included in the analysis
were children less than five years of age for
ALRI, and adults above 25 years for the other
diseases as previously reported (2, 6).

3.1.3. Uncertainty analysis

The uncertainty intervals are based on the following sources of uncertainty: (a) Uncertainty
around the exposure to air pollution; and (b)
uncertainty around relative risks of the integrated exposure-function. To account for uncertainty in exposure, the upper and lower exposure was obtained from the model (24) for each
country, i.e. upper and lower credible limits for
the estimate of the percentage of the population
exposed to PM2.5.
Alternative burden of disease estimates were
calculated for each of these exposures. For the
integrated exposure-response function, 1 000
draws of each parameter of the function were
obtained (27) and population attributable fractions were calculated for each draw.
The final uncertainty intervals were obtained as
the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles of the draws for
the alternative burden of disease calculations.
As uncertainty for total mortality by cause
was not taken into account, this is a partial
accounting of uncertainty, and is likely to be
underestimated.

40

3.2. Results
Globally, 3 million deaths were attributable to
ambient air pollution (AAP) in 2012. About 87%
of these deaths occur in LMICs, which represent 82% of the world population.
The WHO Western Pacific and South East Asian
regions bear most of the burden with 1.1 million and 799 000 deaths, respectively. In other
regions, about 211 000 deaths occur in SubSaharan Africa, 194 000 in the Eastern Mediterranean region, 190 000 in Europe, and 93 000
in the Americas. The remaining deaths occur in
high-income countries of Europe (289 000), the
Americas (44 000), Western Pacific (44 000),
and Eastern Mediterranean (10 000) (Figure 14).
Age-standardized deaths and DALYs are
shown in Figures 15 to 19. Age-standardized
measures of deaths and disease are often used
to compare countries, as they adjust for age
distribution differences by applying agespecific mortality rates for each population.
Country estimates of deaths, YLLs and DALYs
are provided by disease and sex in Annex 2.
The methods for exposure assessment and
burden of disease estimation have been slightly updated compared with the previous estimate of 3.7 million deaths from AAP (2012), as
released in 2014 (2).
The variation is thought to be due to: 1) Additional evidence that has become available on
the relationship between exposure and health
outcomes, and the use of an updated version
of the integrated exposure-response functions
leading to modified estimates depending on the
disease; and 2) revised population exposure
to air pollution leading to modified estimates
according to the region.

Figure 14: Deaths attributable to AAP in 2012, by disease and region

Number of deaths (000s)
1500

Stroke

1250

COPD

IHD

1 102

Lung cancer
ALRI

1000

799
750

500

289

211

250

194

190
93

Wpr
(LMIC)

Sear

Eur
(HIC)

Afr

Emr
(LMIC)

Eur
(LMIC)

Amr
(LMIC)

44

44

Amr
(HIC)

Wpr
(HIC)

10
Emr
(HIC)

AAP: ambient air pollution; Afr: Africa; Amr: Americas; Emr: Eastern Mediterranean; Eur: Europe; Sear: South-East Asia;
Wpr: Western Pacific; LMIC: Low- and middle-income countries; HIC: High-income countries

Figure 15: Age-standardized deaths per capita attributable to AAP in 2012, by disease and region

Age-standardized deaths per 100 000 capita

80

70

Stroke
IHD

65

COPD

59

60

59

55

Lung cancer

54

ALRI

47

50

39

40

30

25
18

20

10

10

Wpr
(LMIC)

Sear

Eur
(LMIC)

Emr
(LMIC)

Emr
(HIC)

World

Afr

Eur
(HIC)

Amr
(LMIC)

Wpr
(HIC)

Amr
(HIC)

AAP: ambient air pollution; Afr: Africa; Amr: Americas; Emr: Eastern Mediterranean; Eur: Europe; Sear: South-East Asia; Wpr: Western Pacific; LMIC: Low- and middle-income countries; HIC: High-income countries.

41

Figure 16: Deaths attributable to AAP in 2012, by country

AAP: Ambient air pollution

Figure 17: DALYs attributable to AAP in 2012, by country

AAP: Ambient air pollution

42

Figure 18: Age-standardized deaths per 100 000 capita attributable to AAP in 2012, by country

AAP: Ambient air pollution

Figure 19: Age-standardized DALYs per 100 000 capita attributable to AAP in 2012, by country

AAP: Ambient air pollution

43

Almost 94% of deaths worldwide are due to noncommunicable diseases in adults, such as cardiovascular diseases (stroke and ischaemic heart disease), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung
cancers. The remaining deaths occur in children under five years of age due to acute lower respiratory
infections (Figure 20 and Tables 5 and 6).
Figure 20: Deaths attributable to AAP in 2012, by disease
STROKE

242 250

IHD
COPD
LUNG CANCER
ALRI

169 250
8%
6%

402 350

36%

14%

1 078 800

36%

1 082 750

Percentage represents percentage of total AAP burden. AAP: ambient air pollution; ALRI: acute lower respiratory disease; COPD:
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IHD: ischaemic heart disease.

Table 5: Deaths attributable to AAP in 2012, by disease, age and sex

Deaths
Disease

Children <5 years

Men

Women

Total

ALRI

169 250

169 250

COPD

135 900

106 350

242 250

Lung cancer

285 900

116 450

402 350

IHD

606 350

472 450

1 078 800

Stroke

540 600

542 150

1 082 750

Total

169 250

1 568 750

1 237 400

2 975 400

AAP: ambient air pollution; ALRI: acute lower respiratory disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IHD: ischaemic
heart disease. Men and women are adults of 25 years and above.

Table 6: Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to AAP in 2012, by disease, age and sex
DALYs (000s)
Disease
ALRI

Children <5 years

15 478

Men
-

Women
-

Total

15 478

COPD

3 758

2 862

6 620

Lung cancer

7 076

2 736

9 812

IHD

16 782

10 105

26 887

Stroke

13 927

12 210

26 137

Total

15 478

41 544

27 913

84 934

DALYs: disability-adjusted life years; AAP: ambient air pollution; ALRI: acute lower respiratory disease; COPD: chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease; IHD: ischaemic heart disease. Men and women are adults of 25 years and above.

The fraction of each individual disease attributable to ambient air pollution is presented in Table 7 for
DALYs, and ranges from 8% for COPD to 25% for lung cancers. ALRI, stroke and IHD lie in the middle
with population attributable fraction of around 16%.
44

45

1%

2%

14%

9%

2%

4%

10%

2%

9%

2%

9%

6%

12%

23%

18%

10%

15%

19%

8%

17%

10%

17%

17%

Amr (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Emr (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Sear

Wpr (HIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

HIC

LMIC

World

8%

8%

9%

1%

1%
9%

9%

2%

10%

4%

2%

9%

14%

2%

1%

5%

Both

9%

2%

10%

4%

2%

9%

14%

2%

0%

5%

Women

26%

34%

13%

38%

15%

33%

24%

15%

35%

47%

15%

5%

26%

25 years

Men

Lung cancer

24%

34%

11%

38%

14%

32%

23%

15%

36%

47%

16%

5%

27%

Women

25%

34%

12%

38%

15%

33%

23%

15%

36%

47%

15%

5%

27%

Both

16%

18%

10%

17%

10%

20%

14%

12%

19%

23%

12%

6%

18%

25 years

Men

IHD

14%

16%

9%

16%

8%

18%

12%

10%

18%

20%

11%

5%

16%

Women

15%

17%

10%

17%

9%

19%

13%

11%

18%

22%

12%

6%

17%

Both

17%

19%

10%

19%

10%

20%

14%

11%

20%

25%

11%

5%

18%

25 years

Men

Stroke

16%

17%

9%

18%

8%

18%

12%

9%

19%

22%

10%

5%

17%

Women

16%

18%

9%

19%

9%

19%

13%

10%

20%

24%

11%

5%

18%

Both

DALY: Disability-adjusted life years; PAF: population attributable fraction; AAP: Ambient air pollution; ALRI: Acute lower respiratory disease; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IHD: Ischaemic
heart disease. Afr: Africa; Amr: America; Emr: Eastern Mediterranean; Eur: Europe; Sear: South-East Asia; Wpr: Western Pacific; LMIC: Low- and middle-income countries; HIC: High-income countries.

8%

5%

25 years

< 5 years

16%

Men

Children

Afr

COPD

ALRI

Table 7: Population attributable fraction (PAF) for the Disability-adjusted life years (DALY) attributable AAP in 2012, by disease, age, sex and region.

3.3. Discussion
In 2012, ambient air pollution from particulate matter was responsible for about 3 million
deaths and 85 million DALYs. Burden of disease
calculation is based on: 1) Population exposure
assessment; 2) exposure-response functions;
and 3) underlying health data. As data on air
quality and epidemiological evidence is accumulating rapidly, and methodolodies for both
points 1) and 2) are being revised on a regular
basis, and these figures are evolving.
Decision-makers and researchers need accurate
and reliable estimates of air pollution exposure
and the related health impacts. Differing needs
(cause-specific vs all-cause mortality, national or
regional assessment), publication schedules and
audience may lead to different approaches and
data use, and therefore different results (2831).
The methods used in this report were developed
for global reporting and using the latest available
evidence and health data that complied with
WHO standards; they may therefore differ from
official national statistics prepared and endorsed
by individual WHO Member States.
Some regions, such as the Eastern Mediterranean and Africa are highly affected by natural
desert dust particles. This results in high health
burden according to the current methods, which
assume natural dust affects health the same
way as PM2.5 from other sources.
The health impacts associated with exposure to
dust are not yet fully understood, and are currently treated the same way as those from air pollution in industrialized countries where most of the
epidemiological studies have been performed.
There is a need to for a better assessment of
the health impacts from natural dust, as it could
result in much lower burden than those from
antropogenic particulate matter (32, 33).

47

The actual impact of air pollution on health

presented here is a conservative figure. Many
other diseases have been associated with air
pollution but are not included in this assessment,
because the evidence was not considered to be
sufficiently robust, such as pre-term birth or low
birth weight. Also, it does not include the separate
impacts of health from other air pollutants such as
nitrogen oxides (NOx) or ozone (O3).
As data on air pollutants, methods to assess
population exposure and epidemiological
evidence accumulates, health effects of additional pollutants should be taken into account in
the future as it has already been done for ozone
(14). In addition, assessments of the health impacts from interventions to reduce air pollution
using rigorous epidemiological methodology
are much needed. These would be able to take
account of context, of intervention packages
and provide a stronger basis for assessing reallife impacts of air quality improvement efforts.

4. Conclusion and way forward

Ambient air pollution kills about 3 million people
annually and is affecting all regions of the world,
although Western Pacific and South East Asia
are the most affected. About 90% of people
breathe air that does not comply with the WHO
Air Quality Guidelines.
The data presented here carry significant
uncertainties but constitute the best evidence
available to date. Air quality data and epidemiological evidence on the effects of air pollutants
on health are growing quickly. They will continue to improve exposure assessment to particulate matter and other pollutants, as well as
for burden of disease estimation.
More epidemiological studies of the long-term
effects of exposure to air pollution in low-income
settings, where air pollution reaches unacceptable levels, are urgently needed to better
inform the exposure-response relationships.
Additional evidence on health outcomes currently not assessed in the analysis, because of
lack of knowledge, is also crucial.

49

In terms of monitoring and reporting, there is

a huge gap in monitoring and reporting air
pollutants in low and middle-income regions,
especially in Africa and Asia but also other
regions. Strengthening capacities of cities
to monitor their air quality with standardized
methods, reliable and good quality instrumentation, and sustainable structures is key.

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53

Acknowledgment
This document was prepared by Sophie Gumy,
and Annette Prss-stn (WHO Geneva), with
inputs and comments from Heather Adair-Rohani, Carlos Dora and Elaine Fletcher (WHO
Geneva), Gavin Shaddick and Matthew Thomas (University of Bath, United Kingdom).
The interactive map and the static map of exposure to air pollution were prepared by Ravi Santhana Gopala Krishnan (WHO Geneva); all other
maps were prepared by Florence Rusciano
(WHO Geneva).

(Emory University), Aaron Cohen (Health Effects

Institute), Rita van Dingenen (Joint Research
Centre, European Commission), Yang Liu (Emory University), Randall Martin (Dalhousie), Lance
Waller (Emory University), Jason West (North
Carolina) and Jim Zidek (University of British
Columbia), in addition to Annette Prss-Ustn, Sophie Gumy and Carlos Dora of WHO.
The model was presented and reviewed at the
WHO Global Platform on Air Quality, Geneva, in
August 2015.

Exposure: ground measurements

Burden of disease attributable to

of PM10 and PM2.5

ambient air pollution

The database was compiled during 2015 with

some updates in the first quarter of 2016 by
Sophie Gumy, Tara Neville, Kristina Dushaj
and Annette Prss-Ustn (WHO Geneva) with
contributions from Mazen Malkawi (WHO CEHA,
Amman), Christian Gapp (WHO ECEH, Bonn),
Alberto Gonzlez Ortiz (European Environment
Agency), Kaye Patdu and Candy Tong (Clean
Air Asia), Michael Brauer (School of Population
and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Canada), and several national institutions.

The burden of disease was calculated by

Sophie Gumy and Annette Prss-Ustn (WHO
Geneva).

Exposure: modelled estimates

of PM2.5
The model to produce the estimates was developed under the leadership of WHO and the
University of Bath, United Kingdom, with the
input and review of an expert group of 12 leading scientists in the area. The scientist leading
the work was Gavin Shaddick (University of
Bath) who was assisted by Matthew Thomas
and Amelia Jobling (University of Bath). The
expert group consisted of Gavin Shaddick,
Michael Brauer (University of British Columbia),
Aaron van Donkelaar (Dalhousie University),
Rick Burnett (Health Canada), Howard Chang

55

Annex 1: Modelled population

exposure to particulate matter
(PM2.5), by country
Country income grouping is based on the World Bank analytical income classification of economies1
corresponding to the year of the data.
Table A1: Annual median concentration of particulate matter of an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 mm
or less (PM2.5) with lower and upper bound, population-weighted and modelled, by area and country
PM2.5 [g/m3], urban and rural areas
Region

Country

Emr (LMIC)

PM2.5 [g/m3], urban areas

Median

Lower

Upper

Median

Lower

Upper

Afghanistan

46

26

80

63

41

98

Eur (LMIC)

Albania

16

29

17

10

30

Afr

Algeria

27

74

25

73

Eur (HIC)

Andorra

10

18

11

17

Afr

Angola

27

95

42

182

Amr (HIC)

Antigua and Barbuda

13

28

13

28

Amr (LMIC)

Argentina

13

22

14

24

Eur (LMIC)

Armenia

21

66

25

87

Wpr (HIC)

Australia

Eur (HIC)

Austria

16

11

23

17

12

24

Eur (LMIC)

Azerbaijan

24

73

26

86

Amr (HIC)

Bahamas

13

28

13

28

Emr (HIC)

Bahrain

60

43

82

60

44

82

Sear

Bangladesh

84

53

131

89

58

134

Amr (HIC)

Barbados

14

31

14

31

Eur (LMIC)

Belarus

17

48

18

54

Eur (HIC)

Belgium

15

11

22

16

11

23

Amr (LMIC)

Belize

22

64

21

62

Afr

Benin

31

107

28

106

Sear

Bhutan

48

30

79

39

30

50

Amr (LMIC)

Bolivia, Plurinational
States of

27

17

45

32

20

49

Eur (LMIC)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

42

23

76

55

30

100

Afr

Botswana

16

42

19

57

Amr (LMIC)

Brazil

10

16

11

17

Wpr HIC

Brunei Darussalam

Eur (LMIC)

Bulgaria

27

18

40

30

21

42

Afr

Burkina Faso

37

12

119

37

10

132

For more information, see: Country classification. Washington (DC): World Bank (https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.
org/knowledgebase/topics/19280-country-classification, accessed February 2016).

57

PM2.5 [g/m3], urban and rural areas

PM2.5 [g/m3], urban areas

Region

Country

Median

Lower

Upper

Median

Lower

Upper

Afr

Burundi

38

11

136

49

12

198

Afr

Cabo Verde

36

14

96

NA

NA

NA

Wpr (LMIC)

Cambodia

23

75

25

99

Afr

Cameroon

65

38

111

64

39

104

Amr (HIC)

Canada

10

10

Afr

Central African Republic

39

12

129

56

15

217

Afr

Chad

39

14

115

61

18

207

Amr (HIC)

Chile

20

13

30

25

18

36

Wpr (LMIC)

China

54

37

80

59

42

84

Amr (LMIC)

Colombia

17

11

25

18

13

26

Afr

Comoros

16

32

16

32

Afr

Congo

40

11

143

57

13

236

Wpr (LMIC)

Cook Islands

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Amr (LMIC)

Costa Rica

18

12

27

19

13

27

Eur (HIC)

Croatia

19

12

31

20

13

32

Amr (LMIC)

Cuba

17

38

16

38

Eur (HIC)

Cyprus

17

11

26

17

11

26

Eur (HIC)

Czech Republic

20

14

29

21

15

29

Afr

Cte dIvoire

22

71

19

71

Sear

Democratic Peoples
Republic of Korea

27

92

31

118

Afr

Democratic Republic
of the Congo

38

12

121

61

16

225

Eur (HIC)

Denmark

10

16

11

17

Emr (LMIC)

Djibouti

39

159

46

10

211

Amr (LMIC)

Dominica

13

28

13

28

Amr (LMIC)

Dominican Republic

16

37

17

40

Amr (LMIC)

Ecuador

13

20

13

20

Emr (LMIC)

Egypt

93

50

171

101

54

188

Amr (LMIC)

El Salvador

35

20

62

37

22

64

Afr

Equatorial Guinea

33

153

32

128

Afr

Eritrea

35

10

126

36

138

Eur (HIC)

Estonia

13

13

Afr

Ethiopia

30

94

36

10

132

Wpr (LMIC)

Fiji

22

22

Eur (HIC)

Finland

11

11

Eur (HIC)

France

12

17

13

18

Afr

Gabon

30

115

36

169

Afr

Gambia

39

234

43

306

Eur (LMIC)

Georgia

19

11

33

23

13

40

58

PM2.5 [g/m3], urban and rural areas

Region

Country

Median

PM2.5 [g/m3], urban areas

Lower

Upper

Median

Lower

Upper

Eur (HIC)

Germany

14

20

14

10

21

Afr

Ghana

24

12

46

22

10

46

Eur (HIC)

Greece

12

18

13

18

Amr (LMIC)

Grenada

14

31

14

32

Amr (LMIC)

Guatemala

32

20

51

33

23

49

Afr

Guinea

21

66

19

68

Afr

Guinea-Bissau

27

103

29

138

Amr (LMIC)

Guyana

15

45

16

54

Amr (LMIC)

Haiti

22

63

25

79

Amr (LMIC)

Honduras

35

20

60

40

23

68

Eur (LMIC)

Hungary

21

14

32

23

16

33

Eur (HIC)

Iceland

12

12

Sear

India

62

41

95

66

45

97

Sear

Indonesia

14

23

18

11

28

Emr (LMIC)

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

42

27

63

40

28

58

Emr (LMIC)

Iraq

50

18

141

51

17

154

Eur (HIC)

Ireland

14

10

14

Eur (HIC)

Israel

19

13

28

19

14

27

Eur (HIC)

Italy

17

12

25

18

13

26

Amr (LMIC)

Jamaica

16

11

25

17

12

25

Wpr (HIC)

Japan

13

19

13

19

Emr (LMIC)

Jordan

36

24

53

38

27

52

Eur (LMIC)

Kazakhstan

15

43

21

67

Afr

Kenya

16

28

17

10

29

Wpr (LMIC)

Kiribati

20

NA

NA

NA

Emr (HIC)

Kuwait

75

50

112

78

53

116

Eur (LMIC)

Kyrgyzstan

15

27

15

28

Wpr (LMIC)

Lao Peoples Democratic

Republic

27

76

34

10

106

Eur (HIC)

Latvia

19

12

29

20

13

31

Emr (LMIC)

Lebanon

30

19

45

31

21

45

Afr

Lesotho

18

76

22

113

Afr

Liberia

17

15

Emr (LMIC)

Libya

61

22

171

58

19

175

Eur (HIC)

Lithuania

18

12

28

19

13

28

Eur (HIC)

Luxembourg

16

11

24

17

12

23

Afr

Madagascar

17

33

32

19

54

Afr

Malawi

22

72

26

95

Wpr (LMIC)

Malaysia

15

24

17

10

26

Sear

Maldives

16

29

NA

NA

NA

59

PM2.5 [g/m3], urban and rural areas

PM2.5 [g/m3], urban areas

Region

Country

Median

Lower

Upper

Median

Lower

Upper

Afr

Mali

39

13

124

35

10

120

Eur (HIC)

Malta

14

21

14

10

20

Wpr (LMIC)

Marshall Islands

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Afr

Mauritania

65

19

230

86

21

368

Afr

Mauritius

14

23

14

24

Amr (LMIC)

Mexico

20

13

30

20

13

31

Wpr (LMIC)

Micronesia (Federated
States of)

22

23

Eur (HIC)

Monaco

18

18

Wpr (LMIC)

Mongolia

20

13

32

32

20

51

Eur (LMIC)

Montenegro

22

14

35

24

15

38

Emr (LMIC)

Morocco

20

13

32

19

12

29

Afr

Mozambique

17

47

22

69

Sear

Myanmar

51

32

80

57

35

90

Afr

Namibia

18

51

18

57

Wpr (LMIC)

Nauru

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Sear

Nepal

64

33

123

74

39

140

Eur (HIC)

Netherlands

15

10

22

15

10

22

Wpr (HIC)

New Zealand

Amr (LMIC)

Nicaragua

24

74

26

95

Afr

Niger

59

19

191

51

15

177

Afr

Nigeria

39

25

61

38

24

58

Wpr (LMIC)

Niue

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Eur (HIC)

Norway

13

14

Emr (HIC)

Oman

48

18

132

47

15

145

Emr (LMIC)

Pakistan

60

37

97

68

43

107

Wpr (LMIC)

Palau

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Amr (LMIC)

Panama

12

20

13

23

Wpr (LMIC)

Papua New Guinea

10

45

12

71

Amr (LMIC)

Paraguay

15

25

17

10

28

Amr (LMIC)

Peru

26

16

42

36

23

54

Wpr (LMIC)

Philippines

22

14

35

27

17

43

Eur (HIC)

Poland

24

16

35

25

18

36

Eur (HIC)

Portugal

14

10

14

Emr (HIC)

Qatar

103

67

160

105

69

159

Wpr (HIC)

Republic of Korea

27

18

39

28

19

40

Eur (LMIC)

Republic of Moldova

17

59

17

68

Eur (LMIC)

Romania

19

13

28

20

14

29

Eur (HIC)

Russian Federation

15

27

17

31

Afr

Rwanda

43

13

143

51

14

185

60

PM2.5 [g/m3], urban and rural areas

PM2.5 [g/m3], urban areas

Region

Country

Median

Lower

Upper

Median

Lower

Upper

Amr (HIC)

Saint Kitts and Nevis

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Amr (LMIC)

Saint Lucia

15

31

15

32

Amr (LMIC)

Saint Vincent and the

Grenadines

13

28

NA

NA

NA

Wpr (LMIC)

Samoa

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Eur (HIC)

San Marino

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Afr

Sao Tome and Principe

13

29

NA

NA

NA

Emr (HIC)

Saudi Arabia

108

67

174

127

79

205

Afr

Senegal

34

21

55

43

29

64

Eur (LMIC)

Serbia

19

12

31

21

14

33

Afr

Seychelles

13

27

13

27

Afr

Sierra Leone

17

69

17

86

Wpr (HIC)

Singapore

17

31

17

31

Eur (HIC)

Slovakia

19

13

29

20

14

29

Eur (HIC)

Slovenia

18

12

27

19

14

28

Wpr (LMIC)

Solomon Islands

18

19

Emr (LMIC)

Somalia

16

49

17

66

Afr

South Africa

27

18

42

31

21

48

Emr (LMIC)

South Sudan

29

11

81

32

12

91

Eur (HIC)

Spain

14

10

14

Sear

Sri Lanka

27

14

51

28

15

55

Emr (LMIC)

Sudan

44

14

137

53

16

178

Amr (LMIC)

Suriname

16

51

16

63

Afr

Swaziland

18

59

20

72

Eur (HIC)

Sweden

Eur (HIC)

Switzerland

12

18

13

18

Emr (LMIC)

Syrian Arab Republic

34

12

98

34

11

105

Eur (LMIC)

Tajikistan

41

12

138

51

14

187

Sear

Thailand

25

16

37

27

19

38

Eur (LMIC)

The former Yugoslav

Republic of Macedonia

37

23

59

43

28

65

Sear

Timor-Leste

15

65

15

69

Afr

Togo

28

107

26

113

Wpr (LMIC)

Tonga

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Amr (HIC)

Trinidad and Tobago

13

28

13

28

Emr (LMIC)

Tunisia

36

22

61

35

21

59

Eur (LMIC)

Turkey

34

22

50

35

24

51

Eur (LMIC)

Turkmenistan

25

76

26

95

Wpr (LMIC)

Tuvalu

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Afr

Uganda

57

30

108

80

46

138

Eur (LMIC)

Ukraine

16

44

17

48

61

PM2.5 [g/m3], urban and rural areas

PM2.5 [g/m3], urban areas

Region

Country

Median

Lower

Upper

Median

Lower

Upper

Emr (HIC)

United Arab Emirates

64

39

104

64

39

106

Eur (HIC)

United Kingdom

12

18

12

18

Afr

United Republic
of Tanzania

22

11

42

24

12

47

Amr (HIC)

United States of America

12

12

Amr (HIC)

Uruguay

11

17

11

17

Eur (LMIC)

Uzbekistan

32

10

102

38

12

128

Wpr (LMIC)

Vanuatu

23

26

Amr (LMIC)

Venezuela, Bolivarian
Republic of

22

13

39

24

14

41

Wpr (LMIC)

Viet Nam

26

15

43

28

17

45

Emr (LMIC)

Yemen

43

11

173

42

208

Afr

Zambia

23

64

29

10

90

Afr

Zimbabwe

20

55

24

75

PM2.5: Particulate matter of a diameter of 2.5 mm or less; ALRI: Acute lower respiratory disease; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
; IHD
: Ischaemic heart disease. Afr
: Africa
; Amr
: America
; Emr
: Eastern Mediterranean
;
Eur: Europe; Sear: South-East Asia; Wpr: Western Pacific; LMIC: Low- and middle-income countries; HIC: High-income countries;
NA: Not available.

Wherever possible, estimates of PM2.5 have been computed using standardized categories and
methods in order to enhance cross-national comparability. This approach may result in some cases
in differences between the estimates presented here and the official national statistics prepared and
endorsed by individual WHO Member States.
These differences between WHO and national statistics may be larger for occur in countries with small
cities and settlements which may not be fully represented by the resolution of the WHO model. This
may be compounded for isolated regions where air pollution is primarily from local sources and is
experienced at very local levels.

62

Annex 2: Deaths, YLLs and

DALYs attributable to ambient
air pollution, by country

63

65
3
2

Bahrain

Bangladesh

Emr (HIC)

Sear

265
2
35
198
0
20

Bolivia, Plurinational
States of

Bosnia and
Herzegovina

Botswana

Brazil

Brunei Darussalam

Bulgaria

Burkina Faso

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr HIC

Eur (LMIC)

Afr

1 651

20

41

714

Benin

Bhutan

Afr

Belize

Amr (LMIC)

Sear

Belgium

Eur (HIC)

72

195

539

100

68

29

115

57

1
4

Barbados

Belarus

Amr (HIC)

8 316

45

63

53

192

131

Eur (LMIC)

3 850

135

Azerbaijan

Austria

Eur (HIC)

Bahamas

Australia

Wpr (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Amr (HIC)

85

Argentina

Antigua and Barbuda

Amr (HIC)

Armenia

3 687

Angola

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

341

Algeria

Andorra

Afr

Eur (HIC)

131

Albania

Eur (LMIC)

188
20

3 772

Afghanistan

Emr (LMIC)

COPDb

ALRIa

Country

Region

Number of deaths

45

960

2 901

10

583

88

14

19

1 232

563

4 375

25

238

687

14

370

1 500

39

633

184

301

Lung cancerb

1 120

4 031

12 987

89

1 398

1 126

76

767

18

1 276

6 680

22

10 291

76

31

2 656

1 642

58

1 643

5 256

10

1 491

13

5 087

850

3 813

IHDb

1 735

3 428

9 616

136

1 454

973

53

1 065

13

718

2 146

17

10 617

39

19

1 222

496

20

676

2 723

1 710

5 231

780

3 071

Strokeb

4 623

8 634

26 241

273

3 538

2 521

192

2 606

36

3 343

9 450

44

37 449

148

57

4 297

2 890

93

2 750

9 756

17

7 058

22

11 424

1 842

11 145

Total

(2381, 6922)

(7033, 10210)

(0, 40)

(11292, 39983)

(2, 423)

(2753, 4373)

(1983, 3045)

(154, 237)

(909, 3972)

(5, 54)

(2135, 4294)

(159, 13717)

(0, 64)

(30245, 46036)

(132, 165)

(0, 86)

(954, 6220)

(2010, 3587)

(1, 2829)

(107, 4229)

(2660, 13385)

(0, 25)

(1377, 11428)

(0, 33)

(4577, 16150)

(744, 2452)

(8961, 13570)

Uncertainty interval

28

118

0.2

13

13

92

25

26

26

11

30

100

15

24

11

15

46

34

0.4

92

23

19

31

27

31

64

37

Crude rate

58

55

0.3

14

26

53

31

40

52

21

14

58

10

38

33

17

57

15

0.2

67

18

20

51

12

41

47

81

Age-standardized rate

Deaths per 100 000 capita

66
61
89

2 426

Chad

Afr

951
46

Egypt

El Salvador

Emr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Dominica

Amr (LMIC)
85

54

Djibouti

Emr (LMIC)

86

Denmark

Eur (HIC)

Dominican Republic

10 520

Democratic Republic
of the Congo

Afr

Ecuador

230

Democratic Peoples
Republic of Korea

Sear

Amr (LMIC)

1 431

Cte dIvoire

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

0
3

Cyprus

Cuba

Amr (LMIC)

Czech Republic

Croatia

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Costa Rica

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

NA

43

324

Congo

Cook Islands

Afr

32

Comoros

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

158

Colombia

Amr (LMIC)

76

1 968

43

20

39

473

1 210

64

83

71

49

26

NA

270

90 626

17
6 716

Chile

China

Amr (HIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

64

452

Afr

Canada

23

Central African
Republic

Cameroon

Afr

169

62

45

COPDb

Amr (HIC)

315
2 621

Cabo Verde

Cambodia

Afr

1 378

Burundi

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

ALRIa

Country

Region

Number of deaths

97

2 079

152

164

402

87

3 334

42

1 210

56

975

583

65

NA

748

228 479

587

20

12

503

62

230

21

Lung cancerb

953

22 327

875

1 098

57

434

4 828

3 910

1 394

3 620

120

1 989

1 404

380

NA

386

31

3 688

257 638

1 087

731

306

37

1 060

1 736

1 249

532

IHDb

326

16 206

615

641

92

263

7 124

6 911

2 038

1 194

45

1 086

806

172

NA

484

59

1 638

449 373

1 042

1 101

381

78

300

2 413

1 078

1 025

Strokeb

1 498

43 531

1 771

2 008

13

212

1 138

23 034

15 596

4 970

6 110

223

4 127

2 842

644

NA

1 244

125

6 502

1 032 833

2 822

4 340

1 215

128

1 886

7 000

2 934

3 001

Total

(1189, 1828)

(36017, 51817)

(860, 2308)

(173, 2864)

(1, 19)

(82, 336)

(52, 1845)

(11528, 35080)

(2047, 26352)

(688, 7767)

(4788, 7314)

(150, 281)

(338, 6115)

(2028, 3556)

(469, 786)

NA

(605, 1910)

(29, 174)

(4499, 8063)

(869033, 1212034)

(2064, 3465)

(2410, 6438)

(610, 1889)

(79, 181)

(29, 6607)

(5755, 8463)

(222, 4510)

(1348, 4689)

Uncertainty interval

25

51

11

20

18

25

20

33

63

24

58

20

36

66

14

NA

29

17

14

76

16

34

26

25

32

20

30

Crude rate

27

77

14

24

16

42

10

52

62

43

29

14

23

31

14

NA

50

34

17

70

13

52

40

37

54

37

48

Age-standardized rate

Deaths per 100 000 capita

67
2 534
600
1 010
0
1
2

Indonesia

Iran
(Islamic Republic of)

Iraq

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Sear

Emr (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

0
39 914

Iceland

India

Eur (HIC)

Hungary

Eur (LMIC)

Sear

99

Honduras

Amr (LMIC)

3
574

Guyana

Haiti

159

Guinea-Bissau

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

690

Guinea

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

0
396

Grenada

Greece

Eur (HIC)

Guatemala

968

Ghana

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

12

Georgia

Germany

114

Gambia

Afr

Eur (LMIC)

58

Gabon

Afr

Eur (HIC)

0
4

Finland

France

Fiji

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

5 565

Ethiopia

Afr

Eur (HIC)

558

35

12

173

434

1 000

110 500

160

81

14

32

69

70

72

569

52

18

126

400

22

362

Eritrea

Estonia

COPDb

62

Afr

Equatorial Guinea

Afr

ALRIa

Eur (HIC)

Country

Region

Number of deaths

6 391

411

142

728

1 460

4 951

26 334

2 000

93

98

16

162

844

75

6 821

192

16

4 256

31

376

36

17

Lung cancerb

8 292

509

403

4 974

16 484

16 781

249 388

12

4 324

809

801

123

120

723

880

11

2 388

1 810

13 392

2 127

100

138

3 793

233

2 320

233

307

75

IHDb

5 814

262

124

3 200

7 290

36 527

195 001

1 659

493

1 535

99

174

1 006

473

1 705

2 804

5 372

1 358

160

155

2 774

62

4 595

48

534

77

Strokeb

21 057

1 219

681

10 085

26 267

61 792

621 138

21

8 147

1 575

3 022

230

464

2 466

1 980

22

5 008

5 728

26 160

3 741

386

385

10 954

327

13 257

319

1 243

228

Total

(14291, 26531)

(912, 1501)

(43, 1071)

(6690, 13684)

(22583, 30064)

(32783, 81876)

(515242, 744416)

(0, 64)

(6279, 9881)

(1242, 1927)

(381, 4532)

(0, 352)

(38, 755)

(273, 3832)

(1598, 2378)

(0, 32)

(1717, 6683)

(3816, 7407)

(12729, 34229)

(2341, 4741)

(24, 675)

(76, 622)

(3825, 15204)

(1, 1609)

(0, 302)

(4890, 20742)

(4, 624)

(543, 1904)

(18, 384)

Uncertainty interval

35

16

15

31

34

25

49

82

20

29

30

27

21

13

21

45

22

33

90

21

24

17

0.2

14

24

25

29

Crude rate

13

11

10

68

50

38

68

42

32

46

43

47

38

19

23

19

41

13

51

46

34

0.3

23

11

56

50

Age-standardized rate

Deaths per 100 000 capita

68
NA
340
2
467
0
0

Mauritius

Mexico

Micronesia
(Federated States of)

Monaco

Afr

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Malta

Eur (HIC)

Marshall Islands

2 291

Mali

Sear

Afr

Mauritania

Wpr (LMIC)

29

Malaysia

747

Malawi

Afr

Maldives

914

Madagascar

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

1
0

Lithuania

30

Libya

Emr (LMIC)

Luxembourg

63

Liberia

Afr

Afr

Eur (HIC)

6
82

Latvia

Eur (HIC)

Lebanon

399

Lao Peoples
Democratic Republic

Wpr (LMIC)

Lesotho

48

Kyrgyzstan

Eur (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

0
12

Kiribati

Kuwait

Wpr (LMIC)

2 021

Kenya

Afr

Emr (HIC)

89

Kazakhstan

Eur (LMIC)

742

23

NA

154

148

42

47

16

60

16

25

48

33

31

117

34

281

18
63

Japan

Jordan

Wpr (HIC)

Jamaica

Amr (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

ALRIa

Country

Region

COPDb

Number of deaths

1 336

23

10

NA

27

49

670

13

136

37

223

251

209

199

122

73

35

79

669

159

9 743

82

Lung cancerb

9 983

144

237

NA

76

1 122

23

3 630

697

1 135

35

1 424

1 038

75

89

921

1 156

668

1 357

319

1 192

6 307

743

10 286

246

IHDb

4 269

82

369

NA

25

1 601

20

1 773

1 207

1 984

30

553

674

91

195

274

496

620

617

117

1 780

3 111

484

10 463

349

Strokeb

16 798

252

978

NA

129

5 218

48

6 251

2 706

4 215

106

2 216

2 054

236

387

1 434

1 859

1 857

2 129

487

5 102

10 293

1 483

30 790

693

Total

(0, 14)

(0, 19)

(12475, 20528)

(109, 326)

(597, 1453)

NA

(66, 164)

(2794, 7902)

(12, 65)

(3548, 8036)

(87, 4273)

(1953, 5715)

(69, 135)

(1671, 2678)

(1408, 2758)

(0, 621)

(0, 719)

(1183, 1679)

(1363, 2268)

(758, 2730)

(850, 2784)

(433, 544)

(0, 22)

(1993, 6971)

(1322, 15858)

(1269, 1704)

(11488, 41945)

(484, 869)

Uncertainty interval

20

0.1

14

20

26

NA

31

32

14

22

17

19

20

73

33

19

29

91

29

38

14

0.0

12

61

21

24

25

Crude rate

0.2

17

18

46

NA

16

60

23

32

35

39

11

35

58

11

31

30

42

52

59

45

0.0

21

69

43

22

Age-standardized rate

Deaths per 100 000 capita

69
0
10

Oman

Pakistan

Emr (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

1
7
16
88

Qatar

Republic of Korea

Republic of Moldova

Romania

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Portugal

Eur (HIC)

Emr (HIC)

12

Poland

Eur (HIC)

Wpr (HIC)

163
1 666

Peru

42

Paraguay

Amr (LMIC)

Philippines

165

Papua New Guinea

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

15

Wpr (LMIC)

NA

Palau

Panama

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

13 683

NA

Niue

Norway

22 233

Nigeria

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

3 168

Niger

Afr

Eur (HIC)

0
72

New Zealand

Nicaragua

Netherlands

Eur (HIC)

Wpr (HIC)

740

Nepal

Sear

Amr (LMIC)

34
NA

Namibia

Nauru

Afr

1 530

Myanmar

Sear

Wpr (LMIC)

1 350

Mozambique

Afr

0
369

Montenegro

Morocco

Eur (LMIC)

39

Mongolia

Wpr (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

ALRIa

Country

Region

164

26

284

20

483

599

128

16

10

NA

5 688

12

NA

652

99

40

137

1 770

NA

10

1 561

58

84

18

COPDb

Number of deaths

2 115

188

4 695

34

323

5 731

2 240

651

108

26

36

NA

2 394

25

137

NA

264

64

1 839

923

NA

2 780

58

767

77

60

Lung cancerb

6 794

1 967

2 638

104

647

11 987

14 067

1 949

529

186

227

NA

20 772

257

330

NA

9 618

1 073

671

13

1 203

3 328

NA

92

5 476

598

3 379

160

572

IHDb

5 336

811

3 899

36

779

8 376

10 124

1 348

465

132

142

NA

16 705

180

156

NA

13 983

1 835

399

836

3 183

NA

162

11 316

1 278

3 535

145

434

Strokeb

14 497

3 008

11 523

179

1 769

26 589

28 696

4 239

1 159

519

425

NA

59 241

477

636

NA

46 750

6 183

1 247

20

4 017

9 943

NA

306

22 664

3 343

8 134

382

1 123

Total

(11001, 17576)

(0, 4776)

(9054, 13963)

(158, 200)

(66, 2894)

(21327, 31670)

(22037, 34736)

(3277, 5148)

(534, 1523)

(0, 1208)

(54, 615)

NA

(48757, 71340)

(326, 634)

(24, 1226)

NA

(38031, 56243)

(3802, 9146)

(196, 1874)

(0, 463)

(2176, 5394)

(7426, 13057)

NA

(40, 481)

(18744, 26942)

(132, 5360)

(6109, 9907)

(284, 472)

(779, 1389)

Uncertainty interval

73

74

23

17

69

30

14

18

11

NA

33

13

13

NA

28

35

21

0.5

24

36

NA

13

43

13

25

61

40

Crude rate

39

57

16

31

39

47

17

25

12

12

NA

52

36

NA

44

57

31

0.3

12

56

NA

27

61

21

31

39

70

Age-standardized rate

Deaths per 100 000 capita

70
2

Sudan

Suriname

Emr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)
52
0
0
116
501

Swaziland

Sweden

Switzerland

Syrian Arab Republic

Tajikistan

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

2 878

3
33

Spain

Sri Lanka

Eur (HIC)

1 200

South Sudan

Emr (LMIC)

Sear

1 160

South Africa

Afr

0
1 362

Solomon Islands

Somalia

Slovenia

Eur (HIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Slovakia

Eur (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

745

Sierra Leone

Singapore

Seychelles

Afr

Afr

Serbia

Eur (LMIC)

Wpr (HIC)

59

Sao Tome and

Principe

Afr

613

NA

San Marino

Eur (HIC)

Saudi Arabia

NA

Samoa

Wpr (LMIC)

Senegal

Saint Vincent and the

Grenadines

Amr (LMIC)

Emr (HIC)

Saint Lucia

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

NA

86

66

28

199

275

125

43

464

16

10

21

16

15

88

67

236

NA

NA

NA

34

738

Rwanda

Saint Kitts and Nevis

723

COPDb

133

Afr

Russian Federation

Eur (HIC)

ALRIa

Amr (HIC)

Country

Region

Number of deaths

95

538

408

118

365

1 834

32

1 638

22

217

416

285

1 341

32

362

NA

NA

NA

19

9 840

Lung cancerb

1 743

3 779

750

26

47

31

1 738

4 846

3 134

493

4 608

273

265

2 210

544

398

10

2 049

529

4 128

NA

NA

12

15

NA

496

83 938

IHDb

1 189

1 496

295

78

33

3 161

2 273

1 765

864

6 486

471

240

813

248

617

1 952

764

3 335

12

NA

NA

18

NA

940

46 216

Strokeb

3 615

5 994

1 482

40

188

74

8 093

7 792

6 860

2 632

14 356

2 144

732

3 465

1 094

1 783

18

5 435

2 005

8 119

25

NA

NA

21

38

NA

2 227

140 851

Total

(2044, 5246)

(3542, 8251)

(396, 2031)

(0, 1886)

(0, 318)

(0, 122)

(4644, 11955)

(5675, 9843)

(1210, 11062)

(1271, 3895)

(11397, 17206)

(122, 3734)

(0, 81)

(522, 915)

(2681, 4156)

(543, 1479)

(0, 3196)

(1, 26)

(3821, 6858)

(1592, 2440)

(7027, 9293)

(0, 40)

NA

NA

(0, 31)

(6, 55)

NA

(1220, 3320)

(59079, 192348)

Uncertainty interval

46

30

18

0.4

15

14

21

38

15

24

27

21

0.0

35

64

21

30

19

61

15

28

14

NA

NA

19

21

NA

21

98

Crude rate

89

60

0.2

28

16

36

38

36

39

27

0.0

17

40

16

50

19

34

28

67

26

NA

NA

21

19

NA

40

61

Age-standardized rate

Deaths per 100 000 capita

71
125
591
1 415
997
700

Vanuatu

Venezuela, Bolivarian
Republic of

Viet Nam

Yemen

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

14

51

18

135

1 127

126

123

24

122

4 897

814

444

169

8 836

36

4 803

62

2 644

126

NA

114

6 498

492

28

NA

12

26

292

4 323

Lung cancerb

366

519

2 849

5 081

3 466

9 984

308

22 560

1 599

7 366

399

38 707

1 624

NA

2 425

14 813

2 465

223

NA

372

73

390

9 669

IHDb

616

854

2 144

15 644

1 582

4 936

217

5 893

2 108

3 749

172

12 824

2 905

NA

944

10 053

1 527

96

NA

566

58

660

7 302

Strokeb

1 856

2 411

6 667

27 340

6 113

16 282

713

38 043

5 765

16 355

655

54 507

7 989

NA

3 667

32 668

4 631

351

NA

1 454

210

1 366

22 375

Total

(137, 2949)

(679, 3600)

(3028, 10148)

(19758, 34835)

(4424, 7612)

(0, 41)

(7937, 23064)

(194, 996)

(1539, 80804)

(3513, 7645)

(5387, 22534)

(564, 749)

(673, 79137)

(6239, 10044)

NA

(1134, 5197)

(27197, 38289)

(3739, 5540)

(0, 515)

NA

(287, 2322)

(0, 403)

(1107, 1635)

(17790, 26921)

Uncertainty interval

13

16

27

30

20

57

21

12

12

26

120

23

NA

71

44

43

26

NA

22

19

66

33

Crude rate

23

30

58

33

27

85

13

21

13

28

65

45

NA

108

48

44

24

NA

42

31

47

28

Age-standardized rate

Deaths per 100 000 capita

AAP: Ambient air pollution; ALRI: Acute lower respiratory disease; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IHD: Ischaemic heart disease. Afr: Africa; Amr: America; Emr: Eastern Mediterranean; Eur:
Europe; Sear: South-East Asia; Wpr: Western Pacific; LMIC: Low- and middle-income countries; HIC: High-income countries; NA: Not available.
a
Age group includes less than 5 years old.
b
Age group includes 25 years and above.

195

4
722

Uruguay

Uzbekistan

721

110

424

13

268

192

NA

55

1 065

102

NA

19

23

976

COPDb

33

Amr (HIC)

Amr (HIC)

1 912

Eur (LMIC)

United States of
America

Afr

12

United Kingdom

United Arab Emirates

Emr (HIC)

United Republic of
Tanzania

63

Ukraine

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

NA
3 141

Tuvalu

Uganda

130

Turkmenistan

Eur (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

240

Turkey

Eur (LMIC)

Afr

NA

Tonga

Wpr (LMIC)
45

484

Togo

Afr

Trinidad and Tobago

50

Timor-Leste

Sear

Tunisia

The former Yugoslav

Republic of Macedonia

Eur (LMIC)

Amr (HIC)

104

Thailand

Sear

Emr (LMIC)

ALRIa

Country

Region

Number of deaths

73
1 798
3
149
0
1 452
0
36
3
0
1
60
1
1
0
1
1
1
323
9

1
17
90
0
8

Afghanistan

Albania

Algeria

Andorra

Angola

Antigua and Barbuda

Argentina

Armenia

Australia

Austria

Azerbaijan

Bahamas

Bahrain

Bangladesh

Barbados

Belarus

Belgium

Belize

Benin

Bhutan

Bolivia, Plurinational
States of

Bosnia and
Herzegovina

Botswana

Brazil

Brunei Darussalam

Bulgaria

Burkina Faso

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Amr (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Wpr (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Amr (HIC)

Emr (HIC)

Sear

Amr (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

Sear

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr HIC

Eur (LMIC)

Afr

763

120

1 728

ALRIa

Country

Region

33

83

223

44

35

11

14

42

12

3 729

19

27

21

81

54

47

88

COPDb

Number of deaths

21

169

1 144

124

45

319

70

859

52

250

65

443

14

118

63

77

Lung cancerb

579

1 896

5 110

49

623

509

31

387

499

3 289

10

3 345

25

13

1 176

797

24

721

2 375

653

2 000

400

1 828

IHDb

873

1 850

4 634

90

830

454

29

553

398

1 206

5 422

17

656

296

12

351

1 359

924

2 537

440

1 752

Strokeb

2 269

4 006

11 201

160

1 623

1 164

86

1 284

17

1 258

4 578

20

15 084

52

25

1 962

1 372

43

1 161

4 294

3 096

10

4 851

915

5 544

Total

(1179, 3387)

(3271, 4734)

(0, 17)

(4747, 17119)

(1, 246)

(1268, 2005)

(913, 1410)

(69, 105)

(450, 1944)

(2, 25)

(832, 1594)

(44, 6579)

(0, 28)

(12074, 18726)

(46, 58)

(0, 37)

(407, 2839)

(960, 1694)

(0, 1312)

(34, 1756)

(1094, 5831)

(0, 12)

(625, 4980)

(0, 14)

(1930, 6862)

(352, 1217)

(4463, 6739)

Uncertainty interval

27

107

0.1

11

15

84

23

25

25

10

22

90

13

20

10

13

42

32

0.4

77

20

17

27

24

26

64

38

Crude rate

52

40

0.2

11

28

41

27

40

49

21

38

31

27

12

46

11

0.2

45

13

17

47

34

42

81

Age-standardized rate

Deaths per 100 000 capita

74
ALRIa
625
133
1 165
1
2
186
1 028
7
2 831
66
14
123
NA
1
0
3
0
1
652
114
4 665
0
23
0
35
38
490
20

Country

Burundi

Cabo Verde

Cambodia

Cameroon

Canada

Central African
Republic

Chad

Chile

China

Colombia

Comoros

Congo

Cook Islands

Costa Rica

Croatia

Cuba

Cyprus

Czech Republic

Cte dIvoire

Democratic Peoples
Republic of Korea

Democratic Republic
of the Congo

Denmark

Djibouti

Dominica

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

Egypt

El Salvador

Region

Afr

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Afr

Amr (HIC)

Afr

Afr

Amr (HIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Sear

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

44

868

18

10

21

199

571

19

33

31

18

13

NA

16

126

42 903

39

29

30

11

62

28

22

COPDb

Number of deaths

45

564

61

64

199

25

1 561

16

364

12

353

146

22

NA

299

67 281

237

234

22

83

11

Lung cancerb

478

10 018

380

575

25

180

2 226

1 830

580

1 702

40

863

693

147

NA

173

14

1 555

129 846

385

344

146

14

421

824

615

210

IHDb

180

7 743

299

350

41

145

3 836

3 211

881

685

25

540

440

87

NA

255

27

886

219 575

500

536

205

38

171

1 249

557

455

Strokeb

767

19 682

797

1 035

94

546

10 952

7 288

2 147

2 786

78

1 791

1 297

270

NA

568

56

2 932

462 436

1 168

1 945

570

57

838

3 322

1 416

1 323

Total

(607, 941)

(16245, 23495)

(378, 1041)

(82, 1470)

(0, 9)

(36, 150)

(19, 896)

(5520, 16614)

(890, 12333)

(293, 3351)

(2194, 3323)

(53, 98)

(132, 2638)

(941, 1605)

(194, 331)

NA

(279, 863)

(12, 78)

(2017, 3643)

(389791, 542399)

(845, 1444)

(1086, 2877)

(289, 882)

(35, 81)

(9, 2996)

(2737, 4005)

(102, 2163)

(589, 2082)

Uncertainty interval

24

46

10

20

17

22

19

31

58

21

52

14

32

58

12

NA

26

15

12

70

13

31

24

23

31

19

26

Crude rate

24

64

11

23

14

36

50

46

40

20

18

21

11

NA

45

29

14

60

47

36

28

51

32

42

Age-standardized rate

Deaths per 100 000 capita

75
23
152
0
2 049
0
0
1
21
50
4
2
450
0
0
178
313
69
2
264
45
2
0
20 455
1 081
289
466
0
0
2

Equatorial Guinea

Eritrea

Estonia

Ethiopia

Fiji

Finland

France

Gabon

Gambia

Georgia

Germany

Ghana

Greece

Grenada

Guatemala

Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

Guyana

Haiti

Honduras

Hungary

Iceland

India

Indonesia

Iran (Islamic
Republic of)

Iraq

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Afr

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Afr

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Sear

Sear

Emr (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

ALRIa

Country

Region

224

14

69

177

297

47 210

66

35

12

32

33

33

246

23

46

51

11

COPDb

Number of deaths

1 661

139

59

204

469

1 341

6 202

714

37

52

68

149

16

2 238

33

1 153

10

196

Lung cancerb

3 808

209

169

1 884

6 858

5 875

89 727

2 164

334

408

53

61

373

398

1 039

853

6 033

1 044

45

64

1 547

100

911

116

130

26

IHDb

3 434

139

71

1 394

3 513

18 347

96 383

878

227

815

47

86

515

236

957

1 676

3 133

764

72

87

1 602

35

2 055

27

245

35

Strokeb

9 128

501

305

4 016

11 306

26 941

259 977

10

3 824

678

1 544

104

220

1 219

912

2 178

3 028

11 652

1 868

171

185

4 349

146

5 263

152

547

88

Total

(6297, 11395)

(378, 615)

(15, 480)

(2657, 5481)

(9706, 12963)

(14114, 35705)

(214832, 312709)

(0, 32)

(2973, 4618)

(533, 832)

(196, 2313)

(0, 160)

(18, 355)

(137, 1882)

(736, 1096)

(0, 13)

(707, 2867)

(2013, 3923)

(5497, 15113)

(1156, 2365)

(11, 296)

(36, 295)

(1514, 5912)

(0, 722)

(0, 95)

(1973, 8087)

(1, 292)

(239, 840)

(7, 148)

Uncertainty interval

30

13

13

25

30

22

43

73

18

30

27

26

21

12

17

38

23

28

86

19

23

13

0.1

11

22

22

23

Crude rate

51

46

31

57

29

26

44

40

44

38

16

16

13

41

38

42

30

0.2

19

46

42

Age-standardized rate

Deaths per 100 000 capita

76
ALRIa
3
9
28
38
892
0
5
21
167
0
3
38
31
13
0
0
410
383
13
0
1 046
0
NA
129
1
205
0
0

Country

Jamaica

Japan

Jordan

Kazakhstan

Kenya

Kiribati

Kuwait

Kyrgyzstan

Lao Peoples
Democratic Republic

Latvia

Lebanon

Lesotho

Liberia

Libya

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Madagascar

Malawi

Malaysia

Maldives

Mali

Malta

Marshall Islands

Mauritania

Mauritius

Mexico

Micronesia
(Federated States of)

Monaco

Region

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Emr (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Sear

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

348

10

NA

47

42

17

23

23

10

24

14

14

43

63

COPDb

Number of deaths

505

NA

20

220

24

12

34

31

62

34

35

18

31

121

21

2 670

18

Lung cancerb

4 307

53

123

NA

32

647

1 342

371

489

14

765

433

37

48

274

591

325

639

75

477

2 948

276

4 089

114

IHDb

2 255

35

194

NA

12

924

820

664

1 015

17

342

331

47

120

160

296

305

291

42

815

1 744

239

5 052

184

Strokeb

7 620

95

459

NA

51

2 685

16

2 436

1 441

1 961

45

1 146

831

117

213

508

923

856

983

131

2 229

4 895

573

11 883

322

Total

(0, 6)

(0, 7)

(5620, 9341)

(39, 122)

(284, 674)

NA

(26, 64)

(1469, 3998)

(4, 22)

(1379, 3124)

(44, 2267)

(910, 2659)

(30, 57)

(865, 1379)

(578, 1113)

(0, 307)

(0, 387)

(417, 599)

(677, 1121)

(353, 1253)

(380, 1283)

(116, 147)

(0, 7)

(865, 3052)

(599, 7483)

(492, 656)

(4383, 15975)

(225, 402)

Uncertainty interval

18

0.1

12

15

24

NA

25

34

17

18

18

17

70

27

20

21

83

26

34

0.0

10

56

17

18

23

Crude rate

0.1

14

12

44

NA

11

62

17

27

35

36

24

45

11

29

21

27

45

47

34

0.0

18

53

33

18

Age-standardized rate

Deaths per 100 000 capita

77
15
0
159
567
644
16
NA
354
1
0
30
1 313
9 519
NA
0
5
NA
8
75
18
72
756
5
0
1
3
7
40
62

Mongolia

Montenegro

Morocco

Mozambique

Myanmar

Namibia

Nauru

Nepal

Netherlands

New Zealand

Nicaragua

Niger

Nigeria

Niue

Norway

Oman

Pakistan

Palau

Panama

Papua New Guinea

Paraguay

Peru

Philippines

Poland

Portugal

Qatar

Republic of Korea

Republic of Moldova

Romania

Russian Federation

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Afr

Sear

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Sear

Eur (HIC)

Wpr (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Emr (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Emr (HIC)

Wpr (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

5 883

ALRIa

Country

Region

192

51

89

171

160

66

NA

1 313

NA

276

43

19

64

902

NA

893

33

28

COPDb

Number of deaths

1 682

432

38

1 326

67

1 678

636

312

22

11

NA

361

59

NA

132

25

692

438

NA

1 208

21

85

19

13

Lung cancerb

39 313

3 037

1 024

1 100

21

273

5 284

5 226

847

200

85

84

NA

9 764

88

146

NA

4 347

559

290

475

1 446

NA

50

3 257

313

1 506

47

224

IHDb

26 465

2 767

433

1 914

415

4 514

4 297

651

204

42

69

NA

9 068

66

91

NA

7 008

942

190

494

1 588

NA

103

5 491

636

1 991

63

198

Strokeb

67 714

6 327

1 512

4 431

34

762

11 651

11 074

1 948

450

214

174

NA

26 390

167

302

NA

21 283

2 859

554

10

1 726

4 728

NA

177

11 493

1 569

3 769

130

458

Total

(27433, 92271)

(4830, 7618)

(0, 2366)

(3523, 5338)

(30, 38)

(25, 1211)

(9373, 13862)

(8520, 13378)

(1498, 2377)

(206, 588)

(0, 488)

(21, 253)

NA

(22064, 31251)

(114, 223)

(10, 583)

NA

(17347, 25554)

(1773, 4193)

(81, 837)

(0, 230)

(953, 2307)

(3505, 6257)

NA

(22, 275)

(9511, 13676)

(64, 2509)

(2851, 4570)

(97, 161)

(316, 567)

Uncertainty interval

88

62

71

18

14

58

23

13

14

NA

31

13

12

NA

26

33

19

0.4

20

33

NA

15

43

12

23

41

32

Crude rate

41

26

45

10

28

25

34

14

19

10

NA

49

29

NA

42

58

25

0.2

51

NA

28

56

19

27

22

53

Age-standardized rate

Deaths per 100 000 capita

78
329
NA
0
0
NA
NA
2
29
265
1
0
353
1
2
0
0
627
509
524
1
13
0
23
0
0
48
214

Rwanda

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Saint Lucia

Saint Vincent and the

Grenadines

Samoa

San Marino

Sao Tome and

Principe

Saudi Arabia

Senegal

Serbia

Seychelles

Sierra Leone

Singapore

Slovakia

Slovenia

Solomon Islands

Somalia

South Africa

South Sudan

Spain

Sri Lanka

Sudan

Suriname

Swaziland

Sweden

Switzerland

Syrian Arab Republic

Tajikistan

Afr

Amr (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Emr (HIC)

Afr

Eur (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Wpr (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Afr

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Sear

Emr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

1 224

ALRIa

Country

Region

47

22

12

75

96

26

16

162

10

33

24

90

NA

NA

NA

16

COPDb

Number of deaths

36

96

148

40

100

324

14

579

10

63

111

95

363

12

92

NA

NA

NA

Lung cancerb

893

1 418

328

12

27

13

759

1 745

1 249

215

1 987

113

112

1 072

198

203

829

263

1 429

NA

NA

NA

222

IHDb

700

513

172

55

16

1 537

961

980

420

3 690

219

134

421

122

323

1 080

398

1 559

NA

NA

NA

452

Strokeb

1 889

2 097

660

19

110

32

3 635

2 915

2 581

1 190

6 928

979

313

1 612

420

887

2 306

962

3 199

13

NA

NA

11

16

NA

1 026

Total

(1070, 2741)

(1261, 2862)

(160, 899)

(0, 926)

(0, 183)

(0, 52)

(2095, 5350)

(2117, 3689)

(426, 3981)

(577, 1757)

(5511, 8281)

(55, 1714)

(0, 27)

(227, 389)

(1250, 1928)

(208, 566)

(0, 1582)

(0, 10)

(1649, 2892)

(768, 1165)

(2746, 3695)

(0, 20)

NA

NA

(0, 15)

(2, 24)

NA

(562, 1531)

Uncertainty interval

48

21

16

0.4

18

12

19

28

11

22

26

19

0.0

30

58

16

29

15

50

14

25

15

NA

NA

20

18

NA

18

Crude rate

92

41

0.1

30

13

32

26

32

31

24

0.0

11

28

11

51

12

24

26

56

26

NA

NA

19

15

NA

33

Age-standardized rate

Deaths per 100 000 capita

79
42
1
23
231
NA
1
19
101
53
NA
1 335
26
3
6
841
15
2
0
54
230
631
473
345

Thailand

The former Yugoslav

Republic of
Macedonia

Timor-Leste

Togo

Tonga

Trinidad and Tobago

Tunisia

Turkey

Turkmenistan

Tuvalu

Uganda

Ukraine

United Arab Emirates

United Kingdom

United Republic of
Tanzania

United States of
America

Uruguay

Uzbekistan

Vanuatu

Venezuela, Bolivarian
Republic of

Viet Nam

Yemen

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Sear

Eur (LMIC)

Sear

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Afr

Eur (LMIC)

Emr (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Amr (HIC)

Amr (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

23

13

64

557

62

90

378

47

207

76

97

NA

26

411

43

NA

219

COPDb

41

10

29

1 245

344

111

36

4 004

15

2 166

13

439

66

NA

26

862

29

NA

53

1 424

Lung cancerb

194

210

1 060

2 177

1 253

4 622

117

9 355

692

2 843

59

20 654

660

NA

1 037

6 273

1 010

83

NA

189

38

141

4 320

IHDb

365

379

997

7 292

748

2 560

120

3 362

980

2 207

39

7 479

1 393

NA

482

5 054

732

44

NA

296

29

342

3 406

Strokeb

968

1 084

2 781

11 502

2 461

7 685

278

17 113

2 575

7 429

118

28 673

3 552

NA

1 624

12 701

1 833

137

NA

727

99

543

9 412

Total

(70, 1524)

(295, 1633)

(1242, 4274)

(8312, 14709)

(1763, 3091)

(0, 14)

(3717, 10905)

(74, 380)

(608, 36782)

(1568, 3416)

(2222, 10324)

(100, 137)

(245, 41329)

(2767, 4473)

NA

(483, 2310)

(10666, 14818)

(1489, 2188)

(0, 200)

NA

(145, 1154)

(0, 187)

(442, 650)

(7563, 11200)

Uncertainty interval

13

15

23

25

16

53

16

11

11

23

118

20

NA

62

33

33

20

NA

21

18

52

28

Crude rate

22

24

49

21

20

71

19

26

48

39

NA

89

33

32

17

NA

40

29

33

21

Age-standardized rate

Deaths per 100 000 capita

AAP: Ambient air pollution; ALRI: Acute lower respiratory disease; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IHD: Ischaemic heart disease. Afr: Africa; Amr: America; Emr: Eastern Mediterranean;
Eur: Europe; Sear: South-East Asia; Wpr: Western Pacific; LMIC: Low- and middle-income countries; HIC: High-income countries; NA: Not available.
a
Age group includes less than 5 years old.
b
Age group includes 25 years and above.

303

ALRIa

Country

Region

Number of deaths

81
0

Bangladesh

Barbados

Sear

Amr (HIC)

0
12
888
753

Burkina Faso

Burundi

Afr

Afr

108

Brazil

Amr (LMIC)

Brunei Darussalam

18

Botswana

Afr

Bulgaria

Bosnia and
Herzegovina

Eur (LMIC)

Wpr HIC

145

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

12

Bhutan

392

Benin

Afr

Bolivia, Plurinational
States of

Belize

Amr (LMIC)

Sear

3
1

Belarus

Belgium

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

2 121

2
1

Bahamas

Bahrain

75

Azerbaijan

Eur (LMIC)

Amr (HIC)

Austria

Eur (HIC)

Emr (HIC)

5
0

Armenia

Australia

49

Argentina

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Antigua and Barbuda

Amr (HIC)

Wpr (HIC)

0
2 235

Andorra

192

Algeria

Afr

Angola

Albania

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

1 974

Afghanistan

Emr (LMIC)

Afr

ALRIa

Country

Region

23

39

112

317

56

33

18

26

74

46

4 587

26

35

32

111

77

84

11

100

COPDb

Number of deaths

10

24

791

1 757

458

43

12

913

493

3 516

18

186

437

306

1 057

26

515

121

224

Lung cancerb

322

541

2 135

7 877

39

775

617

45

380

777

3 392

12

6 946

51

18

1 481

845

34

922

2 880

838

3 088

451

1 985

IHDb

570

862

1 578

4 982

46

624

518

24

512

320

940

5 195

22

566

200

324

1 364

786

2 694

340

1 318

Strokeb

Total

1 677

2 354

4 628

15 041

113

1 915

1 357

106

1 322

19

2 085

4 873

24

22 365

96

32

2 334

1 518

51

1 589

5 462

3 962

12

6 573

928

5 601

(759, 2607)

(1202, 3536)

(3756, 5483)

(0, 24)

(6486, 22871)

(1, 177)

(1480, 2370)

(1070, 1635)

(84, 132)

(455, 2028)

(3, 29)

(1301, 2703)

(100, 7150)

(0, 35)

(18175, 27311)

(86, 107)

(0, 48)

(540, 3382)

(1047, 1890)

(1, 1520)

(67, 2474)

(1548, 7547)

(0, 13)

(750, 6449)

(0, 18)

(2638, 9293)

(379, 1237)

(4497, 6829)

Uncertainty interval

34

29

130

0.2

15

11

100

26

27

26

11

38

110

18

29

12

18

50

37

0.4

107

27

22

35

31

35

64

37

Crude rate

55

65

73

0.3

18

24

67

35

39

56

22

21

88

13

45

37

23

69

20

0.3

95

26

24

56

17

48

51

80

Age-standardized rate

Deaths per 100 000 capita

82
33
49

1 398

Chad

Afr

49
461
26
39

Ecuador

Egypt

El Salvador

Equatorial Guinea

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

50

Dominican Republic

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Dominica

Amr (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

0
31

Denmark

Djibouti

5 855

Democratic Republic
of the Congo

Afr

Eur (HIC)

117

Sear

Emr (LMIC)

779

Cte dIvoire

Democratic Peoples
Republic of Korea

Czech Republic

Eur (HIC)

Afr

4
0

Cuba

Cyprus

Croatia

Eur (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Costa Rica

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

NA

27

201

Congo

Cook Islands

Afr

17

Comoros

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

92

Colombia

Amr (LMIC)

32

1 100

24

10

18

274

639

45

50

40

31

13

NA

144

47 724

11
3 885

Chile

China

Amr (HIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

34

266

Afr

Canada

12

Central African
Republic

Cameroon

Afr

107

35

COPDb

Amr (HIC)

182
1 456

Cabo Verde

Cambodia

ALRIa

Afr

Country

Wpr (LMIC)

Region

Number of deaths

53

1 515

91

101

203

62

1 772

26

846

44

622

437

43

NA

449

161 198

350

12

269

40

147

Lung cancerb

49

475

12 310

495

523

32

253

2 602

2 080

814

1 917

80

1 126

711

233

NA

213

18

2 133

127 791

702

388

160

23

639

911

634

IHDb

42

146

8 463

316

291

50

119

3 289

3 700

1 157

509

20

545

366

84

NA

229

33

752

229 798

542

564

176

39

129

1 163

521

Strokeb

140

731

23 849

975

974

118

593

12 082

8 308

2 823

3 324

145

2 337

1 546

374

NA

676

69

3 571

570 396

1 654

2 395

644

70

1 049

3 677

1 519

Total

(11, 236)

(582, 888)

(19760, 28330)

(480, 1269)

(88, 1395)

(0, 10)

(45, 186)

(32, 949)

(6010, 18471)

(1081, 14021)

(392, 4417)

(2582, 3990)

(96, 184)

(191, 3480)

(1078, 1953)

(273, 455)

NA

(325, 1046)

(16, 96)

(2479, 4422)

(478904, 669949)

(1216, 2024)

(1324, 3561)

(320, 1007)

(44, 100)

(17, 3612)

(3017, 4457)

(116, 2348)

Uncertainty interval

35

26

55

13

19

18

28

21

34

69

26

64

25

41

75

16

NA

32

19

15

81

19

38

28

28

34

21

Crude rate

57

30

93

16

24

18

48

12

55

87

45

40

20

28

43

17

NA

55

39

20

81

18

56

44

49

58

44

Age-standardized rate

Deaths per 100 000 capita

83
1
1
5

Israel

Jamaica

Amr (LMIC)

Ireland

Eur (HIC)

Italy

544

Iraq

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

311

Iran (Islamic
Republic of)

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

1 453

Indonesia

Sear

0
19 459

Iceland

India

Eur (HIC)

Hungary

Eur (LMIC)

Sear

54

Honduras

Amr (LMIC)

2
310

Guyana

Haiti

90

Guinea-Bissau

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

376

Guinea

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

0
218

Grenada

Guatemala

Greece

Eur (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

517

Ghana

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

8
3

Georgia

Germany

64

Gambia

Afr

Eur (LMIC)

38

Gabon

Afr

Eur (HIC)

0
3

Finland

France

Fiji

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

3 516

Ethiopia

Afr

Eur (HIC)

335

21

104

257

703

63 291

93

46

19

37

38

39

323

30

11

80

349

11

211

Eritrea

Estonia

COPDb

ALRIa

Afr

Country

Eur (HIC)

Region

Number of deaths

64

4 730

273

84

524

991

3 609

20 132

1 286

56

46

11

94

694

59

4 583

159

11

3 103

21

180

27

Lung cancerb

132

4 484

300

234

3 090

9 626

10 906

159 661

2 161

475

393

70

59

350

482

1 349

957

7 359

1 083

55

73

2 246

133

1 409

118

177

IHDb

164

2 380

123

53

1 807

3 776

18 179

98 618

782

266

720

52

88

491

237

748

1 128

2 240

594

87

68

1 172

27

2 540

21

289

Strokeb

371

11 929

718

377

6 069

14 961

34 851

361 161

11

4 324

896

1 478

126

243

1 247

1 068

13

2 829

2 700

14 508

1 873

215

200

6 605

181

7 994

167

697

Total

(257, 468)

(7934, 15165)

(533, 887)

(26, 591)

(4032, 8209)

(12870, 17101)

(18554, 46214)

(300418, 431873)

(0, 32)

(3300, 5271)

(709, 1095)

(184, 2220)

(0, 193)

(19, 399)

(136, 1950)

(862, 1283)

(0, 19)

(988, 3824)

(1801, 3489)

(6932, 19142)

(1176, 2379)

(13, 379)

(40, 328)

(2282, 9311)

(1, 892)

(0, 208)

(2902, 12647)

(2, 334)

(304, 1065)

Uncertainty interval

27

41

19

16

36

39

28

55

91

23

29

33

29

21

14

24

52

21

37

95

24

25

21

0.3

17

27

28

Crude rate

26

18

16

13

89

54

45

80

59

39

48

47

49

38

23

32

26

42

18

68

50

38

12

0.4

28

18

68

Age-standardized rate

Deaths per 100 000 capita

84
211
1
262
0
0
24
0

Mauritania

Mauritius

Mexico

Micronesia
(Federated States of)

Monaco

Mongolia

Montenegro

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

NA

Marshall Islands

Wpr (LMIC)

Afr

Malta

Eur (HIC)

0
1 245

Maldives

Mali

16

Malaysia

Wpr (LMIC)

Sear

364

Malawi

Afr

Afr

0
504

Luxembourg

Madagascar

Lithuania

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

18

Libya

Emr (LMIC)

Afr

44
33

Lebanon

Emr (LMIC)

Lesotho

Latvia

Eur (HIC)

Liberia

232

Lao Peoples
Democratic Republic

Wpr (LMIC)

Afr

28

Kyrgyzstan

Eur (LMIC)

Afr

0
8

Kiribati

Kuwait

Wpr (LMIC)

1 129

Kenya

Afr

Emr (HIC)

50

Kazakhstan

Eur (LMIC)

11

393

13

NA

107

106

24

23

12

37

15

24

19

17

74

25

218

9
35

Japan

Jordan

COPDb

ALRIa

Wpr (HIC)

Country

Emr (LMIC)

Region

Number of deaths

58

47

831

17

NA

21

29

450

111

25

189

220

147

165

87

55

26

47

548

138

7 072

Lung cancerb

112

347

5 677

92

114

NA

44

475

14

2 288

326

646

22

659

605

38

41

647

565

344

718

245

715

3 358

468

6 197

IHDb

81

236

2 014

47

175

NA

13

677

15

954

542

968

12

210

343

45

75

114

200

315

326

75

965

1 367

244

5 410

Strokeb

252

665

9 178

158

519

NA

78

2 533

32

3 814

1 264

2 253

61

1 070

1 222

119

175

926

937

1 001

1 145

356

2 873

5 398

910

18 907

Total

(187, 311)

(462, 822)

(0, 8)

(0, 12)

(6837, 11188)

(68, 204)

(314, 779)

NA

(39, 100)

(1326, 3904)

(8, 43)

(2166, 4914)

(42, 2006)

(1047, 3058)

(39, 78)

(796, 1302)

(829, 1646)

(0, 314)

(0, 332)

(766, 1080)

(678, 1150)

(404, 1477)

(468, 1502)

(317, 397)

(0, 15)

(1130, 3920)

(697, 8392)

(776, 1049)

(7055, 26040)

Uncertainty interval

82

48

23

0.1

15

25

27

NA

38

31

19

27

16

20

23

77

38

17

37

101

31

41

19

0.0

14

67

25

31

Crude rate

59

89

12

0.2

20

26

49

NA

22

57

29

37

35

42

15

51

73

11

33

39

65

60

75

52

0.0

25

91

54

13

Age-standardized rate

Deaths per 100 000 capita

85
NA

Pakistan

Palau

Emr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

48
72
409

Romania

Russian Federation

Rwanda

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Afr

195

5
8

Republic of Korea

Republic of Moldova

Wpr (HIC)

Qatar

Emr (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Portugal

Eur (HIC)

439

18

531

113

17

13

312

910

Philippines

62

Poland

91

Peru

Amr (LMIC)

10

Wpr (LMIC)

24

Paraguay

Amr (LMIC)

NA

4 375

NA

376

55

21

74

869

NA

669

25

56

COPDb

Eur (HIC)

7
91

Panama

Papua New Guinea

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

7 800

0
5

Norway

Oman

Eur (HIC)

NA

Niue

Wpr (LMIC)

Emr (HIC)

12 714

Nigeria

Afr

42
1 855

Nicaragua

Niger

New Zealand

Wpr (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Netherlands

Eur (HIC)

Afr

NA
385

Nauru

Nepal

18

Namibia

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

887

Myanmar

Sear

Sear

210
784

Morocco

Mozambique

Emr (LMIC)

Afr

ALRIa

Country

Region

Number of deaths

12

8 158

1 683

150

3 369

30

256

4 053

1 605

339

87

17

25

NA

2 032

19

79

NA

132

39

1 147

484

NA

1 572

37

683

Lung cancerb

274

44 624

3 757

943

1 538

84

374

6 704

8 841

1 103

329

101

143

NA

11 008

168

184

NA

5 271

514

381

727

1 882

NA

42

2 219

285

1 873

IHDb

488

19 752

2 569

378

1 985

29

364

3 863

5 827

697

260

90

73

NA

7 637

114

66

NA

6 975

894

209

342

1 595

NA

58

5 825

642

1 544

Strokeb

1 201

73 137

8 170

1 496

7 092

145

1 007

14 938

17 622

2 291

709

305

250

NA

32 852

310

334

NA

25 467

3 325

692

11

2 291

5 216

NA

130

11 171

1 773

4 366

Total

(657, 1790)

(31229, 100241)

(6137, 9965)

(0, 2412)

(5520, 8637)

(128, 162)

(42, 1685)

(11904, 17834)

(13500, 21370)

(1779, 2772)

(327, 936)

(0, 721)

(33, 362)

NA

(26659, 40154)

(212, 411)

(14, 644)

NA

(20692, 30689)

(2028, 4950)

(111, 1037)

(0, 235)

(1220, 3089)

(3922, 6802)

NA

(16, 206)

(9234, 13274)

(67, 2850)

(3247, 5344)

Uncertainty interval

23

110

84

76

29

10

20

80

36

15

22

13

NA

36

14

13

NA

30

37

24

0.5

28

39

NA

12

44

14

27

Crude rate

48

91

54

72

25

32

10

56

61

20

32

15

15

NA

56

42

NA

46

56

39

0.3

16

61

NA

26

68

24

34

Age-standardized rate

Deaths per 100 000 capita

86
19

Sri Lanka

Sudan

Sear

Emr (LMIC)

67
287
61

Syrian Arab Republic

Tajikistan

Thailand

Sear

Switzerland

Eur (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Sweden

Eur (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

2
29

Suriname

Swaziland

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

1 654

676

South Sudan

Spain

Emr (LMIC)

651

South Africa

Afr

Eur (HIC)

736

Somalia

Emr (LMIC)

0
0

Slovenia

Solomon Islands

Eur (HIC)

Slovakia

Eur (HIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

15

Singapore

Wpr (HIC)

757

39

44

16

124

178

98

27

302

12

55

392

Serbia

Eur (LMIC)

43

Seychelles

348

Senegal

Afr

145

Sierra Leone

30

Saudi Arabia

Emr (HIC)

Afr

Sao Tome and

Principe

Afr

NA

NA

NA

COPDb

Afr

NA
NA

Samoa

San Marino

Saint Vincent and the

Grenadines

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

NA

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Saint Lucia

ALRIa

Amr (HIC)

Country

Amr (LMIC)

Region

Number of deaths

2 899

59

442

260

78

266

1 510

18

1 059

12

153

304

190

978

20

270

NA

NA

NA

Lung cancerb

5 349

850

2 361

422

15

19

18

979

3 101

1 885

278

2 622

160

153

1 139

346

195

1 221

266

2 699

NA

NA

NA

IHDb

3 896

489

983

123

24

16

1 624

1 312

785

444

2 796

252

106

392

126

294

872

366

1 776

NA

NA

NA

Strokeb

12 962

1 726

3 898

821

21

78

42

4 458

4 877

4 279

1 442

7 429

1 165

419

1 852

674

895

11

3 128

1 043

4 921

12

NA

NA

10

21

NA

Total

(10209, 15731)

(975, 2507)

(2278, 5388)

(227, 1132)

(0, 961)

(0, 135)

(0, 70)

(2549, 6608)

(3555, 6154)

(759, 7106)

(693, 2138)

(5876, 8928)

(67, 2020)

(0, 54)

(294, 527)

(1422, 2228)

(336, 914)

(0, 1614)

(1, 16)

(2164, 3974)

(825, 1274)

(4282, 5604)

(0, 19)

NA

NA

(0, 15)

(3, 31)

NA

Uncertainty interval

39

43

39

21

0.4

13

16

24

49

19

26

29

23

0.0

41

71

26

30

22

71

15

30

13

NA

NA

19

24

NA

Crude rate

35

86

80

11

0.2

25

20

40

54

10

40

53

30

0.0

25

55

22

49

27

45

31

78

27

NA

NA

23

24

NA

Age-standardized rate

Deaths per 100 000 capita

87
18
2

United Republic of
Tanzania

United States of
America

Uruguay

Uzbekistan

Afr

Amr (HIC)

Amr (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

71
361
785
523
355

Viet Nam

Yemen

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

28

71

570

64

106

10

343

63

217

192

95

NA

29

653

59

NA

12

15

COPDb

82

14

94

3 651

470

333

134

4 833

21

2 637

49

2 205

60

NA

88

5 636

463

19

NA

18

239

Lung cancerb

172

309

1 789

2 903

2 213

5 362

192

13 205

907

4 523

340

18 054

963

NA

1 388

8 540

1 454

140

NA

184

35

249

IHDb

251

475

1 147

8 352

834

2 376

97

2 531

1 128

1 542

134

5 346

1 512

NA

462

4 999

795

52

NA

270

29

319

Strokeb

888

1 327

3 886

15 838

3 652

8 597

434

20 930

3 190

8 926

537

25 834

4 436

NA

2 043

19 967

2 798

214

NA

727

110

823

Total

(64, 1425)

(382, 1968)

(1779, 5876)

(11414, 20146)

(2662, 4521)

(0, 28)

(4221, 12158)

(118, 617)

(882, 44069)

(1942, 4227)

(3006, 12230)

(464, 612)

(366, 37875)

(3471, 5568)

NA

(632, 2888)

(16480, 23516)

(2246, 3354)

(0, 316)

NA

(142, 1168)

(0, 216)

(663, 986)

Uncertainty interval

12

18

31

35

25

61

27

13

13

29

123

25

NA

80

54

52

32

NA

22

20

80

Crude rate

23

36

69

48

35

103

20

24

16

28

89

53

NA

131

68

57

32

NA

43

33

64

Age-standardized rate

Deaths per 100 000 capita

AAP: Ambient air pollution; ALRI: Acute lower respiratory disease; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IHD: Ischaemic heart disease. Afr: Africa; Amr: America; Emr: Eastern Mediterranean;
Eur: Europe; Sear: South-East Asia; Wpr: Western Pacific; LMIC: Low- and middle-income countries; HIC: High-income countries; NA: Not available.
a
Age group includes less than 5 years old.
b
Age group includes 25 years and above.

Vanuatu

Venezuela, Bolivarian
Republic of

Wpr (LMIC)

419

1 072

6
7

United Arab Emirates

United Kingdom

37

Ukraine

Eur (LMIC)

Emr (HIC)

1 806

Uganda

Afr

Eur (HIC)

77
NA

Turkmenistan

139

Turkey

Eur (LMIC)

Tuvalu

25

Tunisia

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

NA

Tonga

Afr

Trinidad and Tobago

252

Togo

Sear

Wpr (LMIC)

27

Timor-Leste

Eur (LMIC)

Amr (HIC)

The former Yugoslav

Republic of
Macedonia

ALRIa

Country

Region

Number of deaths

89
342 278
736
30 968
0
334 716
7 710
750
6
79
12 253
271
146
58
341
123
84
64 834
1 854
24 091
212
3 222
17 953

Afghanistan

Albania

Algeria

Andorra

Angola

Antigua and Barbuda

Argentina

Armenia

Australia

Austria

Azerbaijan

Bahamas

Bahrain

Bangladesh

Barbados

Belarus

Belgium

Belize

Benin

Bhutan

Bolivia, Plurinational
States of

Bosnia and
Herzegovina

Botswana

Brazil

Brunei Darussalam

Bulgaria

Burkina Faso

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Amr (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Wpr (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Amr (HIC)

Emr (HIC)

Sear

Amr (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

Sear

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr HIC

Eur (LMIC)

Afr

149 811

1 810

349 663

ALRIa

Country

Region

1 869

3 462

10 115

63

1 875

1 356

645

1 045

19

1 839

1 195

167 797

145

936

1 023

11

925

3 240

3 243

2 788

346

4 660

COPDb

Number of YLLs

1 412

26 434

74 360

271

14 849

2 223

463

564

78

27 755

15 144

92

120 661

614

125

7 393

16 426

300

9 666

37 223

22

1 147

57

19 267

4 553

9 762

Lung cancerb

34 000

79 453

14

354 716

2 245

29 104

31 861

2 307

22 852

357

23 954

144 985

457

264 736

2 221

627

60 815

26 617

1 026

30 965

109 178

252

46 867

230

136 594

16 575

120 813

IHDb

52 792

63 521

239 367

3 551

28 263

28 907

1 412

31 729

268

11 355

42 857

361

239 167

1 080

367

28 109

7 774

288

12 773

57 557

159

53 614

85

134 408

14 364

88 567

Strokeb

239 884

174 680

21

696 511

9 353

74 303

88 439

6 682

121 024

806

65 026

204 523

972

1 142 024

4 207

1 393

109 506

51 919

1 631

55 079

214 908

440

439 587

377

324 026

36 575

566 080

Total

(114860, 370840)

(142448, 206211)

(0, 1160)

(301813, 1053085)

(51, 14794)

(57791, 91575)

(68806, 107340)

(5402, 8140)

(37122, 190585)

(133, 1216)

(40925, 83926)

(4528, 296175)

(0, 1428)

(938727, 1382416)

(3769, 4651)

(5, 2127)

(25610, 160025)

(35531, 64880)

(25, 48436)

(2607, 85184)

(63334, 295345)

(0, 637)

(67634, 731631)

(11, 564)

(130976, 457620)

(15359, 48721)

(445478, 704450)

Uncertainty interval

1 446

2 392

344

439

1 941

864

898

1 204

239

587

2 155

345

736

315

374

1 170

614

1 849

511

494

1 938

475

865

1 270

1 904

Crude rate

1 764

1 302

363

657

1 183

1 010

1 195

1 547

424

333

1 399

254

1 007

659

390

1 348

334

1 467

451

508

1 794

261

1 072

979

2 456

Age-standardized rate

YLLs 100 000 per capita

90
ALRIa
125 078
28 605
237 841
91
461
41 024
220 184
1 550
611 121
14 382
2 870
29 392
NA
167
34
593
13
257
129 982
20 907
955 030
13
4 895
7
7 684
7 813
86 432
4 155

Country

Burundi

Cabo Verde

Cambodia

Cameroon

Canada

Central African
Republic

Chad

Chile

China

Colombia

Comoros

Congo

Cook Islands

Costa Rica

Croatia

Cuba

Cyprus

Czech Republic

Cte dIvoire

Democratic Peoples
Republic of Korea

Democratic Republic
of the Congo

Denmark

Djibouti

Dominica

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

Egypt

El Salvador

Region

Afr

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Afr

Amr (HIC)

Afr

Afr

Amr (HIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Sear

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

1 221

41 035

634

349

116

634

11 364

23 675

1 756

1 589

39

1 288

821

361

NA

925

40

4 440

1 487 398

1 341

1 545

1 386

120

342

4 061

1 172

1 264

COPDb

Number of YLLs

29

2 280

61 176

3 438

3 958

27

135

8 768

2 589

88 190

1 292

29 092

1 327

23 280

14 614

1 489

NA

205

22 393

579 459

18 890

25 151

146

1 576

7 771

144 887

96 799

45 243

65 292

2 784

42 354

26 245

9 162

NA

10 805

953

89 424

5 586 044

5 192 605
18 375

26 362

21 865

8 325

792

20 685

50 212

35 272

17 513

IHDb

13 416

688

366

41

10 836

2 369

6 850

692

Lung cancerb

7 739

405 956

13 981

14 794

131

2 398

4 463

212 525

169 397

66 022

20 142

729

22 408

14 539

3 710

NA

13 452

1 691

41 983

10 174 964

22 243

32 829

10 233

1 622

4 828

69 515

29 697

30 947

Strokeb

37 787

1 174 059

44 756

51 936

314

9 120

21 650

1 326 396

398 968

244 295

116 373

4 892

89 923

56 253

14 889

NA

54 779

5 583

168 604

23 052 132

64 913

277 111

61 334

3 037

36 782

363 999

101 596

175 494

Total

(934, 7945)

(30163, 45749)

(977014, 1389703)

(22313, 58308)

(4994, 74410)

(17, 460)

(3063, 14957)

(1208, 35599)

(616636, 2080128)

(54884, 662681)

(26116, 393384)

(90511, 139522)

(3291, 6130)

(8044, 133450)

(39613, 70634)

(10973, 17978)

NA

(24516, 86406)

622

1 371

290

511

439

1 069

387

1 887

1 611

1 158

1 104

433

793

1 312

320

NA

1 278

761

360

1 691

(19543716,
26807904)

(117756, 207859)

373

2 179

1 328

606

105

1 681

685

1 733

Crude rate

(47970, 79146)

(146456, 422581)

(28745, 97338)

(1883, 4261)

(667, 128437)

(294477, 449621)

(7214, 157893)

(72493, 282653)

Uncertainty interval

694

1 876

332

603

423

1 296

217

1 809

1 528

1 396

618

329

555

706

319

NA

1 490

1 008

408

1 507

318

1 906

1 356

868

64

1 797

938

1 684

Age-standardized rate

YLLs 100 000 per capita

91
52 024
8 980
323
0
3 624 190

229 870
54 425
91 681
41
92
209

Hungary

Iceland

India

Indonesia

Iran (Islamic
Republic of)

Iraq

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Sear

Sear

Emr (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

300

Honduras

Grenada

Amr (LMIC)

Haiti

Greece

Eur (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Ghana

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

Germany

Eur (HIC)

Guyana

92

Georgia

Eur (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

462
87 880

Gambia

Afr

14 444

1 109

Gabon

Afr

Guinea-Bissau

10 347

France

Eur (HIC)

Afr

354
5 279

Finland

Eur (HIC)

35 958

11

Fiji

Wpr (LMIC)

62 630

Ethiopia

Afr

Guatemala

15
505 240

Estonia

Eur (HIC)

Guinea

32 875

Eritrea

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

5 636

Equatorial Guinea

Afr

Afr

ALRIa

Country

Region

6 796

528

179

3 600

8 513

19 399

2 516 699

3 224

1 326

293

20

167

829

1 131

1 030

1 718

9 482

925

181

340

1 843

20

9 519

16

619

183

COPDb

Number of YLLs

130 442

9 349

3 110

19 790

37 894

137 053

805 530

95

53 191

2 437

2 571

120

115

600

4 319

29

18 944

2 304

156 418

5 102

161

497

104 132

685

12 822

832

588

182

Lung cancerb

131 513

8 473

7 594

131 867

422 105

439 333

7 412 934

182

82 644

20 015

21 300

3 845

3 472

22 249

21 192

258

43 084

52 610

226 878

40 220

3 180

3 146

67 410

3 903

52

64 045

4 190

9 644

2 279

IHDb

79 372

4 408

2 016

80 659

180 270

905 691

5 230 651

64

31 806

12 286

40 672

3 057

5 041

30 979

11 548

204

26 883

80 135

84 821

25 925

5 070

3 452

43 169

983

117 458

926

15 798

2 281

Strokeb

348 333

22 850

12 941

327 596

703 207

1 731 346

19 590 004

346

171 188

45 045

116 861

7 341

23 239

117 287

74 147

496

90 033

224 647

478 060

73 280

18 938

12 714

216 907

5 601

63

709 084

5 979

59 524

10 561

Total

(234110, 439693)

(16838, 28299)

(997, 20463)

(213090, 452214)

(606437, 802052)

583

297

277

994

923

698

1 550

(918449, 2295002)

107

(2, 1095)

1 719

582

1 136

968

1 355

1 009

482

470

810

879

594

1 771

1 048

788

341

103

769

452

1 217

1 365

Crude rate

(16469071,
23179478)

(130357, 208824)

(35558, 54901)

(11065, 180089)

(2, 11267)

(1203, 39255)

(10043, 187988)

(58770, 90213)

(0, 720)

(33231, 120529)

(143698, 295100)

(230550, 632146)

(46465, 92862)

(790, 34369)

(2213, 20886)

(76667, 306566)

(32, 27740)

(0, 9613)

(231594, 1134357)

(94, 11818)

(23614, 94105)

(553, 18343)

Uncertainty interval

271

245

205

1 690

1 203

905

1 899

72

1 008

833

1 386

1 184

1 493

1 211

570

554

426

1 188

292

1 159

1 400

921

203

52

781

251

1 685

1 545

Age-standardized rate

YLLs 100 000 per capita

92
208 016
0
NA
30 826
181
42 444
1
0

Marshall Islands

Mauritania

Mauritius

Mexico

Micronesia
(Federated States of)

Monaco

Wpr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Luxembourg

Eur (HIC)

Malta

67

Lithuania

Eur (HIC)

Mali

2 761

Libya

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

5 755

Liberia

Afr

Afr

7 458

Lesotho

Afr

63

519

Lebanon

Emr (LMIC)

Maldives

38

Latvia

Eur (HIC)

Sear

36 161

Lao Peoples
Democratic Republic

Wpr (LMIC)

2 670

4 399

Kyrgyzstan

Eur (LMIC)

Malaysia

1 112

Kuwait

Emr (HIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Kiribati

Wpr (LMIC)

67 818

183 436

Kenya

Afr

82 914

8 047

Kazakhstan

Eur (LMIC)

Madagascar

5 726

Jordan

Emr (LMIC)

Malawi

1 648

Japan

Wpr (HIC)

Afr

718

Jamaica

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

ALRIa

Country

Region

11 848

31

525

NA

19

3 651

26

2 897

949

1 179

55

303

1 153

107

320

418

150

930

673

74

784

2 713

757

3 516

125

COPDb

Number of YLLs

31

31 617

577

332

NA

635

1 701

96

18 812

413

3 975

854

5 763

6 886

52

163

5 274

4 812

3 593

2 148

856

2 293

19 050

4 326

178 246

2 131

Lung cancerb

72

234 186

3 846

6 353

NA

1 509

31 393

515

92 655

18 014

33 857

712

27 513

25 039

2 180

2 248

18 765

21 964

16 997

31 325

10 165

36 055

158 918

20 810

193 571

4 817

IHDb

26

102 089

2 071

9 893

NA

441

45 034

437

43 660

29 538

54 751

485

10 720

15 471

2 614

5 165

5 021

9 136

15 521

17 023

3 157

49 073

77 917

13 027

178 114

6 809

Strokeb

130

422 185

6 707

47 930

NA

2 605

289 795

1 138

160 693

116 732

176 677

2 109

44 367

51 310

10 708

15 355

29 997

36 100

73 203

55 569

15 363

271 641

266 644

44 646

555 095

14 599

Total

(0, 247)

(0, 642)

(315925, 512238)

(2957, 8644)

(28099, 73826)

NA

(1342, 3308)

(146075, 450530)

(290, 1520)

(91743, 206243)

(2564, 190738)

(76607, 243779)

(1361, 2703)

(33458, 53573)

(35243, 68435)

(2, 29331)

(10, 28899)

(24739, 35054)

(26497, 44009)

(26356, 110316)

(22858, 73035)

(13699, 17117)

(0, 820)

(89698, 380125)

(35223, 411307)

(38246, 51207)

(219824, 753378)

(10198, 18271)

Uncertainty interval

346

346

533

1 269

NA

627

1 799

330

554

743

792

396

1 471

817

256

746

609

1 772

1 131

984

449

639

1 585

638

437

528

Crude rate

193

419

477

1 414

NA

361

1 856

514

730

962

1 116

259

855

1 285

326

949

631

955

1 458

1 398

970

696

1 699

1 084

206

524

Age-standardized rate

YLLs 100 000 per capita

93
3 567
33 467
122 599
138 885
3 080

Mongolia

Montenegro

Morocco

Mozambique

Myanmar

Namibia

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Afr

Sear

Afr

119
3
287 404
2 018 551
NA
16
889

Netherlands

New Zealand

Nicaragua

Niger

Nigeria

Niue

Norway

Oman

Pakistan

Eur (HIC)

Wpr (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Emr (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

14 990
3 819
14 797
151 164
1 089
56
126
676
1 424
7 962

Papua New Guinea

Paraguay

Peru

Philippines

Poland

Portugal

Qatar

Republic of Korea

Republic of Moldova

Romania

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Emr (HIC)

Wpr (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

NA
1 364

Palau

Panama

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

1 242 440

6 569

NA
67 160

Nauru

Nepal

Wpr (LMIC)

Sear

30

ALRIa

Country

Region

3 267

498

4 051

64

280

8 840

13 981

2 172

301

244

87

NA

115 082

128

185

NA

17 656

2 457

717

2 151

37 949

NA

219

31 521

1 402

1 781

14

463

COPDb

Number of YLLs

57 942

5 388

99 218

1 211

7 990

144 742

65 445

15 470

2 759

783

824

NA

70 507

722

2 947

NA

8 853

299

1 679

70

41 779

27 843

NA

247

76 488

1 609

23 822

2 392

1 690

Lung cancerb

142 088

40 336

57 125

3 875

12 011

247 551

445 708

47 787

14 263

6 055

5 199

NA

534 583

6 968

5 653

NA

303 549

30 705

18 186

233

23 421

87 564

NA

2 372

144 488

16 718

90 870

3 343

16 537

IHDb

103 680

18 514

80 020

1 366

12 486

157 769

312 146

34 847

11 902

4 354

2 967

NA

382 748

4 887

2 263

NA

439 419

52 736

10 835

69

13 830

75 614

NA

4 358

299 332

33 533

89 658

2 758

12 529

Strokeb

314 939

66 160

241 090

6 642

32 822

559 991

988 443

115 073

33 044

26 428

10 442

NA

2 345 359

13 594

11 065

NA

2 788 027

373 601

37 986

379

81 300

296 130

NA

10 276

690 714

175 861

239 598

8 537

34 787

Total

(237754, 382435)

(0, 105853)

(190134, 290586)

(5902, 7403)

(1548, 54610)

(447950, 666269)

(755255, 1195918)

(89177, 139093)

(15460, 43378)

(0, 63261)

(1426, 15150)

1 579

1 624

486

330

312

1 450

1 029

382

518

369

279

NA

1 322
NA

383
(1923609,
2848577)

220
(9288, 17927)

(473, 21655)

NA

1 657

(2226669,
3415964)
NA

2 118

646

485

1 077

NA

448

1 315

683

726

1 368

1 239

Crude rate

(221491, 569811)

(6041, 56939)

(2, 8155)

(42901, 109773)

(224082, 383002)

NA

(1177, 16247)

(574461, 817291)

(3830, 289097)

(178845, 291920)

(6237, 10602)

(24192, 42989)

Uncertainty interval

989

1 298

345

699

166

910

1 356

439

672

427

303

NA

1 518

750

132

NA

1 585

1 879

871

279

1 438

NA

700

1 627

683

830

937

1 764

Age-standardized rate

YLLs 100 000 per capita

94
451
5 322
55 711
366
7
67 662
131
411
11
0
123 652
105 342
108 895
237
2 981
159
4 718
1
33

Sao Tome and

Principe

Saudi Arabia

Senegal

Serbia

Seychelles

Sierra Leone

Singapore

Slovakia

Slovenia

Solomon Islands

Somalia

South Africa

South Sudan

Spain

Sri Lanka

Sudan

Suriname

Swaziland

Sweden

Switzerland

Afr

Emr (HIC)

Afr

Eur (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Wpr (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Afr

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Sear

Emr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

261 209

NA
NA

Samoa

San Marino

Saint Vincent and the

Grenadines

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

84

Eur (HIC)

NA

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Saint Lucia

66 948

Rwanda

Afr

Amr (HIC)

12 116

Russian Federation

Eur (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

ALRIa

Country

Region

413

158

10

5 122

4 972

1 691

1 113

10 186

400

162

430

280

425

1 711

1 566

4 578

13

NA

NA

NA

843

15 103

COPDb

Number of YLLs

9 276

82

103

210

3 569

10 034

42 769

983

44 936

729

5 147

10 779

6 520

284

53

37 806

1 145

10 690

24

NA

NA

21

78

NA

622

264 830

Lung cancerb

12 040

418

1 277

948

52 275

117 189

56 725

14 751

120 850

8 353

5 133

42 799

13 343

13 264

266

47 899

14 426

105 918

169

NA

NA

273

334

NA

14 621

1 939 666

IHDb

4 266

125

2 263

851

88 336

52 962

26 621

23 942

173 456

13 242

3 886

16 506

5 657

20 502

126

38 856

20 763

80 188

318

NA

NA

177

401

NA

25 587

962 217

Strokeb

26 028

629

8 520

2 177

410 512

188 138

128 043

149 684

454 770

146 376

14 338

70 925

25 931

102 136

458

126 637

93 611

206 697

975

NA

NA

482

905

NA

108 622

3 193 932

Total

(7270, 36208)

(0, 29479)

(0, 14612)

(1, 3573)

(224919, 623811)

(137899, 235835)

(23835, 210056)

(65942, 227535)

(359039, 545313)

(6893, 261160)

(0, 3022)

(10098, 17970)

(54710, 85063)

(13225, 34817)

(0, 190034)

(37, 668)

(87989, 160382)

(72749, 115746)

(180637, 234079)

(0, 1577)

NA

NA

(0, 699)

(147, 1308)

NA

(56163, 167326)

(1387484, 349265)

Uncertainty interval

324

692

412

1 089

921

275

1 363

861

1 459

695

1 310

489

1 690

484

1 410

679

701

546

NA

NA

441

500

NA

1 004

2 229

Crude rate

177

871

448

1 190

893

156

1 287

1 116

1 089

382

876

374

1 782

501

870

831

1 373

764

NA

NA

477

495

NA

1 195

1 511

Age-standardized rate

YLLs 100 000 per capita

95
10 533
45 494
9 442
101
4 573
43 924
NA
258
4 057
21 805
11 766
NA
285 051
5 734
829
1 135

2 959
324

11 407
53 762
128 485
90 477
63 624

Syrian Arab Republic

Tajikistan

Thailand

The former Yugoslav

Republic of
Macedonia

Timor-Leste

Togo

Tonga

Trinidad and Tobago

Tunisia

Turkey

Turkmenistan

Tuvalu

Uganda

Ukraine

United Arab Emirates

United Kingdom

United Republic of
Tanzania

United States of
America

Uruguay

Uzbekistan

Vanuatu

Venezuela, Bolivarian
Republic of

Viet Nam

Yemen

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Sear

Eur (LMIC)

Sear

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Afr

Eur (LMIC)

Emr (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Amr (HIC)

Amr (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

986

417

3 378

17 575

2 395

4 491

261

12 278

2 667

6 760

393

5 411

4 878

NA

1 531

20 007

1 987

38

NA

501

47

434

17 204

1 955

1 328

COPDb

2 549

683

3 389

147 882

21 645

14 596

4 196

192 562

1 009

97 796

2 085

73 112

4 194

NA

4 046

196 101

14 135

733

NA

399

795

8 103

114 602

3 004

14 568

Lung cancerb

8 822

14 882

89 708

111 775

94 773

30

249 788

6 473

465 743

45 516

139 234

16 984

796 790

48 986

NA

74 229

368 778

61 326

5 548

NA

11 519

1 911

9 960

216 933

43 109

95 816

IHDb

15 793

22 490

66 717

328 906

40 153

26

125 646

3 844

110 472

55 715

56 059

7 432

247 172

80 384

NA

28 621

239 376

36 037

2 284

NA

17 523

1 487

13 709

160 335

30 309

36 705

Strokeb

91 774

128 949

291 678

659 901

170 373

66

460 001

15 099

784 015

278 521

300 985

27 723

1 128 219

423 492

NA

120 193

846 068

117 542

8 862

NA

73 867

8 814

32 306

518 516

123 871

158 950

Total

(3800, 148164)

(28321, 198935)

(121702, 458316)

(476947, 835297)

(123682, 211212)

(0, 1225)

(221078, 657777)

(4262, 21261)

(35395, 1660176)

(158205, 377239)

(103839, 415531)

(23971, 31545)

(17925, 1638357)

(324787, 543839)

NA

(36834, 171202)

(704766, 988251)

(95177, 139946)

(0, 13046)

NA

(11608, 122182)

(0, 17545)

(26226, 38493)

(411912, 622205)

(66432, 185137)

(93603, 218308)

Uncertainty interval

630

872

1 172

730

571

27

1 609

444

249

573

473

310

2 489

1 196

NA

2 323

1 130

1 080

661

NA

1 095

800

1 561

772

1 562

796

Crude rate

692

935

1 720

811

689

43

2 196

326

168

651

277

595

1 512

1 402

NA

3 120

1 208

1 106

594

NA

1 309

926

1 148

643

2 346

1 392

Age-standardized rate

YLLs 100 000 per capita

YLL: year of life lost; AAP: Ambient air pollution; ALRI: Acute lower respiratory disease; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IHD: Ischaemic heart disease. Afr: Africa; Amr: America;
Emr: Eastern Mediterranean; Eur: Europe; Sear: South-East Asia; Wpr: Western Pacific; LMIC: Low- and middle-income countries; HIC: High-income countries; NA: Not available.
a
Age group includes less than 5 years old.
b
Age group includes 25 years and above.

65 481

173 615

ALRIa

Country

Region

Number of YLLs

96
163 099
311
13 523
0
131 797
3 274
285
3
59
5 424
117
67
24
109
52
50
29 279
801

1 571
8 134

Afghanistan

Albania

Algeria

Andorra

Angola

Antigua and Barbuda

Argentina

Armenia

Australia

Austria

Azerbaijan

Bahamas

Bahrain

Bangladesh

Barbados

Belarus

Belgium

Belize

Benin

Bhutan

Bolivia, Plurinational
States of

Bosnia and
Herzegovina

Botswana

Brazil

Brunei Darussalam

Bulgaria

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Amr (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Wpr (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Amr (HIC)

Emr (HIC)

Sear

Amr (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

Sear

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr HIC

Eur (LMIC)

765

89

10 928

156 975

ALRIa

Country

Region

1 326

4 195

26

769

684

254

348

642

201

76 788

49

352

410

305

1 179

1 326

945

152

2 231

COPDb

Number of YLLs

4 492

30 138

46

2 923

1 162

232

199

22

7 552

1 637

30

30 572

163

38

1 479

5 910

122

1 573

10 842

412

13

3 641

1 506

2 648

Lung cancerb

30 608

127 197

1 133

10 886

13 261

891

10 627

146

7 434

55 352

164

78 697

580

209

22 479

9 858

326

10 759

39 628

102

18 643

75

48 877

6 703

56 435

IHDb

30 522

112 013

2 200

14 770

13 218

782

15 582

128

5 538

20 372

154

118 505

389

161

13 611

4 003

154

5 650

25 327

75

27 801

42

60 940

7 540

50 570

Strokeb

67 713

281 677

4 975

29 437

39 254

2 959

56 034

348

21 218

77 671

373

461 536

1 249

525

43 345

20 241

610

18 571

80 252

187

179 980

132

127 925

16 213

274 983

Total

(55552, 79643)

(0, 429)

(122028, 428178)

(28, 7816)

(23046, 36220)

(30416, 47782)

(2394, 3597)

(17331, 87911)

(54, 516)

(13638, 27183)

(1303, 111090)

(0, 549)

(376188, 563712)

(1113, 1388)

(2, 804)

(9822, 63392)

(13832, 25322)

(9, 18958)

(769, 28210)

(23507, 109730)

(0, 270)

(28357, 298561)

(3, 196)

(51571, 180805)

(6722, 21586)

(216653, 341781)

Uncertainty interval

1 805

274

466

1 531

768

860

1 111

206

376

1 529

255

601

249

276

920

468

1 239

373

401

1 573

328

688

1 129

1 905

Crude rate

822

271

679

817

875

1 188

1 398

369

193

765

173

814

531

270

1 002

216

814

290

392

1 530

145

835

817

2 411

Age-standardized rate

YLLs 100 000 per capita

97
ALRIa
69 235
56 736
12 056
105 721
46
221
16 868
93 313
596
257 595

5 994
1 303
11 128
NA
70
14
272
12
114
59 202
10 325
423 559
3
2 060
3
3 163
3 408
44 505

Country

Burkina Faso

Burundi

Cabo Verde

Cambodia

Cameroon

Canada

Central African
Republic

Chad

Chile

China

Colombia

Comoros

Congo

Cook Islands

Costa Rica

Croatia

Cuba

Cyprus

Czech Republic

Cte dIvoire

Democratic Peoples
Republic of Korea

Democratic Republic
of the Congo

Denmark

Djibouti

Dominica

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

Egypt

Region

Afr

Afr

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Afr

Amr (HIC)

Afr

Afr

Amr (HIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Sear

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

16 469

268

179

60

331

4 619

9 559

513

567

572

271

171

NA

338

20

1 904

674 323

548

684

627

29

163

1 423

523

579

809

COPDb

Number of YLLs

17 040

1 455

1 546

68

4 361

837

36 368

441

8 563

280

8 457

3 536

494

NA

57

7 179

1 453 252

5 301

289

127

18

5 073

853

2 475

346

679

Lung cancerb

227 785

7 167

12 026

57

633

2 467

59 455

38 170

18 112

23 933

679

15 560

10 087

2 991

NA

4 314

375

33 582

2 620 152

7 426

9 384

3 521

262

6 348

21 765

15 395

6 009

16 091

IHDb

173 092

6 414

7 639

65

1 020

2 195

107 418

69 820

28 254

9 925

350

10 136

6 988

1 757

NA

6 730

718

21 975

4 804 159

9 591

14 996

5 138

705

2 483

33 935

14 319

12 534

24 820

Strokeb

478 890

18 711

24 553

132

3 840

9 357

595 889

164 242

106 521

43 102

1 330

34 997

20 896

5 482

NA

22 568

2 417

70 635

9 809 480

23 461

118 666

26 282

1 236

14 113

163 697

44 769

76 204

111 633

Total

(397446, 568777)

(9185, 24474)

(2382, 35051)

(7, 192)

(1281, 6329)

(413, 15866)

(277324, 933537)

(22547, 273082)

(11078, 171839)

(33732, 51588)

(905, 1664)

(3080, 52022)

(15057, 25987)

(4012, 6661)

NA

(10207, 35361)

(388, 3450)

(49112, 87387)

(8349919, 11390232)

(17099, 28858)

(62793, 180873)

(12380, 41630)

(764, 1734)

(240, 51828)

(132518, 201931)

(3168, 69417)

(30987, 123588)

(53548, 172413)

Uncertainty interval

1 129

243

482

366

905

332

1 690

1 297

1 030

803

241

620

941

236

NA

1 053

664

297

1 483

266

1 868

1 122

487

80

1 511

589

1 486

1 334

Crude rate

1 452

266

558

332

1 086

172

1 626

1 089

1 275

374

162

405

411

224

NA

1 264

841

320

1 265

206

1 655

1 159

604

45

1 617

772

1 402

1 539

Age-standardized rate

YLLs 100 000 per capita

98
38
1
16 147
28 475
6 300
141
23 931
4 088
142
0
98 053
26 208
42 264

Greece

Grenada

Guatemala

Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

Guyana

Haiti

Honduras

Hungary

Iceland

India

Indonesia

Iran (Islamic
Republic of)

Iraq

Ireland

Eur (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Sear

Sear

Emr (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

21

1 857 079

40 887

Ghana

Afr

Gabon

Afr

188

1 870

France

Eur (HIC)

Germany

118

Finland

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Fiji

Wpr (LMIC)

398

Ethiopia

Afr

4 513

185 983

Estonia

Eur (HIC)

Gambia

Eritrea

Afr

Georgia

2 052
13 773

Equatorial Guinea

Afr

Eur (LMIC)

1 823

El Salvador

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

ALRIa

Country

Region

80

1 287

3 380

5 405

1 023 759

1 265

532

119

58

308

511

464

747

3 828

346

57

136

587

1 147

293

62

709

COPDb

Number of YLLs

1 269

5 539

13 159

38 394

198 706

50

18 701

985

1 425

57

51

184

1 906

3 235

499

52 206

837

40

179

27 891

221

6 718

190

287

45

1 054

Lung cancerb

2 504

42 680

157 167

130 612

2 306 544

55

33 186

7 345

10 371

1 497

1 633

10 740

8 842

89

14 852

22 515

77 785

16 390

1 380

1 305

19 899

1 224

12

22 058

1 535

3 712

692

10 301

IHDb

1 044

31 022

79 310

416 064

2 414 822

32

14 276

5 486

21 027

1 347

2 357

15 169

5 713

86

13 587

45 407

42 801

12 865

2 278

1 821

21 127

470

48 508

419

6 807

987

4 181

Strokeb

4 917

122 792

279 224

688 528

7 800 910

139

67 570

18 435

56 873

3 049

10 399

54 875

33 119

184

32 175

110 054

176 808

30 836

8 267

5 310

69 620

1 928

17

264 415

2 148

24 872

3 837

18 067

Total

(339, 7915)

(79044, 171590)

(240070, 319522)

(362860, 912704)

(6517074, 9293312)

(0, 472)

(51699, 82224)

(14479, 22554)

(5454, 87458)

(1, 4706)

(557, 17488)

(4782, 87626)

(26208, 40349)

(0, 267)

(11623, 42388)

(70401, 144587)

(84431, 233666)

(19451, 38983)

(350, 14948)

(960, 8644)

(24625, 97125)

(9, 9739)

(0, 2690)

(86734, 420277)

(26, 4170)

(9802, 39451)

(202, 6677)

(14364, 21967)

Uncertainty interval

210

754

740

560

1 282

87

1 293

476

1 093

806

1 204

946

422

349

567

854

431

1 421

906

665

213

70

573

304

1 017

1 018

563

Crude rate

140

1 156

1 033

706

1 520

50

639

647

1 308

1 003

1 346

1 148

479

364

244

1 131

184

759

1 241

769

111

28

590

119

1 349

1 208

595

Age-standardized rate

YLLs 100 000 per capita

99
1 165
41
2
37 173
34 742

Lesotho

Liberia

Libya

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Madagascar

Malawi

Emr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Afr

63
18 624

Mauritius

Mexico

Micronesia
(Federated States of)

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

11 696

Marshall Islands

Mauritania

Wpr (LMIC)

Afr

NA

2 797

Lebanon

Eur (HIC)

230
3 415

Latvia

Wpr (LMIC)

Malta

15

Lao Peoples
Democratic Republic

Eur (HIC)

15 152

Kyrgyzstan

Eur (LMIC)

94 987

1 862

Kuwait

Emr (HIC)

Mali

424

Kiribati

Wpr (LMIC)

Afr

Kenya

Afr

27

3 472
80 928

Kazakhstan

Eur (LMIC)

1 175

2 500

Jordan

Emr (LMIC)

Malaysia

792

Japan

Wpr (HIC)

Maldives

285

Jamaica

Amr (LMIC)

Sear

142

Italy

Eur (HIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

22

Israel

Eur (HIC)

ALRIa

Country

Region

5 323

212

NA

1 110

14

810

383

579

24

62

423

44

128

149

33

461

260

24

345

884

191

675

31

2 489

191

COPDb

Number of YLLs

12 182

157

107

NA

165

710

16

6 370

153

695

270

844

930

18

38

1 627

731

1 109

488

220

917

3 294

650

44 831

416

34 371

2 982

Lung cancerb

85 593

1 168

3 022

NA

526

17 242

193

30 873

8 793

13 221

198

11 035

9 671

1 009

1 133

4 737

8 807

7 543

11 953

2 040

12 521

59 786

7 237

57 353

1 893

46 326

2 644

IHDb

50 304

766

4 847

NA

187

25 223

111

19 113

15 345

26 546

241

5 576

7 263

1 274

3 037

2 721

4 591

7 234

7 257

1 106

20 579

38 564

6 189

69 710

3 232

41 127

1 999

Strokeb

172 027

2 160

19 883

NA

883

139 273

362

58 341

59 415

78 214

735

17 558

19 452

5 141

7 751

9 463

14 176

31 499

21 820

3 815

115 291

106 000

16 767

173 361

5 858

124 455

7 837

Total

(0, 229)

(127788, 209804)

(944, 2783)

(11770, 30374)

NA

(462, 1110)

(71065, 214508)

(89, 483)

(33213, 74942)

(1237, 97031)

(33671, 107996)

(475, 946)

(13377, 21057)

(13555, 25798)

(1, 14082)

(5, 14403)

(7740, 11146)

(10520, 17164)

(11532, 47352)

(8829, 28663)

(3377, 4283)

(0, 266)

(37221, 161936)

(13855, 162555)

(14405, 19191)

(68199, 233248)

(4160, 7270)

(85411, 155902)

(5787, 9707)

Uncertainty interval

280

340

1 059

NA

422

1 744

210

398

755

699

276

1 079

629

247

743

389

1 282

967

763

254

542

1 218

493

266

422

405

202

Crude rate

324

289

1 224

NA

221

1 844

346

553

925

979

157

466

936

308

887

399

510

1 217

1 000

677

569

1 156

801

106

387

157

141

Age-standardized rate

YLLs 100 000 per capita

100
0
1 393
14 418
51 463
58 409
1 417
NA
32 168
52
2
119 158
864 235
NA
5
469
NA
730
6 763
1 679
6 541
68 621
413
26
52
254
661

Monaco

Mongolia

Montenegro

Morocco

Mozambique

Myanmar

Namibia

Nauru

Nepal

Netherlands

New Zealand

Nicaragua

Niger

Nigeria

Niue

Norway

Oman

Pakistan

Palau

Panama

Papua New Guinea

Paraguay

Peru

Philippines

Poland

Portugal

Qatar

Republic of Korea

Republic of Moldova

Eur (HIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Afr

Sear

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Sear

Eur (HIC)

Wpr (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Emr (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Emr (HIC)

Wpr (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

534 059

2 719

12

ALRIa

Country

Region

141

1 067

18

79

2 612

3 457

1 116

96

76

39

NA

27 645

39

92

NA

7 184

1 041

323

1 024

19 509

NA

97

17 927

773

539

164

COPDb

Number of YLLs

988

25 880

188

1 588

43 455

18 623

7 660

526

265

270

NA

11 666

152

1 254

NA

4 557

46

664

37

16 884

14 486

NA

88

33 762

602

2 611

567

298

Lung cancerb

17 486

17 101

525

4 018

81 408

143 385

18 681

4 731

2 433

1 607

NA

235 717

1 986

1 887

NA

128 099

14 942

6 966

71

7 483

36 272

NA

1 225

81 429

7 904

36 185

763

5 370

24

IHDb

8 838

33 284

183

5 752

71 253

120 160

16 256

4 929

1 248

1 352

NA

203 293

1 451

1 135

NA

211 378

25 683

4 917

39

7 307

37 045

NA

2 716

140 657

15 537

46 775

1 039

5 183

13

Strokeb

28 114

77 586

966

11 463

199 140

354 247

50 254

11 961

10 785

3 998

NA

1 012 379

4 096

4 373

NA

1 215 453

160 870

15 591

151

32 750

139 481

NA

5 543

332 184

76 279

100 528

2 384

12 408

45

Total

(0, 44276)

(61770, 93155)

(851, 1088)

(495, 18432)

(159581, 236994)

(269559, 429507)

(38661, 61080)

(5561, 15661)

(0, 25810)

(525, 5875)

NA

(836044, 1220982)

(2781, 5459)

(164, 8766)

NA

(971393, 1487889)

(95851, 244409)

(2485, 23519)

(1, 3452)

(17038, 44484)

(104679, 181830)

NA

(657, 8699)

(276447, 393004)

(1796, 125238)

(75973, 121784)

(1744, 2968)

(8606, 15357)

(0, 85)

Uncertainty interval

1 329

311

189

208

999

746

333

381

308

214

NA

1 174

314

175

NA

1 471

1 838

523

388

985

NA

470

1 235

578

601

755

876

235

Crude rate

921

192

566

91

525

940

366

478

335

222

NA

1 363

620

90

NA

1 441

1 774

671

212

1 315

NA

699

1 461

579

675

456

1 226

101

Age-standardized rate

YLLs 100 000 per capita

101
NA
4
1 552

NA
33
4
NA
NA
203
2 612
24 092
130
2
32 049
49
215
11
0

Rwanda

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Saint Lucia

Saint Vincent and the

Grenadines

Samoa

San Marino
Sao Tome and
Principe
Saudi Arabia

Senegal

Serbia

Seychelles

Sierra Leone

Singapore

Slovakia

Slovenia

Solomon Islands

Somalia

Afr

Amr (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Emr (HIC)

Afr

Eur (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Wpr (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

11
2 071
1
15

Spain

Sri Lanka

Sudan

Suriname

Swaziland

Sweden

Switzerland

Syrian Arab Republic

Eur (HIC)

Sear

Emr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

4 394

111 077

1 208

78

47 572

425

171

83

1 867

1 644

314

403

3 244

46 232

South Africa

South Sudan

Afr

238

53

139

62

164

584

536

NA

NA

378

3 421

56 878

Emr (LMIC)

Afr

29 859

Russian Federation

Eur (HIC)

861

3 602
5 612

Romania

Eur (LMIC)

COPDb

ALRIa

Country

Region

Number of YLLs

2 703

3 442

40

36

46

1 174

2 741

8 154

426

14 627

347

1 467

2 838

2 149

101

10 113

434

2 877

NA

NA

21

NA

227

40 171

10 999

Lung cancerb

33 724

3 950

150

733

367

20 719

35 253

16 655

5 798

46 663

3 002

1 565

16 185

3 911

6 434

78

15 556

6 568

30 851

92

NA

NA

118

121

NA

5 777

699 149

51 272

IHDb

12 004

2 243

65

1 558

380

40 639

19 846

12 742

10 960

92 604

5 622

1 852

7 209

2 525

10 455

42

19 350

10 119

32 992

173

NA

NA

90

175

NA

11 399

469 392

47 638

Strokeb

53 250

9 821

258

4 481

810

175 475

60 692

37 943

65 159

203 369

66 086

4 948

26 586

8 695

49 203

134

45 734

41 749

70 884

479

NA

NA

218

353

NA

47 640

1 217 745

114 372

Total

(31883, 72663)

(2578, 13745)

(0, 12682)

(0, 7592)

(0, 1312)

(96165, 266403)

(44272, 76426)

(6952, 59988)

(28646, 99084)

(160882, 243388)

(3022, 118382)

(0, 1028)

(3517, 6189)

(20620, 31809)

(4386, 11710)

(0, 91290)

(10, 193)

(32284, 57582)

(32542, 51479)

(61575, 80767)

(0, 765)

NA

NA

(0, 316)

(57, 508)

NA

(24511, 73623)

(520667, 1652256)

(87652, 137810)

Uncertainty interval

539

242

717

307

934

576

160

1 187

756

1 310

476

953

324

1 610

289

995

594

552

534

NA

NA

403

383

NA

844

1 585

1 114

Crude rate

906

115

923

318

1 024

534

75

1 112

863

949

217

532

238

1 745

268

541

721

1 069

733

NA

NA

415

362

NA

963

864

599

Age-standardized rate

YLLs 100 000 per capita

102
19 417
3 853

2 121
21 021
NA
129
1 750

Tajikistan

Thailand

The former Yugoslav

Republic of
Macedonia

Timor-Leste

Togo

Tonga

Trinidad and Tobago

Tunisia

Eur (LMIC)

Sear

Eur (LMIC)

Sear

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

NA
121 133
2 342
311
537
76 307
1 323
166

4 943
20 914
57 248
42 962
31 355

Tuvalu

Uganda

Ukraine

United Arab Emirates

United Kingdom

United Republic of
Tanzania

United States of
America

Uruguay

Uzbekistan

Vanuatu

Venezuela, Bolivarian
Republic of

Viet Nam

Yemen

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Eur (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Afr

Eur (LMIC)

Emr (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Amr (HIC)

Amr (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

405

285

1 578

7 587

1 126

1 897

69

6 262

1 083

3 256

96

1 267

2 388

NA

642

6 887

754

NA

177

20

140

3 690

1 024

COPDb

940

285

893

35 930

9 256

3 746

893

85 539

420

43 579

477

11 243

2 071

NA

877

24 932

853

187

NA

113

259

1 481

37 822

1 175

Lung cancerb

4 112

5 156

31 496

34 617

30 067

100 577

1 897

158 082

17 305

42 355

1 867

349 292

17 673

NA

26 246

130 958

21 482

1 714

NA

5 493

916

3 106

85 872

20 221

IHDb

8 510

9 023

29 396

118 649

17 683

60 608

1 934

55 912

23 795

29 299

1 207

126 850

36 036

NA

13 180

103 457

15 248

936

NA

8 826

699

6 440

69 191

17 297

Strokeb

45 323

57 711

120 610

217 697

63 075

21

194 276

4 959

307 117

118 910

119 027

3 959

490 993

179 301

NA

45 746

275 375

40 087

2 971

NA

35 630

4 015

11 216

200 428

59 134

Total

(1868, 73001)

(12002, 89782)

(49171, 191644)

(157770, 276307)

(45119, 79002)

(0, 394)

(92850, 278471)

(1432, 6853)

(13418, 668580)

(67053, 161462)

(38097, 167686)

(3368, 4580)

(6286, 705171)

(137192, 230643)

NA

(13926, 65576)

(232719, 318894)

(32733, 47528)

(0, 4369)

NA

(5638, 58792)

(0, 7918)

(9174, 13331)

(160611, 238599)

(31910, 88088)

Uncertainty interval

614

779

980

476

421

17

1 337

282

193

486

369

173

2 015

1 012

NA

1 741

723

730

438

NA

1 042

740

1 080

589

1 505

Crude rate

659

754

1 380

465

486

28

1 712

178

118

547

192

535

968

1 153

NA

2 302

718

722

375

NA

1 232

834

726

467

2 306

Age-standardized rate

YLLs 100 000 per capita

YLL: year of life lost; AAP: Ambient air pollution; ALRI: Acute lower respiratory disease; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IHD: Ischaemic heart disease. Afr: Africa; Amr: America; Emr: Eastern
Mediterranean; Eur: Europe; Sear: South-East Asia; Wpr: Western Pacific; LMIC: Low- and middle-income countries; HIC: High-income countries; NA: Not available.
a
Age group includes less than 5 years old.
b
Age group includes 25 years and above.

27 448

9 142
4 801

Turkey

Turkmenistan

Eur (LMIC)

48

ALRIa

Country

Region

Number of YLLs

103
179 179
425
17 446
0
202 918
4 436
465
3
20
6 829
154
79
34
232
71
34
35 556
1 053
13 163
123
1 651
9 819

Afghanistan

Albania

Algeria

Andorra

Angola

Antigua and Barbuda

Argentina

Armenia

Australia

Austria

Azerbaijan

Bahamas

Bahrain

Bangladesh

Barbados

Belarus

Belgium

Belize

Benin

Bhutan

Bolivia, Plurinational
States of

Bosnia and
Herzegovina

Botswana

Brazil

Brunei Darussalam

Bulgaria

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Amr (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Wpr (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Amr (HIC)

Emr (HIC)

Sear

Amr (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

Sear

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr HIC

Eur (LMIC)

1 045

192 688

ALRIa

Country

Region

2 136

5 920

38

1 106

672

391

697

18

1 198

994

91 010

96

583

613

621

2 061

1 917

1 843

194

2 429

COPDb

Number of YLLs

21 942

44 222

225

11 926

1 061

231

365

56

20 203

13 507

62

90 088

451

87

5 914

10 516

179

8 093

26 380

15

735

44

15 626

3 047

7 115

Lung cancerb

48 845

10

227 519

1 112

18 218

18 600

1 416

12 225

211

16 520

89 633

294

186 039

1 641

419

38 337

16 759

700

20 206

69 550

150

28 224

155

87 717

9 872

64 378

IHDb

32 999

127 353

1 352

13 493

15 689

631

16 147

140

5 817

22 486

206

120 662

692

206

14 498

3 771

135

7 124

32 230

83

25 812

43

73 469

6 824

37 997

Strokeb

106 967

13

414 834

4 378

44 866

49 185

3 723

64 990

458

43 808

126 852

598

680 488

2 958

868

66 161

31 679

1 022

36 508

134 657

254

259 607

245

196 101

20 362

291 097

Total

(86678, 126655)

(0, 734)

(179748, 625151)

(23, 6978)

(34654, 55437)

(38356, 59565)

(3008, 4544)

(19753, 102678)

(73, 702)

(27226, 56771)

(2914, 185453)

(0, 879)

(562668, 818621)

(2655, 3263)

(3, 1322)

(15454, 96650)

(21683, 39595)

(16, 29638)

(1714, 57014)

(39258, 185786)

(0, 367)

(39170, 433070)

(8, 369)

(79130, 277004)

(8611, 27165)

(228829, 362678)

Uncertainty interval

3 011

416

411

2 354

959

932

1 298

273

806

2 876

443

868

356

476

1 423

767

2 467

654

597

2 308

627

1 040

1 410

1 904

Crude rate

1 848

471

620

1 586

1 150

1 206

1 706

474

491

2 270

349

1 192

752

539

1 751

466

2 255

644

640

2 067

388

1 311

1 142

2 498

Age-standardized rate

YLLs 100 000 per capita

104
80 575
68 342
16 548
132 121
45
239
24 156
126 871
955
353 527

8 387
1 567
18 264
NA
97
20
320
0
70 780
10 582
531 472
10
2 836
5
4 521
4 405
41 927

Burkina Faso

Burundi

Cabo Verde

Cambodia

Cameroon

Canada

Central African
Republic

Chad

Chile

China

Colombia

Comoros

Congo

Cook Islands

Costa Rica

Croatia

Cuba

Cyprus

Czech Republic

Cte dIvoire

Democratic Peoples
Republic of Korea

Democratic Republic
of the Congo

Denmark

Djibouti

Dominica

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

Egypt

Afr

Afr

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Afr

Amr (HIC)

Afr

Afr

Amr (HIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Sear

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

143

ALRIa

Country

Region

24 566

366

170

56

303

6 745

14 116

1 244

1 022

30

716

550

191

NA

586

20

2 536

813 075

793

861

759

91

178

2 639

649

685

1 060

COPDb

Number of YLLs

44 136

1 983

2 412

20

67

4 408

1 752

51 822

851

20 530

1 047

14 824

11 078

995

NA

148

29

11 197

3 739 353

8 115

398

238

23

5 764

1 516

4 375

346

734

Lung cancerb

351 675

11 724

13 125

89

943

5 304

85 432

58 629

27 131

41 359

2 105

26 794

16 158

6 171

NA

6 491

578

55 842

2 965 892

18 937

12 481

4 804

531

14 337

28 446

19 876

11 504

17 910

IHDb

232 864

7 567

7 155

66

1 378

2 268

105 107

99 577

37 769

10 216

379

12 273

7 551

1 953

NA

6 722

973

20 008

5 370 805

12 653

17 833

5 096

917

2 345

35 580

15 378

18 414

27 972

Strokeb

695 169

26 045

27 383

182

5 280

12 293

730 507

234 726

137 774

73 271

3 562

54 927

35 357

9 408

NA

32 211

3 166

97 970

13 242 651

41 452

158 445

35 052

1 800

22 669

200 302

56 827

99 290

128 251

Total

(545, 4495)

(579142, 820949)

(13093, 33841)

(2582, 39379)

(10, 268)

(1783, 8628)

(743, 19728)

(339547, 1146426)

(31916, 389541)

(15084, 221544)

(56758, 88046)

(2383, 4474)

(5012, 81450)

(24523, 44731)

(6962, 11315)

NA

(14300, 51058)

1 607

338

541

512

1 232

442

2 086

1 940

1 281

1 414

618

963

1 711

404

NA

1 503

856

424

1 888

(68369, 120451)

483

(11194228,
15425025)

2 490

1 540

729

131

1 850

786

1 987

1 560

Crude rate

(30841, 50306)

(83654, 241698)

(16358, 55711)

(1118, 2532)

(449, 76799)

(161935, 247712)

(3900, 88470)

(41494, 159067)

(61363, 198427)

Uncertainty interval

2 335

404

648

517

1 514

266

1 993

2 148

1 503

901

504

710

1 052

418

NA

1 722

1 183

511

1 755

448

2 163

1 563

1 223

86

1 981

1 144

1 971

2 042

Age-standardized rate

YLLs 100 000 per capita

105
ALRIa
2 332
3 584
19 103
15
319 258
1
5
237
3 410
5 833
710
274
46 994
54
2
19 811
34 155
8 144
158
28 092
4 892
181
0
1 767 111

131 817
28 217
49 417
20
71
67

Country

El Salvador

Equatorial Guinea

Eritrea

Estonia

Ethiopia

Fiji

Finland

France

Gabon

Gambia

Georgia

Germany

Ghana

Greece

Grenada

Guatemala

Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

Guyana

Haiti

Honduras

Hungary

Iceland

India

Indonesia

Iran (Islamic
Republic of)

Iraq

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Region

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Afr

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Sear

Sear

Emr (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

4 307

337

100

2 313

5 134

13 994

1 492 940

1 959

794

174

13

109

521

620

567

972

5 653

579

124

204

1 256

13

8 371

12

326

121

513

COPDb

Number of YLLs

96 071

6 368

1 842

14 251

24 735

98 659

606 825

45

34 490

1 452

1 147

63

64

417

2 412

21

15 709

1 805

104 213

4 265

121

318

76 241

464

6 104

642

301

138

1 226

Lung cancerb

85 187

5 829

5 090

89 187

264 939

308 721

5 106 390

127

49 458

12 671

10 929

2 347

1 839

11 509

12 350

170

28 232

30 095

149 092

23 830

1 800

1 841

47 511

2 679

40

41 987

2 655

5 931

1 587

12 092

IHDb

38 245

2 409

972

49 637

100 960

489 627

2 815 829

32

17 530

6 801

19 645

1 710

2 684

15 810

5 835

118

13 296

34 727

42 019

13 060

2 792

1 631

22 042

513

68 949

507

8 991

1 294

3 558

Strokeb

223 878

15 014

8 024

204 804

423 984

1 042 818

11 789 093

207

103 618

26 610

59 987

4 292

12 840

62 411

41 028

312

57 858

114 593

301 252

42 444

10 671

7 404

147 287

3 673

47

444 669

3 831

34 653

6 724

19 720

Total

(148539, 284331)

(11058, 18604)

(625, 12550)

(134138, 280733)

(366337, 482565)

(553692, 1381328)

(9946795, 13893270)

(1, 623)

(78527, 126682)

(21079, 32352)

(5457, 92622)

(1, 6562)

(636, 21766)

(5224, 100360)

(32568, 49874)

(0, 454)

(21206, 78220)

(73314, 150588)

(146398, 398718)

(26861, 53910)

(442, 19418)

(1235, 12241)

(51558, 209821)

(22, 18053)

(0, 6924)

(144873, 714179)

(67, 7669)

(13804, 54657)

(353, 11663)

(15796, 23782)

Uncertainty interval

772

395

345

1 229

1 104

834

1 799

127

2 189

688

1 179

1 130

1 509

1 071

546

592

1 064

905

763

2 155

1 193

908

476

138

10

966

620

1 416

1 694

689

Crude rate

402

363

273

2 289

1 372

1 116

2 272

93

1 479

1 028

1 469

1 375

1 641

1 272

674

778

627

1 242

411

1 667

1 557

1 076

305

79

13

982

432

2 082

1 852

819

Age-standardized rate

YLLs 100 000 per capita

106
ALRIa
433
856
3 226
4 575
102 509
0
687
2 537
21 009
24
290
4 043
2 958
1 596
26
0
45 741
33 076
1 495
36
113 028
0
NA
19 130
118
23 819
0
0
2 174

Country

Jamaica

Japan

Jordan

Kazakhstan

Kenya

Kiribati

Kuwait

Kyrgyzstan

Lao Peoples
Democratic Republic

Latvia

Lebanon

Lesotho

Liberia

Libya

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Madagascar

Malawi

Malaysia

Maldives

Mali

Malta

Marshall Islands

Mauritania

Mauritius

Mexico

Micronesia
(Federated States of)

Monaco

Mongolia

Region

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Emr (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Sear

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

300

6 526

26

314

NA

15

2 541

12

2 087

566

601

31

241

729

63

192

269

117

469

412

50

439

1 829

566

2 841

94

COPDb

Number of YLLs

1 392

22

19 435

420

225

NA

470

990

79

12 441

260

3 280

584

4 919

5 956

35

125

3 647

4 081

2 484

1 659

636

1 375

15 755

3 677

133 415

1 714

Lung cancerb

11 167

48

148 593

2 679

3 332

NA

984

14 151

322

61 782

9 221

20 636

514

16 478

15 368

1 171

1 115

14 028

13 157

9 455

19 372

8 125

23 534

99 132

13 573

136 217

2 924

IHDb

7 346

13

51 785

1 305

5 046

NA

255

19 811

326

24 547

14 193

28 204

244

5 145

8 209

1 340

2 128

2 300

4 545

8 287

9 767

2 050

28 494

39 353

6 838

108 404

3 576

Strokeb

22 379

84

250 159

4 547

28 047

NA

1 722

150 522

776

102 352

57 317

98 463

1 373

26 809

31 858

5 567

7 603

20 534

21 924

41 704

33 748

11 548

156 350

160 644

27 879

381 734

8 742

Total

(15576, 27640)

(0, 163)

(0, 413)

(188088, 302420)

(1984, 5863)

(16326, 43464)

NA

(879, 2202)

(74960, 236062)

(200, 1038)

(58183, 131272)

(1268, 93704)

(42789, 135764)

(884, 1760)

(19974, 32584)

(21655, 42641)

(1, 15258)

(5, 14504)

(16998, 23914)

(15868, 26907)

(14831, 62964)

(13887, 44370)

(10319, 12834)

(0, 554)

(52573, 218190)

(21034, 248898)

(23823, 32044)

(150665, 521111)

(6015, 11014)

Uncertainty interval

1 608

463

412

730

1 477

NA

833

1 852

449

712

732

886

517

1 930

998

264

750

823

2 353

1 297

1 210

602

735

1 979

776

617

636

Crude rate

2 382

292

521

687

1 604

NA

514

1 859

680

914

999

1 259

367

1 367

1 652

344

1 032

845

1 591

1 727

1 881

1 172

830

2 410

1 370

318

664

Age-standardized rate

YLLs 100 000 per capita

107
19 049
71 136
80 476
1 662
NA
34 992
66
2
168 246
1 154 316
NA
11
420

NA
635
8 227
2 140
8 255
82 543
677
29
73
422
764
4 360
6 505

Morocco

Mozambique

Myanmar

Namibia

Nauru

Nepal

Netherlands

New Zealand

Nicaragua

Niger

Nigeria

Niue

Norway

Oman

Pakistan

Palau

Panama

Papua New Guinea

Paraguay

Peru

Philippines

Poland

Portugal

Qatar

Republic of Korea

Republic of Moldova

Romania

Russian Federation

Emr (LMIC)

Afr

Sear

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Sear

Eur (HIC)

Wpr (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Emr (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Emr (HIC)

Wpr (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

708 381

3 850

18

Montenegro

Eur (LMIC)

ALRIa

Country

Region

11 682

2 406

357

2 984

45

201

6 229

10 524

1 056

206

169

48

NA

87 437

89

93

NA

10 471

1 416

394

1 128

18 440

NA

122

13 594

628

1 242

11

COPDb

Number of YLLs

224 659

46 943

4 400

73 338

1 024

6 402

101 287

46 822

7 810

2 233

518

554

NA

58 841

570

1 694

NA

4 295

254

1 014

34

24 895

13 357

NA

159

42 726

1 007

21 211

1 826

Lung cancerb

90 816
1 240
516

22 849

40 024

3 350

7 993

166 143

302 322

29 107

9 532

3 623

3 592

NA

298 866

4 982

3 767

NA

175 451

15 762

11 220

161

15 938

51 291

NA

1 147

63 058

8 814

54 684

2 579

IHDb

492 824

56 042

9 676

46 736

1 183

6 734

86 516

191 986

18 591

6 973

3 107

1 615

NA

179 455

3 437

1 127

NA

228 041

27 053

5 918

30

6 523

38 569

NA

1 642

158 676

17 996

42 883

1 719

Strokeb

1 976 187

200 568

38 046

163 504

5 676

21 359

360 851

634 196

64 819

21 084

15 643

6 444

NA

1 332 980

9 498

6 691

NA

1 572 574

212 731

22 396

228

48 550

156 649

NA

4 733

358 529

99 582

139 069

6 153

Total

(855234, 2699613)

(149781, 244879)

(0, 61639)

(128161, 197684)

(5050, 6317)

(973, 36242)

(287762, 429651)

(485332, 766829)

(50539, 78013)

(9812, 27736)

(0, 37428)

(893, 9278)

2 973

2 073

1 941

663

377

427

1 932

1 306

430

651

429

343

NA

1 462

(1087099,
1627624)
NA

424

266
(6500, 12470)

(298, 12905)

NA

1 837

(1255275,
1928134)
NA

2 395

773

11

585

1 174

NA

425

1 398

795

856

1 997

Crude rate

(125664, 325508)

(3551, 33421)

(2, 4745)

(25883, 65343)

(119368, 201233)

NA

(510, 7554)

(297718, 424251)

(2079, 163848)

(102817, 170336)

(4488, 7635)

Uncertainty interval

2 403

1 437

1 773

535

736

253

1 376

1 806

521

866

525

388

NA

1 665

851

176

NA

1 724

1 969

1 105

355

1 566

NA

699

1 820

804

991

1 484

Age-standardized rate

YLLs 100 000 per capita

108
5
NA
NA
248
2 711
31 619
235
5
35 613
82
197
0
0
66 774
59 110
61 323
159
1 773
148
2 647
0
18
6 139
26 077
5 589

Saint Vincent and the

Grenadines

Samoa

San Marino
Sao Tome and
Principe
Saudi Arabia

Senegal

Serbia

Seychelles

Sierra Leone

Singapore

Slovakia

Slovenia

Solomon Islands

Somalia

South Africa

South Sudan

Spain

Sri Lanka

Sudan

Suriname

Swaziland

Sweden

Switzerland

Syrian Arab Republic

Tajikistan

Thailand

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Emr (HIC)

Afr

Eur (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Wpr (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Afr

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Sear

Emr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Sear

150 132

9
3 025

51

Saint Lucia

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

NA

NA

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Amr (HIC)

13 514

931

903

242

74

3 256

3 328

1 377

710

6 942

163

109

292

218

261

1 126

1 030

NA

NA

465

37 090

Rwanda

Afr

COPDb

ALRIa

Country

Region

Number of YLLs

76 780

1 828

11 866

5 834

41

68

164

2 395

7 293

34 615

557

30 310

382

3 681

7 941

4 371

183

43

27 692

711

7 813

18

NA

NA

15

57

NA

395

Lung cancerb

131 061

22 888

62 092

8 090

268

544

582

31 556

81 936

40 070

8 953

74 187

5 351

3 568

26 613

9 433

6 829

188

32 344

7 857

75 067

77

NA

NA

156

213

NA

8 844

IHDb

91 144

13 012

24 701

2 023

60

705

471

47 697

33 116

13 879

12 982

80 853

7 621

2 034

9 297

3 132

10 046

84

19 506

10 644

47 197

144

NA

NA

87

225

NA

14 188

Strokeb

318 088

64 737

105 700

16 207

371

4 039

1 367

235 036

127 446

90 100

84 525

251 401

80 289

9 391

44 339

17 236

52 933

324

80 903

51 861

135 813

496

NA

NA

264

552

NA

60 982

Total

(250916, 383741)

(34560, 97055)

(61740, 145681)

(4634, 22482)

(0, 16816)

(0, 7019)

(0, 2264)

(128740, 357480)

(93595, 159445)

(16480, 150243)

(37287, 128451)

(198075, 302170)

(3850, 142755)

(0, 1994)

(6573, 11794)

(34039, 53329)

(8807, 23110)

(0, 98733)

(24, 475)

(55695, 102887)

(40207, 64267)

(119012, 153380)

(0, 812)

NA

NA

(0, 383)

(90, 800)

NA

(31633, 93698)

Uncertainty interval

960

1 618

1 046

409

665

516

1 242

1 288

392

1 539

969

1 609

918

1 689

659

1 772

672

1 844

768

815

558

NA

NA

478

621

NA

1 179

Crude rate

841

2 378

1 895

246

799

585

1 359

1 312

245

1 467

1 520

1 235

569

1 302

521

1 819

742

1 235

960

1 649

802

NA

NA

540

639

NA

1 503

Age-standardized rate

YLLs 100 000 per capita

109
2 452
22 903
NA
129
2 307
12 664
6 964
NA
163 918
3 392
518
599
97 308
1 636
158

6 465
32 848
71 237
47 514
32 269

Timor-Leste

Togo

Tonga

Trinidad and Tobago

Tunisia

Turkey

Turkmenistan

Tuvalu

Uganda

Ukraine

United Arab Emirates

United Kingdom

United Republic of
Tanzania

United States of
America

Uruguay

Uzbekistan

Vanuatu

Venezuela, Bolivarian
Republic of

Viet Nam

Yemen

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Eur (LMIC)

Sear

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Afr

Eur (LMIC)

Emr (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Amr (HIC)

Amr (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

581

133

1 800

9 988

1 269

2 594

193

6 016

1 584

3 504

296

4 144

2 490

NA

890

13 120

1 233

34

NA

325

27

294

COPDb

1 609

398

2 496

111 953

12 389

10 850

3 303

107 023

588

54 217

1 608

61 870

2 123

NA

3 168

171 170

13 282

546

NA

287

537

6 622

Lung cancerb

4 709

9 726

58 212

77 158

64 706

21

149 210

4 577

307 662

28 211

96 879

15 118

447 498

31 313

NA

47 983

237 820

39 845

3 834

NA

6 025

995

6 854

IHDb

7 283

13 467

37 321

210 257

22 470

18

65 038

1 910

54 560

31 919

26 760

6 225

120 322

44 348

NA

15 442

135 919

20 789

1 348

NA

8 697

788

7 268

Strokeb

46 452

71 237

171 068

442 204

107 298

45

265 725

10 140

476 898

159 610

181 959

23 765

637 226

244 191

NA

74 447

570 692

77 455

5 891

NA

38 237

4 799

21 090

Total

(1910, 75197)

(16339, 109153)

(72537, 266686)

(318315, 559363)

(78529, 132226)

(0, 831)

(127912, 379504)

(2771, 14446)

(21813, 992433)

(91061, 215775)

(64682, 247933)

(20591, 26974)

(11122, 933659)

(187570, 313203)

NA

(22665, 105624)

(471676, 669656)

(62330, 92490)

(0, 8678)

NA

(5972, 63385)

(0, 9630)

(17019, 25188)

Uncertainty interval

646

965

1 361

991

721

36

1 889

619

306

661

582

356

3 041

1 381

NA

2 925

1 552

1 438

888

NA

1 149

857

2 046

Crude rate

725

1 141

2 079

1 239

914

59

2 764

509

222

761

371

620

2 255

1 677

NA

4 029

1 780

1 517

836

NA

1 394

1 016

1 611

Age-standardized rate

YLLs 100 000 per capita

YLL: year of life lost; AAP: Ambient air pollution; ALRI: Acute lower respiratory disease; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IHD: Ischaemic heart disease. Afr: Africa; Amr: America;
Emr: Eastern Mediterranean; Eur: Europe; Sear: South-East Asia; Wpr: Western Pacific; LMIC: Low- and middle-income countries; HIC: High-income countries; NA: Not available.
a
Age group includes less than 5 years old.
b
Age group includes 25 years and above.

38 033

53

The former Yugoslav

Republic of
Macedonia

ALRIa

Country

Region

Number of YLLs

111
343 358
745
31 601
0
335 543
7 910
762
8
99
12 283
274
161
60
372
155
93
65 079
1 876
24 333
227
3 245
18 982

Afghanistan

Albania

Algeria

Andorra

Angola

Antigua and Barbuda

Argentina

Armenia

Australia

Austria

Azerbaijan

Bahamas

Bahrain

Bangladesh

Barbados

Belarus

Belgium

Belize

Benin

Bhutan

Bolivia, Plurinational
States of

Bosnia and
Herzegovina

Botswana

Brazil

Brunei Darussalam

Bulgaria

Burkina Faso

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Amr (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Wpr (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Amr (HIC)

Emr (HIC)

Sear

Amr (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

Sear

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr HIC

Eur (LMIC)

Afr

150 221

1 844

353 835

ALRIa

Country

Region

4 872

5 245

16 749

296

3 084

2 468

1 005

2 765

39

2 955

2 086

19

271 662

511

15

2 214

2 110

22

1 391

5 339

6 552

7 537

604

9 245

COPDb

Number of DALYs

1 426

26 629

74 921

277

14 995

2 253

465

574

79

28 045

15 300

92

121 865

620

126

7 450

16 581

304

9 713

37 546

22

1 186

58

19 433

4 593

9 915

Lung cancerb

34 433

80 138

15

360 298

2 282

29 394

32 124

2 333

23 087

364

24 910

145 781

467

270 583

2 277

636

61 409

27 161

1 050

31 157

110 617

254

47 195

234

138 062

16 723

121 757

IHDb

52 956

64 096

244 532

3 578

28 593

29 100

1 452

31 842

281

12 539

43 834

381

249 310

1 161

393

28 579

8 730

318

12 978

59 090

163

53 900

91

135 436

14 504

88 934

Strokeb

Total

243 908

177 952

21

715 482

9 678

76 293

90 278

7 132

123 348

856

68 602

207 374

1 019

1 267 255

4 731

1 444

111 935

54 681

1 702

56 001

220 501

451

444 375

390

332 068

37 169

573 208

(116116, 380407)

(144728, 210701)

(0, 1184)

(308804, 1087305)

(52, 15664)

(59030, 94725)

(69920, 110141)

(5679, 8840)

(37519, 196565)

(139, 1322)

(43193, 88932)

(4586, 302118)

(0, 1518)

(1019971, 1565478)

(4152, 5354)

(5, 2223)

(25959, 165568)

(37186, 68807)

(27, 50732)

(2634, 87447)

(64676, 304961)

(0, 657)

(68199, 744254)

(11, 588)

(133038, 474968)

(15554, 49730)

(450258, 714931)

Uncertainty interval

1 470

2 436

353

454

1 993

882

959

1 227

254

619

2 185

1 810

1 329

372

680

1 219

1 033

1 274

1 587

445

353

1 420

267

1 114

816
362

708

404

1 375

354

1 493

463

521

1 833

271

1 097

996

2 501

Age-standardized rate

355

388

1 196

647

1 880

524

506

1 959

492

887

1 290

1 928

Crude rate

DALYs 100 000 per capita

112
13
291
130 378
21 123
957 459
26
4 922
8
7 811
7 979
88 057
4 305

Cyprus

Czech Republic

Cte dIvoire

Democratic Peoples
Republic of Korea

Democratic Republic
of the Congo

Denmark

Djibouti

Dominica

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

Egypt

El Salvador

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Sear

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Congo

Afr

699

29 494

Comoros

Afr

Cuba

2 889

Colombia

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

15 196

China

Wpr (LMIC)

43

627 493

Chile

Amr (HIC)

Croatia

1 647

Chad

Afr

Eur (HIC)

220 466

Central African
Republic

Afr

NA

41 185

Canada

Amr (HIC)

225

92
470

Cameroon

Afr

Cook Islands

238 434

Cambodia

Wpr (LMIC)

Costa Rica

28 900

Cabo Verde

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

125 544

Burundi

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

ALRIa

Country

Region

1 854

75 577

1 366

897

357

970

26 209

28 316

4 355

3 128

99

2 323

1 457

641

NA

2 154

106

6 759

1 814 679

2 848

3 830

2 676

269

600

11 197

3 427

3 404

COPDb

Number of DALYs

2 299

61 584

3 463

3 995

28

136

8 864

2 700

88 784

1 314

29 383

1 336

23 481

14 733

1 502

NA

218

29

18 561

5 243 327

13 530

698

379

43

10 968

2 402

6 929

704

Lung cancerb

22 603

586 048

19 161

25 417

148

1 604

8 000

146 091

98 002

45 623

65 908

2 819

42 846

26 516

9 306

NA

10 900

965

90 746

5 662 869

26 963

22 111

8 431

808

21 070

50 839

35 678

17 749

IHDb

8 025

409 090

14 295

15 179

135

2 408

4 818

213 509

171 148

66 204

21 071

792

23 308

14 899

3 908

NA

13 521

1 695

43 318

10 327 235

23 227

32 959

10 307

1 631

6 178

69 837

30 327

31 014

Strokeb

Total

39 087

1 220 357

46 264

53 300

325

9 427

22 679

1 345 967

407 373

247 874

119 780

5 059

92 658

57 647

15 582

NA

56 287

5 684

174 580

23 675 602

68 215

280 064

62 979

3 220

38 908

372 709

105 261

178 415

(30999, 47707)

(1005641, 1460546)

(22877, 60802)

(5078, 77106)

(18, 479)

(3114, 15828)

(1269, 37551)

(622224, 2127257)

(55592, 684015)

(26334, 402957)

(92827, 144282)

(3391, 6374)

(8281, 138762)

(40452, 72760)

(11394, 18978)

NA

(24857, 90402)

(944, 8146)

(121249, 216618)

(20007452, 27642228)

(50086, 83865)

(147516, 429122)

(29201, 101381)

(1947, 4671)

(742, 136028)

(300100, 462590)

(7373, 166998)

(73231, 290149)

Uncertainty interval

644

1 425

300

525

453

1 105

405

1 915

1 645

1 175

1 136

448

817

1 345

335

NA

1 313

775

372

1 737

392

2 203

1 363

643

112

1 721

710

1 762

Crude rate

718

1 947

344

619

437

1 348

228

1 859

1 559

1 424

639

341

573

726

334

NA

1 547

1 029

422

1 546

334

1 953

1 412

919

68

1 869

976

1 734

Age-standardized rate

DALYs 100 000 per capita

113
5 653
33 084
16
507 048
2
14
507
5 313
10 424
1 119
723
88 159
116
4
36 351
62 880
14 488
52 298
9 110
354
0
3 663 274

231 727
55 660
92 673
50
126
314

Equatorial Guinea

Eritrea

Estonia

Ethiopia

Fiji

Finland

France

Gabon

Gambia

Georgia

Germany

Ghana

Greece

Grenada

Guatemala

Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

Guyana

Haiti

Honduras

Hungary

Iceland

India

Indonesia

Iran (Islamic
Republic of)

Iraq

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Afr

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Afr

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Sear

Sear

Emr (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

318

ALRIa

Country

Region

12 191

1 178

306

8 828

23 441

41 378

3 282 841

5 035

2 082

862

50

426

2 172

2 118

1 725

5 674

14 904

1 611

522

735

4 716

35

26 564

29

1 858

359

COPDb

Number of DALYs

131 947

9 436

3 145

19 894

38 258

138 292

813 674

96

53 568

2 455

2 590

120

117

610

4 350

29

19 160

2 324

158 013

5 139

163

503

104 981

692

12 909

839

595

184

Lung cancerb

136 139

8 876

7 745

133 068

425 114

444 628

7 455 375

187

83 414

20 255

21 539

3 864

3 511

22 490

21 493

261

43 631

53 339

232 055

40 618

3 219

3 187

69 974

3 969

52

65 895

4 235

9 785

2 297

IHDb

86 663

5 075

2 229

81 437

183 554

913 075

5 290 851

73

32 665

12 462

40 891

3 072

5 057

31 085

11 989

208

27 629

80 391

93 848

26 204

5 088

3 484

49 578

1 064

118 253

1 003

15 840

2 296

Strokeb

Total

367 253

24 690

13 475

335 900

726 027

1 769 100

20 506 014

363

175 035

46 363

118 179

7 423

23 599

119 237

76 302

508

92 262

229 888

499 543

74 692

19 416

13 222

229 756

5 774

64

730 670

6 122

61 162

10 788

(246725, 465377)

(18152, 30809)

(1051, 21435)

(216810, 468258)

(622548, 834161)

(933959, 2358064)

(17046204, 24531628)

(2, 1153)

(132904, 214253)

(36378, 56936)

(11182, 182819)

(2, 11455)

(1221, 40273)

(10157, 193099)

(60240, 93177)

(0, 744)

(34043, 123906)

(146097, 304536)

(240916, 663000)

(47163, 95143)

(803, 36006)

(2248, 22304)

(82127, 325137)

(33, 28707)

(0, 9832)

(236069, 1189241)

(99, 12139)

(23967, 98360)

(563, 19051)

Uncertainty interval

615

321

289

1 019

953

713

1 623

112

1 758

599

1 149

979

1 376

1 025

496

482

830

900

621

1 805

1 074

819

361

106

793

462

1 250

1 394

Crude rate

288

266

213

1 732

1 239

923

1 986

76

1 033

858

1 403

1 197

1 526

1 239

590

567

438

1 221

307

1 184

1 449

966

215

54

823

258

1 745

1 589

Age-standardized rate

DALYs 100 000 per capita

114
ALRIa
766
1 868
5 781
8 099
184 200
0
1 138
4 423
36 207
45
563
7 488
5 781
2 873
89
2
83 240
68 297
2 810
66
208 354
1
NA
30 906
188
44 235
1
0
3 605

Country

Jamaica

Japan

Jordan

Kazakhstan

Kenya

Kiribati

Kuwait

Kyrgyzstan

Lao Peoples
Democratic Republic

Latvia

Lebanon

Lesotho

Liberia

Libya

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Madagascar

Malawi

Malaysia

Maldives

Mali

Malta

Marshall Islands

Mauritania

Mauritius

Mexico

Micronesia
(Federated States of)

Monaco

Mongolia

Region

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Emr (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Sear

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

797

16 438

159

1 876

NA

49

6 954

54

5 688

2 764

3 440

102

615

2 782

172

598

1 197

355

1 925

1 095

903

3 767

4 387

1 722

7 141

283

COPDb

Number of DALYs

1 714

31

32 017

583

339

NA

641

1 716

96

18 970

426

3 987

865

5 811

6 916

53

170

5 322

4 852

3 622

2 163

870

2 308

19 205

4 353

180 791

2 143

Lung cancerb

16 670

73

237 465

3 892

6 466

NA

1 532

31 584

521

93 314

18 331

34 331

740

27 763

25 355

2 210

2 287

19 015

22 155

17 135

31 545

10 325

36 802

159 618

21 028

199 245

4 888

IHDb

12 598

28

106 252

2 152

9 953

NA

477

45 192

457

45 039

29 624

54 855

533

11 126

15 711

2 626

5 189

5 295

9 388

15 752

17 153

3 307

49 352

78 448

13 218

197 984

6 927

Strokeb

Total

35 384

135

436 407

6 974

49 540

NA

2 700

293 800

1 194

165 821

119 442

179 853

2 242

45 404

53 638

10 842

15 731

31 392

36 795

74 641

56 379

16 543

276 428

269 757

46 102

587 030

15 007

(24539, 43902)

(0, 259)

(0, 664)

(325031, 532267)

(3042, 9097)

(28663, 77709)

NA

(1388, 3448)

(147304, 460299)

(300, 1623)

(93772, 214821)

(2604, 197879)

(77621, 249698)

(1445, 2894)

(34144, 55014)

(36273, 73079)

(2, 29905)

(10, 30274)

(25707, 37039)

(26937, 44974)

(26680, 113554)

(23119, 74453)

(14565, 18708)

(0, 839)

(91167, 388740)

(35469, 419254)

(39283, 53271)

(233989, 798287)

(10442, 18856)

Uncertainty interval

1 260

360

358

554

1 312

NA

650

1 823

346

571

761

807

421

1 505

854

259

765

637

1 806

1 153

998

484

650

1 604

659

462

543

Crude rate

1 791

200

432

496

1 484

NA

375

1 904

537

751

993

1 141

276

879

1 333

331

978

660

977

1 494

1 417

1 020

715

1 718

1 117

219

539

Age-standardized rate

DALYs 100 000 per capita

115
33 877
123 049
139 242
3 110
NA
68 013
136
4
288 091
2 022 045

NA
24
929

1 406
15 096
3 939
15 256
152 429
1 264
65
131
847
1 435
8 053
12 576

Morocco

Mozambique

Myanmar

Namibia

Nauru

Nepal

Netherlands

New Zealand

Nicaragua

Niger

Nigeria

Niue

Norway

Oman

Pakistan

Palau

Panama

Papua New Guinea

Paraguay

Peru

Philippines

Poland

Portugal

Qatar

Republic of Korea

Republic of Moldova

Romania

Russian Federation

Emr (LMIC)

Afr

Sear

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Sear

Eur (HIC)

Wpr (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Emr (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Emr (HIC)

Wpr (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

NA

1 246 970

6 673

34

Montenegro

Eur (LMIC)

ALRIa

Country

Region

26 139

6 093

802

7 319

749

480

14 825

31 229

5 586

601

477

188

NA

203 138

631

278

NA

42 132

7 262

1 080

3 703

53 739

NA

551

54 071

3 429

4 689

84

COPDb

Number of DALYs

266 721

58 336

5 422

100 350

1 217

8 052

145 980

66 053

15 578

2 782

791

833

NA

71 703

727

2 980

NA

8 988

317

1 690

71

42 168

27 934

NA

255

76 965

1 645

23 994

2 409

Lung cancerb

1 950 243

143 543

40 569

59 488

3 975

12 354

249 921

449 535

48 595

14 433

6 172

5 281

NA

540 886

7 071

5 787

NA

307 259

31 120

18 339

238

24 287

88 479

NA

2 414

145 603

17 078

92 069

3 402

IHDb

973 217

104 935

18 817

85 509

1 556

12 978

160 893

315 928

35 789

12 070

4 455

3 050

NA

390 112

4 967

2 489

NA

441 650

52 962

10 966

74

15 535

77 065

NA

4 387

302 550

33 718

90 543

2 797

Strokeb

3 228 897

320 959

67 046

253 512

7 627

33 929

572 883

1 015 174

120 804

33 825

26 992

10 759

NA

2 452 808

14 325

11 558

NA

2 822 073

379 751

38 748

394

85 829

315 230

NA

10 716

718 432

178 918

245 171

8 726

Total

(1400443, 4408243)

(241726, 390976)

(0, 108018)

(199622, 306641)

(6605, 8757)

(1609, 56590)

(456917, 683994)

(771359, 1237902)

(92834, 147778)

(15764, 44631)

(0, 65734)

(1478, 15738)

NA

(1992965, 3003450)

(9601, 19412)

(497, 22733)

NA

(2250524, 3466303)

(223946, 583674)

(6124, 58700)

(2, 8487)

(45388, 116450)

(234391, 415553)

NA

(1212, 17457)

(592047, 858889)

(3973, 296744)

(182357, 300280)

(6362, 10866)

Uncertainty interval

2 253

1 609

1 645

511

378

323

1 484

1 057

401

530

377

287

NA

1 383

404

230

NA

1 677

2 153

659

512

1 146

NA

468

1 367

695

743

1 399

Crude rate

1 529

1 009

1 316

364

759

172

934

1 394

461

688

439

312

NA

1 605

780

138

NA

1 620

1 945

889

295

1 533

NA

731

1 689

704

849

959

Age-standardized rate

DALYs 100 000 per capita

116
NA
86
11
NA
NA
453
5 842
56 072
409
8
67 756
139
429
17
0
123 951
105 724
109 253
272
3 132
167
4 737
1
41
10 953
45 592
9 610

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Saint Lucia

Saint Vincent and the

Grenadines

Samoa

San Marino

Sao Tome and

Principe

Saudi Arabia

Senegal

Serbia

Seychelles

Sierra Leone

Singapore

Slovakia

Slovenia

Solomon Islands

Somalia

South Africa

South Sudan

Spain

Sri Lanka

Sudan

Suriname

Swaziland

Sweden

Switzerland

Syrian Arab Republic

Tajikistan

Thailand

Amr (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Emr (HIC)

Afr

Eur (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Wpr (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Afr

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Sear

Emr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Sear

262 610

67 395

Rwanda

Afr

Afr

ALRIa

Country

Region

29 447

3 397

4 291

1 295

313

35

13 844

9 962

2 578

2 819

26 689

1 234

441

1 077

373

948

10

2 987

4 088

15 152

25

NA

NA

18

NA

3 582

COPDb

Number of DALYs

115 769

3 029

14 588

9 387

83

108

211

3 600

10 083

43 157

991

45 262

735

5 196

10 886

6 575

288

53

38 000

1 163

10 749

24

NA

NA

21

79

NA

633

Lung cancerb

219 454

43 484

96 682

12 379

424

1 301

962

53 148

118 065

58 237

14 970

122 366

8 521

5 232

43 118

13 533

13 372

268

48 463

14 689

107 302

171

NA

NA

276

339

NA

14 892

IHDb

167 934

30 568

37 340

5 055

137

2 277

871

88 820

54 977

29 352

24 060

174 714

13 293

4 105

16 907

5 980

20 545

128

39 455

20 953

81 537

319

NA

NA

181

409

NA

25 683

Strokeb

Total

542 214

126 069

163 854

28 158

650

8 735

2 246

422 022

196 219

133 596

152 094

474 754

147 735

14 990

72 417

26 600

102 909

467

129 313

96 965

220 583

993

NA

NA

495

931

NA

112 186

(427557, 656102)

(67187, 190103)

(95388, 228829)

(7841, 39714)

(0, 30558)

(0, 15241)

(1, 3745)

(228768, 650658)

(141976, 249981)

(24974, 219257)

(66740, 232766)

(371260, 576900)

(6961, 264867)

(0, 3114)

(10517, 18898)

(55687, 87238)

(13553, 35797)

(0, 192638)

(37, 689)

(89674, 164494)

(74892, 120816)

(190290, 253571)

(0, 1623)

NA

NA

(0, 723)

(150, 1358)

NA

(57267, 175976)

Uncertainty interval

807

1 590

820

351

709

425

1 119

961

286

1 385

899

1 472

727

1 337

502

1 703

494

1 440

704

748

556

NA

NA

452

515

NA

1 037

Crude rate

672

2 390

1 429

193

901

462

1 240

931

162

1 323

1 165

1 112

402

896

383

1 804

511

891

874

1 438

781

NA

NA

489

510

NA

1 251

Age-standardized rate

DALYs 100 000 per capita

117
4 130
23 038
11 799
NA
287 096
5 780
866
1 247

3 283
333

11 918
54 576
129 343
90 821
63 863

Tunisia

Turkey

Turkmenistan

Tuvalu

Uganda

Ukraine

United Arab Emirates

United Kingdom

United Republic of
Tanzania

United States of
America

Uruguay

Uzbekistan

Vanuatu

Venezuela, Bolivarian
Republic of

Viet Nam

Yemen

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Amr (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Afr

Eur (LMIC)

Emr (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Amr (HIC)

Amr (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

2 815

2 071

6 715

37 308

4 212

9 039

406

20 221

8 070

11 617

2 539

9 571

14 192

NA

2 224

33 004

4 333

99

NA

1 506

105

938

COPDb

2 578

694

3 472

149 065

21 843

14 709

4 233

195 036

1 037

98 923

2 102

73 745

4 228

NA

4 068

197 655

14 246

739

NA

405

797

8 149

Lung cancerb

9 051

15 113

90 415

113 987

95 764

30

251 377

6 586

473 323

46 340

141 450

17 250

800 250

49 772

NA

74 505

371 760

62 046

5 597

NA

11 664

1 927

10 109

IHDb

15 960

22 568

67 112

333 882

41 108

26

126 711

3 964

129 932

56 141

61 260

7 722

252 438

80 711

NA

28 808

242 166

36 526

2 346

NA

17 590

1 512

13 840

Strokeb

94 267

131 267

297 057

688 818

174 845

68

467 389

15 523

821 795

286 193

314 497

30 479

1 141 785

435 999

NA

121 404

867 624

121 282

9 049

NA

75 267

8 924

33 150

Total

(3907, 154648)

(28730, 204403)

(123087, 471950)

(493511, 882658)

(126302, 218023)

(0, 1282)

(223133, 674971)

(4369, 21975)

(37219, 1752538)

(161705, 391100)

(108260, 437232)

(25728, 35715)

(18112, 1665776)

(332422, 563596)

NA

(37051, 173952)

(720077, 1018543)

(97577, 145576)

(0, 13424)

NA

(11746, 126011)

(0, 17939)

(26810, 39716)

Uncertainty interval

647

888

1 194

763

586

27

1 635

457

261

588

495

340

2 519

1 232

NA

2 347

1 159

1 115

675

NA

1 116

810

1 602

Crude rate

725

964

1 759

845

707

44

2 230

336

176

679

291

624

1 532

1 472

NA

3 151

1 239

1 141

607

NA

1 345

942

1 180

Age-standardized rate

DALYs 100 000 per capita

DALY: Disability-adjusted life years; AAP: Ambient air pollution; ALRI: Acute lower respiratory disease; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IHD: Ischaemic heart disease. Afr: Africa; Amr: America;
Emr: Eastern Mediterranean; Eur: Europe; Sear: South-East Asia; Wpr: Western Pacific; LMIC: Low- and middle-income countries; HIC: High-income countries; NA: Not available.
a
Age group includes less than 5 years old.
b
Age group includes 25 years and above.

65 552

174 605

NA
269

Afr

Tonga

44 102

Togo

Sear

Trinidad and Tobago

4 583

Timor-Leste

Eur (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

115

The former Yugoslav

Republic of
Macedonia

ALRIa

Country

Region

Number of DALYs

118
3 368
290
4
69
5 438
118
74
25
125
68
55
29 398
812

Argentina

Armenia

Australia

Austria

Azerbaijan

Bahamas

Bahrain

Bangladesh

Barbados

Belarus

Belgium

Belize

Benin

Eur (LMIC)

Wpr (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Amr (HIC)

Emr (HIC)

Sear

Amr (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

1 582
8 612

Bosnia and
Herzegovina

Botswana

Brazil

Brunei Darussalam

Bulgaria

Burkina Faso

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr HIC

Eur (LMIC)

Afr

69 435

781

96

11 044

Bhutan

Bolivia, Plurinational
States of

Sear

158 982

Amr (LMIC)

2 860

132 214

Angola

Antigua and Barbuda

Afr

Andorra

Eur (HIC)

Amr (HIC)

13 818

Algeria

Afr

2 293

2 248

7 641

128

1 393

1 272

397

1 137

10

1 206

628

124 061

169

1 011

981

11

538

2 259

3 171

279

4 545

315

163 611

Afghanistan

Albania

COPDb

Emr (LMIC)

ALRIa

Eur (LMIC)

Country

Region

Number of DALYs

682

4 527

30 319

47

2 949

1 175

232

201

23

7 617

1 657

30

30 763

164

38

1 489

5 960

123

1 579

10 919

420

13

3 666

1 514

2 696

Lung cancerb

16 307

30 936

129 836

1 149

11 024

13 393

900

10 737

149

7 869

55 743

168

81 010

598

212

22 749

10 112

337

10 845

40 289

103

18 777

77

49 531

6 768

56 907

IHDb

24 911

30 801

114 395

2 216

14 913

13 306

795

15 641

134

6 098

20 908

164

122 603

413

177

13 838

4 482

167

5 753

26 124

77

27 952

45

61 381

7 599

50 706

Strokeb

113 627

69 294

290 803

5 121

30 375

40 189

3 137

57 113

370

22 859

79 062

396

517 418

1 418

551

44 525

21 603

641

19 005

82 959

192

182 222

138

131 566

16 477

278 465

Total

(54219, 177204)

(56679, 81887)

(0, 440)

(125632, 444600)

(28, 8200)

(23611, 37699)

(30990, 49214)

(2504, 3873)

(17530, 90675)

(57, 562)

(14658, 29478)

(1328, 113898)

(0, 592)

(411938, 645789)

(1236, 1615)

(2, 852)

(9979, 66106)

(14672, 27269)

(9, 19920)

(793, 29275)

(24129, 114297)

(0, 279)

(28588, 304451)

(3, 207)

(52525, 188627)

(6807, 22037)

(218979, 346868)

Uncertainty interval

1 357

1 847

283

480

1 580

787

911

1 132

220

405

1 556

270

673

282

290

945

500

1 268

386

412

1 593

343

708

1 147

1 929

Crude rate

1 582

846

280

699

849

898

1 260

1 434

388

210

782

184

910

575

282

1 027

234

836

300

403

1 566

154

858

832

2 456

Age-standardized rate

DALYs 100 000 per capita

119
ALRIa
56 966
12 198
106 010
46
226
16 947
93 449
640
265 085

6 383
1 312
11 178
NA
97
18
323
13
130
59 397
10 431
424 752
9
2 073
3
3 225
3 487
45 281
1 896

Country

Burundi

Cabo Verde

Cambodia

Cameroon

Canada

Central African
Republic

Chad

Chile

China

Colombia

Comoros

Congo

Cook Islands

Costa Rica

Croatia

Cuba

Cyprus

Czech Republic

Cte dIvoire

Democratic Peoples
Republic of Korea

Democratic Republic
of the Congo

Denmark

Djibouti

Dominica

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

Egypt

El Salvador

Region

Afr

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Afr

Amr (HIC)

Afr

Afr

Amr (HIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Sear

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

1 081

33 741

642

432

184

511

11 800

11 985

1 568

1 342

39

1 061

599

310

NA

914

55

3 132

827 725

1 317

1 765

1 248

99

295

4 751

1 742

1 679

COPDb

Number of DALYs

1 063

17 162

1 464

1 558

69

4 403

871

36 613

444

8 638

281

8 518

3 561

498

NA

61

7 247

1 467 555

5 340

292

131

19

5 128

860

2 503

352

Lung cancerb

10 413

230 911

7 291

12 147

58

646

2 568

60 000

38 787

18 265

24 216

695

15 784

10 216

3 056

NA

4 355

381

34 217

2 653 784

7 689

9 499

3 569

268

6 519

22 058

15 599

6 119

IHDb

4 319

174 599

6 559

7 817

67

1 024

2 355

107 876

70 728

28 339

10 366

379

10 543

7 163

1 841

NA

6 764

720

22 568

4 871 317

10 058

15 059

5 176

710

3 148

34 090

14 644

12 565

Strokeb

18 773

501 693

19 444

25 179

137

3 995

9 847

605 299

168 544

108 013

44 692

1 406

36 229

21 558

5 802

NA

23 271

2 468

73 547

10 085 465

25 044

120 064

27 070

1 323

15 136

167 768

46 687

77 680

Total

(14805, 23050)

(411728, 603736)

(9466, 25696)

(2416, 36284)

(7, 201)

(1306, 6762)

(451, 16835)

(280122, 956296)

(22900, 284130)

(11168, 175802)

(34810, 53813)

(949, 1774)

(3171, 54429)

(15445, 26983)

(4206, 7135)

NA

(10363, 37219)

(394, 3551)

(50791, 91728)

(8550689, 11763242)

(18119, 31154)

(63304, 183941)

(12597, 43574)

(794, 1923)

(275, 55444)

(135168, 208012)

(3288, 74301)

(31354, 127378)

Uncertainty interval

585

1 183

252

495

379

941

349

1 716

1 331

1 044

833

254

642

971

250

NA

1 086

678

309

1 525

284

1 890

1 155

521

86

1 549

614

1 515

Crude rate

618

1 519

277

573

344

1 137

182

1 673

1 118

1 300

392

172

421

428

238

NA

1 316

863

333

1 300

221

1 698

1 210

649

48

1 683

807

1 452

Age-standardized rate

DALYs 100 000 per capita

120
98 944
26 794
42 735
25
38
194

Iran
(Islamic Republic of)

Iraq

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Sear

Emr (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)
1 875 402

Iceland

Eur (LMIC)

India

156

Hungary

Amr (LMIC)

Indonesia

4 151

Sear

24 064

150

Guyana

Amr (LMIC)

Haiti

6 321

Guinea-Bissau

Afr

Afr

Honduras

28 597

Amr (LMIC)

16 336

Eur (HIC)

Guinea

Germany

Eur (LMIC)

Guatemala

Georgia

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

314

Gambia

Afr

403

Gabon

Eur (HIC)

Grenada

4 551

France

Eur (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

191
1 886

Finland

Wpr (LMIC)

50

Fiji

Afr

Greece

Ethiopia

Afr

0
186 856

Estonia

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

13 873

Eritrea

Afr

41 021

2 060

Equatorial Guinea

Afr

Ghana

ALRIa

Country

Region

5 208

523

144

3 907

10 461

15 725

1 385 386

2 235

924

398

21

181

947

1 048

836

2 679

6 639

730

212

319

2 082

14

8 504

10

956

138

COPDb

Number of DALYs

34 730

3 008

1 282

5 576

13 257

38 802

200 791

51

18 816

993

1 433

57

52

186

1 919

3 273

503

52 661

843

40

181

28 077

223

6 760

192

290

45

Lung cancerb

48 418

2 825

2 570

43 279

158 464

132 955

2 324 770

57

33 555

7 456

10 491

1 506

1 652

10 860

8 990

90

15 109

22 854

80 057

16 583

1 398

1 322

21 080

1 252

13

22 904

1 557

3 782

698

IHDb

44 680

2 320

1 140

31 377

80 783

419 319

2 441 642

36

14 720

5 559

21 126

1 355

2 365

15 218

5 912

88

13 926

45 531

47 119

13 022

2 287

1 837

24 400

512

48 890

462

6 828

994

Strokeb

133 231

8 714

5 162

126 874

289 758

705 745

8 227 991

147

69 483

19 083

57 512

3 089

10 570

55 808

34 205

190

33 195

112 589

186 789

31 582

8 488

5 545

75 830

2 008

17

273 914

2 221

25 729

3 935

Total

(91124, 167870)

(6403, 10916)

(360, 8373)

(80850, 179471)

(247234, 334417)

(369868, 942950)

(6791629, 9916369)

(1, 499)

(52992, 84973)

(14879, 23560)

(5526, 88794)

(1, 4795)

(563, 17970)

(4839, 90054)

(26949, 41843)

(0, 278)

(11941, 43983)

(71527, 149172)

(89154, 248086)

(19837, 40182)

(355, 15697)

(977, 9312)

(27007, 106138)

(10, 10191)

(0, 2792)

(88717, 444275)

(28, 4329)

(9977, 41692)

(206, 6985)

Uncertainty interval

434

224

220

779

768

574

1 352

91

1 330

493

1 106

816

1 224

962

435

360

585

874

456

1 456

930

694

233

73

593

314

1 052

1 044

Crude rate

171

160

148

1 196

1 067

722

1 603

54

660

670

1 324

1 016

1 377

1 174

498

376

253

1 161

196

782

1 285

810

121

30

625

125

1 409

1 249

Age-standardized rate

DALYs 100 000 per capita

121
ALRIa
309
900
2 527
3 497
81 300
0
437
1 874
15 174
18
250
3 430
2 809
1 219
52
2
37 332
34 976
1 244
28
95 151
1
NA
11 735
67
19 473
0
0

Country

Jamaica

Japan

Jordan

Kazakhstan

Kenya

Kiribati

Kuwait

Kyrgyzstan

Lao Peoples
Democratic Republic

Latvia

Lebanon

Lesotho

Liberia

Libya

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Madagascar

Malawi

Malaysia

Maldives

Mali

Malta

Marshall Islands

Mauritania

Mauritius

Mexico

Micronesia
(Federated States of)

Monaco

Region

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Emr (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Sear

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

7 804

68

851

NA

18

2 686

28

2 160

1 297

1 736

48

214

1 221

75

266

510

133

978

475

301

1 833

1 748

635

2 522

103

COPDb

Number of DALYs

12 314

159

108

NA

166

716

16

6 419

158

700

273

853

937

18

40

1 640

738

1 119

491

222

924

3 322

655

45 592

419

Lung cancerb

24

87 176

1 189

3 076

NA

536

17 343

196

31 173

8 952

13 437

211

11 156

9 816

1 024

1 153

4 839

8 902

7 611

12 051

2 087

12 858

60 090

7 338

59 983

1 927

IHDb

14

52 245

805

4 875

NA

204

25 294

121

19 671

15 385

26 596

263

5 795

7 367

1 279

3 051

2 812

4 727

7 343

7 322

1 150

20 724

38 851

6 262

79 696

3 289

Strokeb

48

179 012

2 287

20 645

NA

924

141 189

390

60 667

60 768

79 800

797

18 070

20 560

5 205

7 940

10 050

14 519

32 226

22 213

4 197

117 639

107 508

17 416

188 692

6 047

Total

(0, 90)

(0, 239)

(132184, 219783)

(982, 3001)

(12030, 32197)

NA

(482, 1171)

(71709, 219164)

(94, 535)

(34118, 78886)

(1252, 100625)

(34195, 111029)

(513, 1034)

(13716, 21749)

(14039, 28032)

(1, 14350)

(5, 15094)

(8138, 11994)

(10740, 17627)

(11699, 49033)

(8961, 29373)

(3654, 4806)

(0, 275)

(37893, 166207)

(13978, 166466)

(14869, 20090)

(74186, 254465)

(4273, 7536)

Uncertainty interval

248

292

360

1 099

NA

443

1 768

227

414

772

713

299

1 110

665

250

761

414

1 313

989

777

280

553

1 235

512

289

436

Crude rate

108

337

306

1 289

NA

233

1 890

369

573

955

1 003

172

485

982

313

913

424

528

1 251

1 017

718

588

1 172

830

117

401

Age-standardized rate

DALYs 100 000 per capita

122
1 411
14 612
51 682
58 586
1 432

Mongolia

Montenegro

Morocco

Mozambique

Myanmar

Namibia

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Afr

Sear

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)
61
2
119 487
865 909
NA
9
488
NA
749
6 811
1 734
6 762
69 227
496
31
55
340
666
3 646

Netherlands

New Zealand

Nicaragua

Niger

Nigeria

Niue

Norway

Oman

Pakistan

Palau

Panama

Papua New Guinea

Paraguay

Peru

Philippines

Poland

Portugal

Qatar

Republic of Korea

Republic of Moldova

Romania

Sear

Eur (HIC)

Wpr (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Emr (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Emr (HIC)

Wpr (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

536 188

2 769

NA
32 578

Nauru

Nepal

14

ALRIa

Country

Region

2 272

291

2 706

152

183

5 651

11 757

2 919

245

191

89

NA

64 594

207

141

NA

18 743

3 201

509

1 823

27 385

NA

262

30 229

1 885

1 960

42

332

COPDb

Number of DALYs

11 074

994

26 216

188

1 602

43 761

18 781

7 709

530

268

272

NA

11 813

153

1 266

NA

4 587

49

668

37

17 011

14 513

NA

90

33 928

613

2 641

570

304

Lung cancerb

51 974

17 602

18 267

542

4 182

82 504

145 146

19 058

4 807

2 484

1 642

NA

238 540

2 019

1 944

NA

129 845

15 138

7 037

74

7 862

36 702

NA

1 245

82 007

8 083

36 762

800

5 429

IHDb

48 246

8 993

35 854

216

6 001

72 796

121 997

16 694

4 999

1 293

1 391

NA

206 188

1 479

1 243

NA

212 374

25 781

4 977

41

8 069

37 666

NA

2 732

142 251

15 641

47 169

1 058

5 217

Strokeb

117 212

28 546

83 383

1 152

11 999

205 208

366 909

53 142

12 316

11 048

4 143

NA

1 057 323

4 347

4 603

NA

1 231 458

163 656

15 961

157

34 826

148 843

NA

5 761

347 000

77 904

103 143

2 485

12 692

Total

(89467, 141783)

(0, 45340)

(66174, 100564)

(982, 1345)

(520, 19390)

(163918, 245221)

(276926, 449216)

(40460, 65542)

(5690, 16231)

(0, 26994)

(543, 6148)

NA

(865895, 1286013)

(2890, 5964)

(177, 9276)

NA

(982557, 1511846)

(96959, 250625)

(2529, 24390)

(1, 3598)

(18165, 47613)

(109737, 197727)

NA

(671, 9291)

(285845, 415517)

(1852, 129366)

(77555, 125559)

(1811, 3107)

(8773, 15800)

Uncertainty interval

1 141

1 350

334

226

218

1 030

773

352

392

315

222

NA

1 226

333

184

NA

1 490

1 870

535

412

1 052

NA

489

1 290

590

617

787

896

Crude rate

617

937

208

623

96

544

974

387

492

346

231

NA

1 438

650

95

NA

1 474

1 834

687

226

1 403

NA

727

1 524

599

692

479

1 251

Age-standardized rate

DALYs 100 000 per capita

123
204
2 853
24 267
151
3
32 095
53
223
13
0
57 026
46 418
47 751

15
2 080
1
19
4 604
19 463

Saudi Arabia

Senegal

Serbia

Seychelles

Sierra Leone

Singapore

Slovakia

Slovenia

Solomon Islands

Somalia

South Africa

South Sudan

Spain

Sri Lanka

Sudan

Suriname

Swaziland

Sweden

Switzerland

Syrian Arab Republic

Tajikistan

Afr

Emr (HIC)

Afr

Eur (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Wpr (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Afr

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Sear

Emr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

111 778

1 281

95

NA

NA

Samoa

Wpr (LMIC)

San Marino

Saint Vincent and the

Grenadines

Amr (LMIC)

Sao Tome and

Principe

34

Eur (HIC)

NA

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Saint Lucia

30 079

Rwanda

Afr

Amr (HIC)

5 839

Russian Federation

Eur (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

ALRIa

Country

Region

1 764

1 834

624

159

18

6 272

4 155

737

1 271

11 699

680

189

461

105

406

1 229

1 792

5 538

10

NA

NA

NA

1 802

9 006

COPDb

Number of DALYs

1 182

2 707

3 478

41

37

47

1 187

2 756

8 211

429

14 737

350

1 479

2 860

2 167

102

10 159

438

2 890

NA

NA

21

NA

231

40 510

Lung cancerb

20 390

34 104

4 102

152

745

373

21 118

35 646

17 329

5 899

47 429

3 082

1 609

16 335

3 997

6 485

79

15 818

6 700

31 332

93

NA

NA

119

123

NA

5 904

704 440

IHDb

17 412

12 320

2 621

71

1 565

390

40 873

20 868

14 080

11 018

93 281

5 647

1 955

7 413

2 662

10 477

43

19 624

10 217

33 455

174

NA

NA

92

179

NA

11 449

475 189

Strokeb

60 211

55 568

10 844

267

4 586

842

181 229

64 706

40 452

66 368

213 564

66 783

5 246

27 293

8 984

49 564

138

46 980

43 414

76 067

488

NA

NA

224

365

NA

49 465

1 234 984

Total

(32252, 90532)

(32706, 77627)

(2860, 15447)

(0, 13190)

(0, 7901)

(0, 1391)

(98058, 279848)

(46274, 83474)

(7494, 64193)

(29030, 101715)

(167188, 259127)

(3053, 120293)

(0, 1070)

(3707, 6608)

(21087, 32809)

(4528, 12130)

(0, 92534)

(10, 202)

(33048, 59479)

(33590, 53983)

(65190, 87950)

(0, 788)

NA

NA

(0, 327)

(58, 530)

NA

(25080, 78080)

(527150, 1680821)

Uncertainty interval

1 532

563

267

734

319

965

614

171

1 209

794

1 324

505

978

335

1 622

298

1 023

618

592

544

NA

NA

413

396

NA

876

1 608

Crude rate

2 349

941

130

951

331

1 073

569

80

1 147

908

972

234

549

246

1 765

276

559

761

1 129

749

NA

NA

425

375

NA

1 014

878

Age-standardized rate

DALYs 100 000 per capita

124
3 934

Thailand

The former Yugoslav

Republic of
Macedonia

Sear

Eur (LMIC)

Sear

591
76 790
1 467
171

5 190
21 293
57 659
43 131
31 471

United Kingdom

United Republic of
Tanzania

United States of
America

Uruguay

Uzbekistan

Vanuatu

Venezuela, Bolivarian
Republic of

Viet Nam

Yemen

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Amr (HIC)

Amr (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

1 320

1 127

3 237

18 044

2 044

4 228

140

10 443

3 874

5 841

599

3 325

7 024

NA

1 001

13 423

1 897

30

NA

657

49

395

9 545

COPDb

950

290

913

36 278

9 319

3 773

899

86 655

433

44 053

480

11 354

2 085

NA

882

25 178

861

188

NA

114

259

1 489

38 210

Lung cancerb

4 229

5 262

31 832

35 674

30 503

101 309

1 949

161 524

17 686

43 328

1 926

351 024

18 017

NA

26 370

132 386

21 809

1 735

NA

5 565

924

3 173

87 104

IHDb

8 595

9 062

29 562

121 354

18 123

61 115

1 996

65 810

24 012

31 666

1 267

129 729

36 198

NA

13 273

104 840

15 483

971

NA

8 860

710

6 495

72 694

Strokeb

46 566

58 870

123 202

232 643

65 179

22

197 906

5 155

325 901

122 794

125 480

4 601

497 797

185 457

NA

46 343

285 561

41 833

3 057

NA

36 305

4 068

11 606

211 486

Total

(1935, 76231)

(12202, 92538)

(49769, 198270)

(166229, 300933)

(46343, 82205)

(0, 421)

(93815, 286989)

(1478, 7170)

(14581, 715016)

(68771, 168585)

(40268, 178286)

(3773, 5558)

(6375, 718941)

(140980, 240534)

NA

(14031, 66968)

(239712, 333430)

(33829, 50181)

(0, 4540)

NA

(5711, 60632)

(0, 8103)

(9434, 13886)

(168140, 254341)

Uncertainty interval

631

795

1 001

509

435

18

1 362

293

205

502

389

202

2 043

1 047

NA

1 764

750

761

451

NA

1 062

750

1 117

622

Crude rate

691

782

1 417

497

501

29

1 742

186

126

574

204

570

984

1 220

NA

2 330

745

753

386

NA

1 265

849

754

492

Age-standardized rate

DALYs 100 000 per capita

DALY: Disability-adjusted life years; AAP: Ambient air pollution; ALRI: Acute lower respiratory disease; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IHD: Ischaemic heart disease. Afr: Africa; Amr:
America; Emr: Eastern Mediterranean; Eur: Europe; Sear: South-East Asia; Wpr: Western Pacific; LMIC: Low- and middle-income countries; HIC: High-income countries; NA: Not available.
a
Age group includes less than 5 years old.
b
Age group includes 25 years and above.

27 482

329

Wpr (LMIC)

United Arab Emirates

Tuvalu

Eur (LMIC)

Emr (HIC)

NA

Turkmenistan

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

4 817

Turkey

2 365

9 734

Tunisia

Emr (LMIC)

122 133

1 785

Trinidad and Tobago

Amr (HIC)

Uganda

134

Tonga

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Ukraine

NA

Togo

Afr

2 126
21 109

Timor-Leste

55

ALRIa

Country

Region

Number of DALYs

125
179 747
430
17 783
0
203 330
4 542
472
4
30
6 845
156
87
35
247
87
38
35 681
1 064
13 289
131
1 663
10 370

Afghanistan

Albania

Algeria

Andorra

Angola

Antigua and Barbuda

Argentina

Armenia

Australia

Austria

Azerbaijan

Bahamas

Bahrain

Bangladesh

Barbados

Belarus

Belgium

Belize

Benin

Bhutan

Bolivia, Plurinational
States of

Bosnia and
Herzegovina

Botswana

Brazil

Brunei Darussalam

Bulgaria

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Amr (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Wpr (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Amr (HIC)

Emr (HIC)

Sear

Amr (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

Sear

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr HIC

Eur (LMIC)

1 063

194 853

ALRIa

Country

Region

2 997

9 108

168

1 691

1 197

608

1 628

29

1 749

1 458

11

147 601

342

1 202

1 130

12

852

3 080

3 692

4 367

325

4 700

COPDb

Number of DALYs

22 101

44 602

230

12 046

1 078

233

373

57

20 428

13 643

62

91 102

456

88

5 961

10 621

181

8 134

26 627

15

765

45

15 767

3 078

7 219

Lung cancerb

49 202

10

230 462

1 133

18 370

18 732

1 433

12 350

215

17 040

90 038

299

189 574

1 679

424

38 661

17 049

713

20 313

70 328

152

28 419

157

88 531

9 955

64 849

IHDb

33 295

130 137

1 363

13 680

15 794

657

16 202

147

6 440

22 926

217

126 707

749

216

14 741

4 248

151

7 225

32 966

86

25 948

46

74 055

6 905

38 228

Strokeb

108 658

13

424 679

4 557

45 918

50 089

3 995

66 234

485

45 744

128 312

623

749 837

3 313

893

67 410

33 078

1 060

36 996

137 543

259

262 154

252

200 502

20 692

294 743

Total

(87855, 128993)

(0, 749)

(183508, 642890)

(23, 7471)

(35306, 57027)

(38942, 60930)

(3175, 4967)

(19971, 105879)

(76, 762)

(28453, 59454)

(2936, 188471)

(0, 927)

(607961, 919646)

(2915, 3739)

(3, 1371)

(15613, 99461)

(22548, 41572)

(17, 30851)

(1732, 58207)

(39993, 190704)

(0, 378)

(39517, 439803)

(8, 381)

(80265, 286385)

(8739, 27712)

(231285, 368064)

Uncertainty interval

3 058

426

428

2 409

976

1 000

1 323

289

842

2 909

462

956

398

490

1 450

800

2 500

668

610

2 331

644

1 064

1 433

1 928

Crude rate

1 880

482

645

1 626

1 173

1 292

1 750

496

514

2 297

364

1 309

803

554

1 781

488

2 286

658

655

2 110

399

1 339

1 161

2 543

Age-standardized rate

DALYs 100 000 per capita

126
80 786
68 578
16 702
132 424
45
244
24 238
127 017
1 007
362 408

8 813
1 577
18 315
NA
128
25
377
0
70 981
10 692
532 707
17
2 850
5
4 587
4 492

Burkina Faso

Burundi

Cabo Verde

Cambodia

Cameroon

Canada

Central African
Republic

Chad

Chile

China

Colombia

Comoros

Congo

Cook Islands

Costa Rica

Croatia

Cuba

Cyprus

Czech Republic

Cte dIvoire

Democratic Peoples
Republic of Korea

Democratic Republic
of the Congo

Denmark

Djibouti

Dominica

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

Afr

Afr

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Afr

Amr (HIC)

Afr

Afr

Amr (HIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Sear

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

161

ALRIa

Country

Region

724

465

173

459

14 409

16 331

2 787

1 786

60

1 262

857

331

NA

1 241

51

3 626

986 954

1 531

2 065

1 428

169

305

6 446

1 685

1 725

2 579

COPDb

Number of DALYs

1 999

2 437

21

68

4 460

1 828

52 171

870

20 745

1 055

14 963

11 172

1 004

NA

157

29

11 314

3 775 771

8 190

407

248

24

5 840

1 542

4 426

352

744

Lung cancerb

11 870

13 270

90

958

5 432

86 091

59 216

27 358

41 691

2 125

27 062

16 300

6 250

NA

6 545

585

56 529

3 009 085

19 274

12 612

4 862

539

14 552

28 781

20 078

11 631

18 126

IHDb

7 736

7 362

68

1 383

2 463

105 633

100 420

37 864

10 706

413

12 765

7 736

2 068

NA

6 757

975

20 750

5 455 918

13 170

17 900

5 132

920

3 030

35 747

15 682

18 449

28 045

Strokeb

26 820

28 121

188

5 432

12 832

740 668

238 829

139 861

75 089

3 653

56 428

36 090

9 780

NA

33 016

3 217

101 033

13 590 137

43 171

160 001

35 909

1 897

23 772

204 941

58 574

100 735

130 281

Total

(553, 4594)

(13393, 35088)

(2633, 40840)

(10, 278)

(1806, 9060)

(781, 20723)

(342501, 1171149)

(32356, 399937)

(15190, 227195)

(57985, 90584)

(2438, 4604)

(5158, 84332)

(24965, 45828)

(7184, 11848)

NA

(14482, 53167)

348

555

528

1 268

462

2 115

1 973

1 300

1 450

633

990

1 746

420

NA

1 540

869

437

1 937

(70274, 124947)

503

(11453348,
15895066)

2 515

1 578

769

137

1 893

810

2 016

1 585

Crude rate

(31945, 52726)

(84219, 245180)

(16613, 57810)

(1151, 2749)

(484, 80716)

(164959, 254600)

(3987, 92741)

(41865, 162771)

(61961, 203255)

Uncertainty interval

416

666

533

1 565

279

2 046

2 182

1 535

926

517

731

1 076

435

NA

1 784

1 205

526

1 800

466

2 213

1 624

1 282

90

2 059

1 184

2 021

2 093

Age-standardized rate

DALYs 100 000 per capita

127
42 776
2 409
3 593
19 211
15
320 192
1
6
316
3 427
5 873
716
409
47 138
66
3
20 016
34 282
8 167
168
28 234
4 960
197
0
1 787 871

132 783
28 866
49 938

Egypt

El Salvador

Equatorial Guinea

Eritrea

Estonia

Ethiopia

Fiji

Finland

France

Gabon

Gambia

Georgia

Germany

Ghana

Greece

Grenada

Guatemala

Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

Guyana

Haiti

Honduras

Hungary

Iceland

India

Indonesia

Iran (Islamic
Republic of)

Iraq

Ireland

Emr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Afr

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Sear

Sear

Emr (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

25

ALRIa

Country

Region

161

4 921

12 981

25 653

1 897 456

2 800

1 158

463

29

245

1 224

1 070

889

2 995

8 265

881

309

417

2 633

21

18 060

19

902

221

773

41 837

COPDb

Number of DALYs

1 863

14 319

25 001

99 490

612 883

45

34 752

1 462

1 157

63

65

424

2 431

22

15 887

1 821

105 353

4 296

123

322

76 905

469

6 149

647

305

139

1 236

44 422

Lung cancerb

5 176

89 788

266 650

311 673

5 130 605

130

49 859

12 798

11 048

2 358

1 859

11 630

12 503

171

28 522

30 485

151 998

24 035

1 821

1 865

48 894

2 717

40

42 991

2 678

6 003

1 599

12 190

355 137

IHDb

1 090

50 060

102 771

493 756

2 849 209

37

17 945

6 903

19 766

1 717

2 692

15 867

6 077

120

13 703

34 860

46 729

13 182

2 802

1 647

25 178

553

69 363

541

9 012

1 302

3 706

234 492

Strokeb

8 314

209 026

436 269

1 063 355

12 278 024

216

105 552

27 280

60 667

4 335

13 029

63 429

42 097

319

59 067

117 299

312 754

43 110

10 928

7 678

153 926

3 766

47

456 756

3 901

35 433

6 854

20 314

718 664

Total

(648, 13074)

(135965, 288780)

(375126, 499638)

357

1 254

1 136

851

1 874

(10262166,
14606630)

(561844, 1415551)

133

2 230

705

1 192

1 141

1 531

1 089

560

604

1 086

927

792

2 189

1 221

942

497

141

11

993

632

1 448

1 727

710

1 661

Crude rate

(2, 655)

(79789, 129379)

(21499, 33372)

(5505, 94026)

(1, 6661)

(648, 22302)

(5271, 103042)

(33300, 51335)

(0, 466)

(21633, 80081)

(74456, 155437)

(152163, 415287)

(27173, 54989)

(448, 20309)

(1255, 13005)

(54470, 219288)

(23, 18586)

(0, 7043)

(147255, 745078)

(70, 7830)

(13988, 56667)

(356, 12068)

(16184, 24659)

(593804, 856619)

Uncertainty interval

284

2 333

1 409

1 136

2 363

98

1 508

1 054

1 488

1 389

1 677

1 301

696

793

641

1 277

429

1 695

1 610

1 126

319

81

13

1 029

440

2 141

1 900

843

2 409

Age-standardized rate

DALYs 100 000 per capita

128
119
457
968
3 255
4 603
102 900
0
701
2 550
21 032
27
313
4 058
2 972
1 654
37
0
45 908
33 321
1 566
38
113 203
1
NA
19 171
121
24 762

Italy

Jamaica

Japan

Jordan

Kazakhstan

Kenya

Kiribati

Kuwait

Kyrgyzstan

Lao Peoples
Democratic Republic

Latvia

Lebanon

Lesotho

Liberia

Libya

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Madagascar

Malawi

Malaysia

Maldives

Mali

Malta

Marshall Islands

Mauritania

Mauritius

Mexico

Micronesia
(Federated States of)

Eur (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Emr (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Sear

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

88

Israel

Eur (HIC)

ALRIa

Country

Region

8 634

91

1 026

NA

31

4 269

25

3 529

1 467

1 704

53

401

1 561

97

332

687

222

947

620

602

1 934

2 639

1 087

4 620

180

6 983

655

COPDb

Number of DALYs

19 703

424

230

NA

475

1 000

80

12 551

268

3 287

592

4 958

5 979

35

130

3 682

4 113

2 503

1 672

648

1 384

15 883

3 697

135 199

1 724

97 217

6 429

Lung cancerb

150 289

2 703

3 390

NA

997

14 241

325

62 141

9 379

20 894

530

16 607

15 540

1 186

1 134

14 177

13 253

9 523

19 494

8 238

23 944

99 528

13 691

139 262

2 961

87 721

6 050

IHDb

54 007

1 347

5 078

NA

273

19 899

336

25 368

14 239

28 260

270

5 331

8 345

1 347

2 138

2 483

4 661

8 409

9 831

2 157

28 628

39 597

6 956

118 288

3 638

41 983

2 755

Strokeb

257 395

4 686

28 895

NA

1 776

152 611

804

105 154

58 674

100 053

1 445

27 335

33 079

5 637

7 791

21 342

22 276

42 415

34 166

12 346

158 790

162 249

28 686

398 337

8 961

234 023

15 976

Total

(0, 425)

(192803, 312522)

(2032, 6098)

(16624, 45511)

NA

(903, 2280)

(75546, 241047)

(205, 1088)

(59344, 135959)

(1292, 97277)

(43326, 138723)

(929, 1859)

(20321, 33313)

(22209, 45072)

(1, 15553)

(5, 15185)

(17553, 25044)

(16099, 27405)

(15025, 64545)

(14021, 45095)

(10909, 13904)

(0, 565)

(53320, 222532)

(21184, 252935)

(24404, 33165)

(157715, 544352)

(6146, 11337)

(155315, 298202)

(11742, 19891)

Uncertainty interval

424

752

1 521

NA

859

1 878

465

731

750

901

544

1 968

1 036

267

769

856

2 391

1 319

1 225

643

747

1 999

798

644

652

807

420

Crude rate

535

708

1 680

NA

531

1 912

703

937

1 031

1 285

386

1 396

1 703

349

1 065

878

1 618

1 764

1 902

1 227

850

2 433

1 405

332

681

422

387

Age-standardized rate

DALYs 100 000 per capita

129
0
2 194
19 265
71 366
80 657
1 678
NA
35 435
75
2
168 604
1 156 136
NA
15
441

Monaco

Mongolia

Montenegro

Morocco

Mozambique

Myanmar

Namibia

Nauru

Nepal

Netherlands

New Zealand

Nicaragua

Niger

Nigeria

Niue

Norway

Oman

Pakistan

Eur (HIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Afr

Sear

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Sear

Eur (HIC)

Wpr (HIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Emr (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)
NA
657
8 285
2 205
8 494
83 202
768
34
76
506
769

Palau

Panama

Papua New Guinea

Paraguay

Peru

Philippines

Poland

Portugal

Qatar

Republic of Korea

Republic of Moldova

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Emr (HIC)

Wpr (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

710 781

3 903

20

ALRIa

Country

Region

511

4 613

597

297

9 174

19 471

2 667

356

286

99

NA

138 543

424

137

NA

23 389

4 061

571

1 879

26 354

NA

289

23 843

1 545

2 729

42

465

COPDb

Number of DALYs

4 428

74 134

1 028

6 451

102 219

47 272

7 869

2 252

524

562

NA

59 890

574

1 714

NA

4 400

267

1 022

34

25 158

13 421

NA

164

43 037

1 032

21 354

1 838

1 410

23

Lung cancerb

22 968

41 221

3 433

8 171

167 417

304 389

29 537

9 625

3 688

3 639

NA

302 346

5 051

3 843

NA

177 414

15 982

11 302

164

16 425

51 778

NA

1 168

63 596

8 995

55 307

2 602

11 241

49

IHDb

9 824

49 655

1 340

6 977

88 097

193 931

19 096

7 071

3 162

1 659

NA

183 925

3 488

1 246

NA

229 276

27 181

5 989

33

7 466

39 398

NA

1 655

160 299

18 077

43 374

1 739

7 382

14

Strokeb

38 500

170 129

6 475

21 930

367 674

648 265

67 663

21 509

15 944

6 615

NA

1 395 486

9 978

6 955

NA

1 590 615

216 095

22 787

236

51 003

166 387

NA

4 955

371 432

101 014

142 028

6 241

22 692

87

Total

(0, 62769)

(133261, 206292)

(5621, 7412)

(1004, 37264)

(292598, 439065)

(493810, 788684)

(52367, 82270)

(9961, 28424)

(0, 38748)

(911, 9593)

1 964

690

430

438

1 968

1 335

449

664

437

352

NA

1 531
NA

445
(1127121,
1716701)

276

NA

1 858

2 433

787

11

614

1 247

NA

445

1 448

806

874

2 026

1 630

477

Crude rate

(6705, 13452)

(310, 13468)

NA

(1268077, 1954374)

(126988, 333049)

(3599, 34318)

(2, 4915)

(27229, 68919)

(124723, 217702)

NA

(527, 8166)

(306289, 443553)

(2118, 167374)

(104639, 174822)

(4548, 7760)

(15755, 28108)

(0, 169)

Uncertainty interval

1 794

557

796

260

1 404

1 847

543

883

538

398

NA

1 765

881

183

NA

1 761

2 040

1 124

375

1 666

NA

733

1 882

824

1 012

1 506

2 413

301

Age-standardized rate

DALYs 100 000 per capita

130
31 806
258
5
35 661
86
206
3
0
66 926
59 306
61 502
177
1 851
152
2 657
1
22

Senegal

Serbia

Seychelles

Sierra Leone

Singapore

Slovakia

Slovenia

Solomon Islands

Somalia

South Africa

South Sudan

Spain

Sri Lanka

Sudan

Suriname

Swaziland

Sweden

Switzerland

Syrian Arab Republic

Afr

Eur (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

Wpr (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Afr

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

Sear

Emr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

Eur (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

6 349

150 832

2 989

Saudi Arabia

NA

Samoa

Wpr (LMIC)

Emr (HIC)

Saint Vincent and the

Grenadines

Amr (LMIC)

249

52

Saint Lucia

Amr (LMIC)

Afr

NA

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Amr (HIC)

NA

37 317

Rwanda

Afr

San Marino

6 738

Russian Federation

Eur (HIC)

Sao Tome and

Principe

4 406

Romania

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (HIC)

ALRIa

Country

Region

2 457

671

154

17

7 572

5 807

1 840

1 549

14 990

555

252

616

268

542

1 758

2 296

9 614

15

NA

NA

11

NA

1 780

17 133

3 820

COPDb

Number of DALYs

11 881

5 909

42

71

164

2 413

7 326

34 946

561

30 525

385

3 717

8 026

4 408

186

44

27 841

726

7 860

18

NA

NA

15

58

NA

402

226 211

47 262

Lung cancerb

62 579

8 277

271

556

589

32 030

82 420

40 909

9 072

74 937

5 440

3 623

26 783

9 536

6 887

189

32 645

7 988

75 971

78

NA

NA

157

216

NA

91 568
1 245
803
8 988

IHDb

25 020

2 435

66

711

482

47 946

34 109

15 272

13 043

81 433

7 646

2 150

9 494

3 317

10 069

85

19 832

10 735

48 082

145

NA

NA

89

229

NA

14 234

498 028

56 690

Strokeb

108 286

17 314

382

4 149

1 405

240 793

131 513

93 144

85 726

261 190

80 952

9 744

45 125

17 616

53 345

329

82 333

53 551

144 516

505

NA

NA

271

566

NA

62 721

1 993 913

203 747

Total

(62671, 151214)

(4982, 24268)

(0, 17361)

(0, 7345)

(0, 2356)

(130714, 370769)

(95676, 166551)

(17124, 155444)

(37723, 131050)

(203996, 317620)

(3884, 144582)

(0, 2046)

(6798, 12304)

(34565, 54431)

(8985, 23666)

(0, 100104)

(24, 487)

(56535, 105013)

(41279, 66817)

(125044, 165703)

(0, 836)

NA

NA

(0, 397)

(92, 828)

NA

(32179, 97908)

(861636, 2729202)

(151783, 249488)

Uncertainty interval

1 072

437

684

530

1 272

1 330

405

1 561

1 007

1 622

952

1 719

674

1 786

682

1 876

793

868

568

NA

NA

491

637

NA

1 213

2 999

2 106

Crude rate

1 935

264

832

601

1 410

1 354

254

1 503

1 575

1 258

592

1 326

532

1 842

753

1 258

1 007

1 718

821

NA

NA

554

655

NA

1 566

2 425

1 461

Age-standardized rate

DALYs 100 000 per capita

131
26 128
5 676

2 457
22 993
NA
134
2 345
13 304
6 982

Tajikistan

Thailand

The former Yugoslav

Republic of
Macedonia

Timor-Leste

Togo

Tonga

Trinidad and Tobago

Tunisia

Turkey

Turkmenistan

Eur (LMIC)

Sear

Eur (LMIC)

Sear

Afr

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (HIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Eur (LMIC)

3 416
537
656
97 815
1 815
163

6 727
33 283
71 684
47 691
32 392

Ukraine

United Arab Emirates

United Kingdom

United Republic of
Tanzania

United States of
America

Uruguay

Uzbekistan

Vanuatu

Venezuela, Bolivarian
Republic of

Viet Nam

Yemen

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Eur (LMIC)

Emr (HIC)

Eur (HIC)

Afr

Amr (HIC)

Amr (HIC)

Eur (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Amr (LMIC)

Wpr (LMIC)

Emr (LMIC)

Afr

Afr

1 496

944

3 478

19 264

2 168

4 812

266

9 778

4 196

5 776

1 940

6 246

7 169

NA

1 223

19 581

2 437

69

NA

849

56

543

19 903

1 634

COPDb

1 628

404

2 560

112 787

12 524

10 936

3 334

108 381

604

54 870

1 623

62 391

2 143

NA

3 186

172 478

13 386

551

NA

291

538

6 661

77 559

1 847

Lung cancerb

4 822

9 851

58 582

78 313

65 261

21

150 068

4 637

311 799

28 654

98 122

15 324

449 226

31 755

NA

48 135

239 374

40 237

3 863

NA

6 099

1 003

6 936

132 350

23 094

IHDb

7 364

13 506

37 550

212 528

22 985

18

65 596

1 968

64 122

32 129

29 594

6 454

122 709

44 513

NA

15 535

137 326

21 044

1 375

NA

8 730

802

7 345

95 240

13 155

Strokeb

47 701

72 396

173 855

456 175

109 666

46

269 482

10 368

495 894

163 399

189 017

25 878

643 988

250 542

NA

75 061

582 063

79 448

5 992

NA

38 962

4 857

21 544

330 728

65 858

Total

(1966, 78393)

(16519, 111871)

(73256, 273680)

(326446, 582343)

(79967, 135829)

(0, 862)

(129023, 387995)

(2830, 14824)

(22891, 1038384)

(92671, 222554)

(67307, 259080)

(21954, 30159)

(11207, 947809)

(191462, 323201)

NA

(22782, 107012)

(479717, 685447)

(63618, 95445)

(0, 8886)

NA

(6048, 65378)

(0, 9831)

(17335, 25832)

(259399, 401893)

(34933, 99535)

Uncertainty interval

664

981

1 383

1 022

737

37

1 916

633

318

676

604

388

3 074

1 417

NA

2 949

1 583

1 475

903

NA

1 171

868

2 091

998

1 646

Crude rate

760

1 171

2 120

1 275

934

60

2 801

521

232

788

386

648

2 279

1 751

NA

4 063

1 815

1 555

850

NA

1 432

1 033

1 647

874

2 424

Age-standardized rate

DALYs 100 000 per capita

DALY: Disability-adjusted life years; AAP: Ambient air pollution; ALRI: Acute lower respiratory disease; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IHD: Ischaemic heart disease. Afr: Africa; Amr:
America; Emr: Eastern Mediterranean; Eur: Europe; Sear: South-East Asia; Wpr: Western Pacific; LMIC: Low- and middle-income countries; HIC: High-income countries; NA: Not available.
a
Age group includes less than 5 years old.
b
Age group includes 25 years and above.

38 070

NA
164 963

Tuvalu

Uganda

Wpr (LMIC)

Afr

60

ALRIa

Country

Region

Number of DALYs