Protection against explosions in dangerous areas

Types protection
The use of electrical apparatus in potentially explosive atmospheres is quite usual today.
This equipment has to be manufactured in such a way that there is no risk of explosion.
An explosion occurs when the three following conditions happen:
presence of a potentially explosive atmosphere;
possibility of transmission of the explosion;
existence of an ignition source.
The recognized types of protection eliminate one of these conditions and thus make an
explosion impossible. Two types of protection prevent the presence of a potentially explosive atmosphere inside the electrical apparatus:

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oil immersion (safety o);

pressurized apparatus (safety p).
Two types of protection make the transmission of an internal explosion to the potentially explosive atmosphere surrounding the electrical apparatus impossible:
sand filling (safety q);
flameproof enclosure (safety d).
Lastly, three types of protection eliminate\ any
source of ignition such as sparks, overheating,
etc...:
increased safety (safety e);
intrinsic safety (safety i);
protection n (restricted to zone 2).
In practice, only four of these seven types of protection are applicable to electric motors:
pressurized apparatus (symbol Ex p);
flameproof enclosure (symbol Ex d);
increased safety (symbol Ex e
non sparking protection (symbol Ex n).
Electric motors have an additional type of protection (symbol Ex de) which is a combination of:
flameproof enclosure d for motorframe;
increased safety e for terminalbox.

Dangerous areas and zones

Dangerous areas include any area in which explosive atmospheres may occur under specific conditions.
An explosive atmosphere is a mixture of air and combustible gases, vapours, fumes or dust under atmospheric conditions where combustion expands itself (explosion) after ignition. Only local authorities can classify hazardous areas.
The user shall classify the hazardous areas as indicated in the European directive 1999/92/EC under his own responsibility. International standards IEC 61241-10 provide instructions on how to classify the hazardous areas in relation to
the chemical nature, to the physical characteristics and to the amount of substances used and based on the frequency
and period of time in which an explosive mix may develop.

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Zones susceptible to gas

When the hazard is due to the presence of gas, vapours or mists of flammable substances,
the European directive 1999/92/EC envisages a classification in three zones defined as
followos:
Zone 0 - Areas constantly susceptible to an explosive atmosphere, or for long periods of
time. Power equipment with double insulation must be installed in this area.
Zone 1 - Areas where an explosive atmosphere is likely to develop during normal conditions. Flameproof electric motors or motors with added protection means can be installed in
this zone (for the latter, restrictions by the standards apply).

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Zone 2 - Areas rarely susceptible to an explosive atmosphere and for a short period of
time. Flameproof motors or motors with added protection can be installed in this zone, as
well as non-sparking motors.
Zones susceptible to combustible dust
When the hazard is due to the presence of combustible dust, the European directive 1999/92/EC envisages a classification in three zones defined as follows:
Zone 20 - Areas constantly susceptible to an explosive atmosphere, or for long periods of time. Power apparatus cannot be installed in this zone.
Zone 21 - Areas where an explosive atmosphere is likely to develop during normal conditions. Electric motors certified
in compliances with the ATEX directive with IP6X protection rating can be installed in this zone
Zone 22 - Areas rarely susceptible to an explosive atmosphere, and only for a short period of time. In the presence of
conductive dust, electric motors certified in compliance with the ATEX directive with protection rating IP6x can be installed in this zone, whereas in the presence of nonconductive dust, motors with protection rating IP5x and a declaration of conformity issued by the manufacturer can be installed.

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Apparatus classification
The ATEX 94/9/EC European Directive classifies equipment into three categories, with
differing protection levels, related to the protection guaranteed.

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Enclosure groups
The standards classify electrical equipment into two groups.
Group I: electric apparatus to be installed in mines or galleries susceptible to firedamp or coal dust.
Group II: electric apparatus to be installed in surface plants susceptible to other explosive atmospheres.
The enclosures for equipment intended for use on the surface, providing d protection (flameproof), are in turn broken
down into three sub-groups, in relation to the inflammable substances for which they are suitable:
Group IIA, Group IIB, Group IIC.
A motor that belongs to a certain enclosure group is also suitable for lower enclosure groups: a motor in group IIB is
also suitable for group IIA; a motor in group IIC is also suitable for group IIA and IIB.

Temperature classes (for gas atmospheres)

The electrical apparatus is classified into 6 classes according to the maximum surface temperatures.
The maximum surface temperature is the highest temperature which is attained in service under the conditions described in the
standards, by any part of the electrical apparatus, which, could ignite the surrounding atmosphere. For electric motors this is:
the temperature of the outside surface of the enclosure for d and p protection modes;
the temperature of any internal or external point for type of protection e or n.

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Choice of safety-electric motor

The connection between danger zones and the categories of equipment to be used is defined in Directive 1999/92/EC.
The specific construction standards for the protection modes (e.g. Ex d) also define the
motor category that can be obtained by applying the standards (e.g. 2G).

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Certification and approved laboratories

Certification
Flameproof motors and motors with added protection must be approved by a notified body appointed by the European
Commission according to the methods defined by the same ATEX directive.
The motors are classified based on the hazardous atmosphere of the place of installation.
The type of motor protection must be chosen on the basis of the area of installation.
The dangerousness of the zone is determined by the atmosphere involved. The user is responsible for determining
the type of protection, enclosure group, and maximum surface temperature of the motor to be installed.
The user must also correctly install, connect to the mains, use and service the motor. Certificates of conformity to
CENELEC standards are valid in all member countries in the European Union and member countries of CENELEC.
The electro-technical committees of the following countries are members of the CENELEC: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, Holland, Portugal, United Kingdom,
Spain, Sweden and Switzerland.
The nominal characteristics of motors relate to a maximum ambient temperature of 40C.
The certifications are valid for a maximum ambient temperature of 60C (IIC) and 80C (IIB).
At ambient temperatures exceeding 40C, the nominal characteristics may deviate from the standard.
Certificates of EC Type Conformity relate to motors with:
IIB or IIC enclosure groups
Ex d or Ex de protection modes
category 2G and temperature classes T3,T4, T5, T6
category 2GD and surface temperatures T150C, T135C, T100C, T85C.

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These certificates cover:

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motors with voltage up to 1000V and frequencies of 50 and 60Hz

single-phase motors
three-phase double winding and/or double polarity motors
motors installed at altitudes higher than 1000m above sea level
service from S1 to S9
motors operated by electronic frequency converter and with forced ventilation.
accessories such as: anti-condensation heaters and temperature detectors
ambient temperature:
minimum
- 50 C
maximum
+ 80 C (T3)
+ 60 C (T4).

Cartografenweg 26
5141 MT Waalwijk
Postbus 468
5140 AL Waalwijk
Tel +31(0)416 39 19 99
Fax +31(0)416 39 26 59
info@ventinet.nl
www.ventinet.nl

Rabobank Drunen 33.42.76.780

KvK 18061331