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The document provides an overview of the structure and function of the nervous system including:
- The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system.
- Neurons are the basic cells that transmit nerve impulses through dendrites, cell bodies, and axons.
- The somatic nervous system controls voluntary muscles and the autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions.
- Several brain structures and their functions are described like the cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, and more.
- The peripheral nervous system includes cranial and spinal nerves.
- Several neurological and immunological disorders are briefly defined.
The document provides an overview of the structure and function of the nervous system including:
- The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system.
- Neurons are the basic cells that transmit nerve impulses through dendrites, cell bodies, and axons.
- The somatic nervous system controls voluntary muscles and the autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions.
- Several brain structures and their functions are described like the cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, and more.
- The peripheral nervous system includes cranial and spinal nerves.
- Several neurological and immunological disorders are briefly defined.
The document provides an overview of the structure and function of the nervous system including:
- The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system.
- Neurons are the basic cells that transmit nerve impulses through dendrites, cell bodies, and axons.
- The somatic nervous system controls voluntary muscles and the autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions.
- Several brain structures and their functions are described like the cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, and more.
- The peripheral nervous system includes cranial and spinal nerves.
- Several neurological and immunological disorders are briefly defined.
Function: Info in/out of body (Sensory), Process @ brain/spine (Intergration), Process info to muscle, gland, organs (Motor )
Nervous Sys: 2 Divs
Neuron: basic cell of NS- transmits impulses Central (CNS): brain and spinal chord Impulse= dendrite>cell body>axon Peripheral (PNS): everything else Dendrite:get stimulus + carry impulse > cell body Somatic: vol. control Relays into from skin and skel. muscles Cell Body:nucleus & most of cytoplasm Autonomic: invol. Relays info to Axon:fiber - carry impul. away from cell body internal organs Schwann Cells: make myelin/fat layer PNS - Sympathetic: organs in stress (fli/figt) Myelin sheath:lipid layer. Insulates axon -axon look gray - Parasympathetic: organs at rest Node of Ranvier: gaps/nodes in myelin sheath Brain:-Brain stem: medul, pon, mdbr Sensory neurons bring messages to CNS -medulla: vital reflexes ex <3 beat + Impulses:Na + & K+ across the cell membrane Action potential: form impuls respiration by polarization + repolarization 1) impulse open Na +Gate. Na MOVE INTO -pons, midbrain: Invol respons + neuron (inside more positive vs outside=depolarized)2) K +Gate open K relay info to upper brain FLOW OUT (inside neg= repolarized) Refractory period cant impulse. -Diencephalon thalamus & Excitability: neun ability. to respond to stimulus+convert to nerve impulse hypothalamus All or Nothing Rule: stimulus=strong enough start impulse/nothing happens -Cerebellem: mvmnt coord+ motor - Impulses= same strength & Self-Propagation:if starts, conti. to end learning Dendrite>cellbody>axon -Cerebrum: consci. acti.=perception Outer Ear & ear canal: brings sound into eardrum emotion, thought, planning Meninge: 3 coverings for brain&spine. cushion, Eardrum :vibrates to amplify sound & separates inner Thalamus: Brains switchboard- protect + nourish B+SC and middle ear filter + relays info to various brain -dura -arachnoid mater: -pia mater: Middle ear : 3 small bones or Ossicles = anvil, stirrup, regions -cerebrospinal fluid, stapes amplify sound (small bones) which vibrate Hypothalamus: regul. act. internal sound Eustachian tube :connects middle ear to throat organs, monitor info from + equalizes pressure on eardrum Cochlea:in inner ear Autonomic NS, control tpituitary has receptors for sound & sends signals to brain Taste gland + its hormones, regulate sleep and Smell Chemical Receptors Taste buds: swt, +appetite sour bitter, salty, umami (salt of acids) . Are receptor cells w/ tiny hair detect chemicals, send impulse to brain Brain waves: rhythmic fluctuation of Smell Receptors or Olfactory receptors: in roof of electric potential btw parts on nasal cavity. have tiny hairs of nerve fiber in mucus. electroencephalogram (EEG). Chemicals dissolve in mucus, absorb by hair, transmit impulse to brain. Cerebrum: 2/3 brain -2 Hemisp / by corpus callosum - Cerebral Cortex: aka gray matter (b/c has cell body+synaps but no myelin) -Coretx=gray b/c nerves =/= myelin (white). Covers outer of cerebr/bell. -Gyri: folded bulges create Suki: deep furrow/fissure. Folds = ^ SArea - Medullary body: white matter of cerebrum & made of myelinated axons Commisural fibers: conduct impulses btw hemispheres & form corpus callosum Projection fibers: conduct impulse in and out of the cerebral hemispheres Association fiber: conduct impulses within hemispheres - Basal ganglia masses of gray matter in each hemisphere which are involved in the control of voluntary muscle movements Lobes and Special regions: Frontal: motor area involved in movement + planning & coordinating behavior Parietal: sensory processing, attention, and language Tempora: auditory perception, speech, and complex visual perceptions Occipita: visual centerplays a role in processing visual information Brocas are: located in the frontal lobe imptt in production of speech Wernickes area: comprehension of language & production of meaningful speech Limbic Syste:a group of brain structures (aamygdala, hippocampus, septum, basal
Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial nerves: 12 pair -Attached to undersurface of brain Spinal nerves: 31 pair -Attached to spinal cord Somatic Nervous System (voluntary) Relays information from skin, sense organs & skeletal muscles to CNS Brings responses back to skeletal muscles for volun. responses Autonomic Nervous System (involuntary) Eye: 3 layers Outer layer: sclera and cornea Middle layer: choroid, ciliary Regulates bodies involuntary responses Relays information to internal Disorders Epilepsy: charact. by seizures Seizures: abnormal electr. body and iris Inner layer: retina Sclera/Scleroid Layer (wht of eye):prote layer of organs Sympathetic NS: in times of stress: Emergency /Fight or flight discharge in brain Alzheimers. degenerate. Brain disea; dementia, connecttissue,maintain eye shape attachment to muscles that move eye Cornea: clear Parasympathetic NS: body at rest/normal functions memory loss, judgmt, function MS autoimmu disea of B+SC. dome-shaped part of sclera> covers front of eye which light enters the eye Anterior Myelin Sheath=gone; affect communi: vision, sensation, Chamber:small chamber btw cornea & pupilAqueous Humor: clear fluid that fills coordi,mvemnt. Parkinsons: brain disord& trouble walk,move, anterior chamber & maintain shape of cornea> has most nutrients for lens & cornea & coordi. Low dopamine conc. Shingles/herpes zoster: painful skin involved in waste management in front of eye Choroid Layer: middle layer. Has many rash b/c varicella-zoster virus(CPox) dorment, bec. active Cerebral blood vessels Ciliary Body: circular band of muscle. connected + is behind iris- makes Palsy: damage to develop. Br. Symp: mvemnt, learn, hear, see, aqueous humor, changes shape of lens for focusing Iris:pigmented front portion of the think Glaucoma: fluid in eye cant drain; damage optic nerve /bc choroid layer and contains blood vessels- it determines the eye color and it controls the incr pressure amount of light that enters the eye by changing the size of pupil Lens: crystalline structure Alocohal: depressant. Absorb in stomach. Diffue in body tissue located just behind the iris- focuses light onto the retina Pupil: opening in center of the irisCaffeine: stimulant: suppres. Melatonin (sleep). Promote adrenalin 1 changes size as amount of light changes ( more light, smaller hole)Vitreous :thick, Nicotine: stimul. Addictive, incr. neurotrans. w/ pleasure. Incr. transparent liquid, fills the center of the eye; mostly water gives the eye form& shape (aka toleran.=discomf.t. Marijuana (THC): binds to nerve cells w/ vitreous humor) Retina:sensory tissue,lines back of eye. IHasphotoreceptors (rods protein recpt. Suppr. Memory+lean centers. forblk/wht and cones for color ) convert light rayselectrical impulsesbrain via optic
Allergies:hypersensitivity of the immune system
Asthma:obstructive pulmonary disorder- bronchial walls muscles spasms breathing difficult - causes airways of lungs to swell and narrow, leading to wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness coughing Autoimmune Disorder: immune system mistakenly attacks +destroys healthy tissue ex:Addison's disease , Celiac disease - (gluten-sensitive enteropathy), Graves disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, MS, Myasthenia gravis, Pernicious anemia, Rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Type I diabetes AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) final stage of HIV human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).- HIV infects vital cellsex helper T cells, macrophages, Tissue Rejection - Foreign MHC Proteins - human immune system is designed to attack anything doesn't recognize