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    Cowley J Fire Safety at Sea PDF

    Загружено:

    Andrei Zaha

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Скачайте в формате PDF или читайте онлайн в Scribd
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    MEP Series, Volume 1, Part 5 Fire Safety at Sea by Dr James Cowley (CBE, BSe, PRO, Eng, HonFIMArEST,FlechE, HonFMt ‘Ships equpmert,ietaftone and fe pr starve, MEP Series, Volume 1, Part 5 Fire Safety at Sea by DrJ Cowley (CBE, BS, PHD, FREng, HonFIarEST,FIMecKE, HonFNI svar DD IMAREST te bythe Inst of Marine Englwsing Since and Technolgy ‘sic Set ‘ene “ eae EGR Copy © 202 Nest Achy eit n England ad Wn sigh me No ptt ti atone pried or ein Irshune otecopyinpor there, whoa th pete osm oe Sprnaheaer -NcIP catalogue ut forthe bosk ie avalible om the Bh brary san ames Typeset in Palatino wth elven Acknowledgements Nigel Say (or hs costcte commento exper’ pot oN mecceeatnamayte eating ‘Shut iSecurity ne Shor rn and fsbo) Wah (UR) WWE Contents 1 nado 1 1a. She Repulry Framework : 12 Compliance withthe Rgultins i et Suiciet 2 1 Thelepitry Pecos 3 14 Moreton oe SOLAS Fie Potton Regulations 15 Phe Saley Obpctives and Funcsona! Reman of he SOLAS Convention 5 2. Cambunion and Fes 1 by "Shure ston > 22 —Aapecs of Combustion o Ba PreMind Hames * 25 Explor. % 2 Hradous Gases and Reduced Oygen * 29 Tayi Fer » 3. Fie Extinguishing and Fatingahing Mla as 31 wats Fxingusing Paws The Fi Teton = 32 Proper of Eetguistng Mecia = 22 Hoge Hydrocarbons (Halon) a 4 Fie xinguhing Egmont “ fy Fee guhe Permance 12 Rorable beers $3 Fouling Egan Ld Pretoes nd Nori 15 Tethers Outs Te Enerpmy Eee reatng Devies 5. Machinery Spaces Be revensen Measures 52 Regulory Messier 53. IMO Acton on Hig. Premze Fuel Ol Stes EA Aton Regu for Ships with Petodely ‘Unmarre Machinery Spaces 85 1ACS Regrets Se Uw Pare Fe Systems S&P fighting Anges gusea ages caneae 8 103 13 Fre ae Explesions rm Machinery “Gear Bor Epson Scaverge Fes Bunker and Bukeing ‘Canales rng Bake Iota and Spree Ful ‘rectors during Bunerg Pesingon i ut eee Barker Tk pce Rarity Flstgin and yb pdnarbon Reese Dry Cargo spaces ry Cargo she Serra rosin Rofo Vests UlwLevel Ligting Automate pier Systems nd Fire Detection “Automate Sper Str Fie Detection ame Deets hemi Taker Sips Under opie Ta ort: Spf the Polen Desye aa t Dange Piven he Hazan 15, Spbeard Orns Fite Dil pd Inspections 23 2S 29 12 ‘Nao! and inernatnal Regulations Fi Slty Operational Boks ‘ott Farrand Popes Be Parties and Emerges Fe Cont! Pas and Maintenance Man ‘Rds, Srveys a npn Fe Cais ed Leso atd Geer Sy {Coment n the Repreeitive Cases and he Case Stay ‘Song ‘Adequcy ofthe Sry Reqieents Respeosles 1 Introduction 6 single volume could ever the scope ofthe bet of re proton indeed’ the Inematonl Martine Organon U0) doce lone ‘ey many rams repltery mat This MEP compe of soe tera of primary rst o erty fr al pera ive orn ‘ls tees with reece for thse hing fr normaton The sm af ths bok st splemer ifrmaton on the emer and syste found on boar ip ith a teckground tothe te fr fe Intodcton developmen end experienc nts we Refer hs teen made to specie tip cules, tht the mane at nant ‘hip culty has bern clade Many Fag Stra cipng compas ‘woul prefer nett see the canter ented eso the paley ‘Mopeds this publoton i © se nares ey wb he ease ‘asl arin the pubic domaine been some Sacre he Fag Ste has published «pot ce Pale Ingay hasbeen bly letng fom pst aes fare ackere maybe pwede. hoped ‘hat ths type explant norton wl sinlate nest nd ple 2 nde fh my mgltonsbg sep oped “Srl fie proton has been given pata emphasis since its Pinpes and intone appear tbe fs well underson ther het ‘Ripcard systems. This uation pabably exits bec eng pc ‘serio eel used by pesonnl and so esse may eng ‘ego ips haven set rept, 1.1 The Regulatory Framework Inpracic there protein ship a determi by he eguations of |MO. These ulations ae mainly inca reed in Chapter To the IntznationalConventon for the Suey of Lit at ea 174m merce emmonly err Yo ar “SOLAS 74 jst SOLAS” Eater SOLAS {Conventions were developed 1914 never tied) 195, 1960 dpe ‘conferees hose he Une Kig I eabequey ere spice IO In explain, Consents are nets betwen tte whos by eblyng «convention scp espersty for implementing ego om het Ships These Fag Stately ‘Adina’ fay deegat sme te farvey and ciation anctone bit thew pons) Athough hres ony one SOLAS Convention aoe ipo o etenine the eprom reuremens for © parce Se ae crf i et ton le pens pee ‘cording the ship's ape, To stato eset sipe nay een ‘ety ony} SOUAS 74 oO SOLASIE pas some oa evn Amendments which have teen alpied. oer the BNO Areata yest, Sce Annes fo he guatons seemay ape nae ‘hp th newera ship the rat the mere i preeen eeded {es now the IMO poley to int sendimens © SOLAS © lg ae Intervals: Evens, thr wl lb feet saranda wee changsin te gece of ses Normally changes ey apg ‘es thps, However IMO i contin eran ths sean ao ey ‘ew touts ae being eds, conderaton gen iwi n ‘ould be masonite wap nme often to ensing Sips Tho ‘cure, ond safety mason or this poly On te er bandh ey oe ‘linda a onner makes bs ineanenton heb be eps fort and hts wr chang theese ane forsee ‘fue compton ta th rumen ae contain SOLAS Chaired protec feds ond cenit rsp econ ara 5 . ne arthur pages tet To se malay ‘de the reurmns f Chaper teed Carage 9 dees ode the Sr aay negra the Mee Ochre Deng Ua {ODL Cah nr Matte Dageeus Goes (DIDO ode ‘he mandatary cas hr fs eel eros oe el ee IMO rotons aad sul eating proviso any of which oe 1.2 Compliance with Regulations is not Sufficient espe the volume of prestpv guaton he Indust’ bligatons ae not ncesly fli by al amples with thom In eoplaraton,e ‘andor ntenational Stry Mangement Code USM Codes ae Imes evry Conpeny wo aeveln implement nd mats cy {Ragen em GN) ht inc rc ay. ppt 1a et teri safe ago une te Coe, ships poral soul onside al poe leans whee spel ec vk es Dea ‘dice the ts whee prc, apa desing i sy se Cutie lhogh may Companies pce wares ntng ck ‘anda bythe nM ose i into sko rue def es ‘sponsbiy om the ship the esporibe pena hare whee et ccs tothe main oar of Decors. Thi fornldefnion of peste Iho stud a further conderion pot Sake and ay ‘A ships penonnel have responses or taking all prac ‘menses ene tht own sft an ht of ter pera ond Not ‘arian themselves with re suey procedures and wea equipment | ‘Sewgnon of heparin, 13° The Regulatory Process ‘The mess of dete mulation ae codes i thes ofthe combined cpeences of the paipting count at IMO sesione Coons ‘vesting changes inthe regalo genealy floinga serous esl) ‘Sb proponisto IMO Marne Say Comme MS) fe arty Sf the deeper. provnt apres, Gat the propeelsreqe dead ‘onsen the ate plac om the agen of te Fe Protection Sa ‘each af is sso, eed paper re sabe under th hengs ol he vous tems on eB Protection Sb-Conmies aged sd ‘en proponed us protbly cone over mr ses BMC aan ees ‘poral seus casas Pu come tos atenon These pte iyo by independent experts to nee whether Ghrgee ih Ge {Convers mguirments pd The wok othe ie Poteton Sa Comite sept Yo the MSC together with pope hang Inthe reulsos ina form sublet ince nthe SOLAS Cove, aly made by met fhe ast seine pce ss oulined her. The MSC requests he Secretariat tcl the tet he ‘Amendments tal contnes th have ttbed the Conweton (ey Coating Goverment) AU ist sx month mst apa before the MSC tay formally corier an opt the Ameren dct Sat of thee ny ito for AY hat fot ofthe Contacting Goverment Present and voting must sige thar agement acral th {Sanimodson ie poten te). "After alopion. the Amendments ae evs tall Contain Goverrnets for tht tact aceptnee, sinless they pote ot ‘Gormaly etn vo jem) ix astral assed a hy cp he ‘menainent The Amendments eterno force tu anh afer scepter ‘rather ter etethe MSC deed atthe re of adopon Oe tee tet eyo dates 9d for new ship and sna te for SONU SES potatoe me ttn we ‘nv, only operational changes ae ing ae ef erence ‘sand eh here would bet sgl dae “= This tat produ was modu by SOLAS 7 has the advantage ‘allowing the uty to know the tat date of which te Amerie ‘el ene i lore because fe the adopin, e acton by Coating Governments is necessary. Unde hearer sem expan the Torpn Minster of ery Contacting Goverment had fo one lplomaieinsument anh due to the lage numer of Coneging Goverments andthe tartnee se Amerment the 180 SOLE ‘milton ofthe nema tc amendment proce i gen in gure 1, together ith a inton ofthe evens presding the ora procedure The mira psa ween cman and eta ay Feed fm ts yor hoya Ino meget pt ay Be reduced tse mony nating fn al prod erecen etn ed {B27 mo foe ow ma However in sere pee the tie ofthe dopa ol he Anendnens, aol GRasaoaiaeaceeT | Semis) SS Fig 1 An ample ft Tait Amendment Pre 1.4 Major Revision of the SOLAS Fire Protection Regulations ecg ity pr nth al meine in ese stove, comple and extends the SOLAS roan in at {hsp became so une tat tha tobe pln SOLAS Chaps 1 ae 12. The re potion relatos ae vin 0 feta ts aly tat thee wil ever be tie when they ar not unde rev nanny hs bok shold te ear gue othe SOLAS mguabns “To inprove the layout ard itoduce updated cbjactves an functions requis fo met them, SOLAS Chap I? has ban sted = Imasve reson ove several ene. ANugh hs vio et noc a the time of weight obctves ae nol wala repress Practice. Theres the reves! SOLAS Chaplet has ben taken so cour thoughout he Hook ands ots se summed low kr ‘erence purpose ee apple tal Chaps 1.5 Fire Safety Objectives and Functional ‘Requirements of the SOLAS Convention SA Fe Safety Objectives Thee sae ejects aze te Prevent the occ ff and oxplsion. 1, Reducethe ak to caso byt Reduce the kof damage cad by Sr to he ships cago and the 4 Conan, contal and suppres fe a explosion in the ompaiment f 1 Provide adequate and edly weenie means of exp or psnges nde 152 Functional Requirements nore ait the ee safety jac at ut in prea 151 above, thelaowing ae ancora geen 1 Dirison of the ip ito min veranda ones by thea snd boundries, Septio of ssniniton pans mh mar sip by Detctomf any fire the zoe oon Container an extinction of any Sn the pac ign rotation of means of exepeand aces ore ping ate extinguishing appliances rudy avaiable, nimi the only flammable cig vapor ing 2. Combustion and Fires Fics an externa inston of combaton which canbe deb hep Cherian of as eiding ape ith» gu scopy the rlese ‘hea snd doping upon tate of reach ligt Tn most ane of “must am boar! ship he ects ar oxygen ad hydrate ae Combate (aman) acetance ct sl gud rcs a ‘Ste a bum slid and igs have oe hee epee a wich Aumeablevpour ane ited bor corbin nec Thse lowest longeatifocontn pen on cons ened shit ‘ppaatar il ie of ult vapour form mixture tan be ae ‘gute momentary on he apaton of Hane As tag, he vapour at ‘Produce tase presse ame Several appa are dw dtemine Fash pote, leven cp (open et Pekar (ced ey Ab (rede bait “Their point he owes epece at which gue in defined ‘Setnse The conning combustion roe iin fame sion 25) The ie pi seer by ening the est forthe ash poi 21 Sources of Ignition 211 Auto-gniton Temperature! ‘The satoignion tenpertre the lowest temperate ot which « ‘Saye. Le wie he presence of fame or ter ure of gan Te pPienomanon pone fear chiner pace fis ose by ol oF Eitcetng ot raderteny tang prayed on ft surices Aton terprte ie estate ows for slid materia by sing smple Into bested pot ype sutosgnion tempers ae ca 150 TR Ss gn a Stn Tepe newspaper 10°: can, 2 sda 20; beeing abi 20+ S75 i 2a.4OPC etl tion, IPCs gs oe “The wide anf stein temperate hl 0 the siren sure ert an dierent nthe fining proses from which the ful nstocand inthe ives, Hower ft ‘eagased atthe outogton temperate st sundae propery the In gen ccs itl be lowe! ar nar stot “serrate I il Joon on eter ae ee cnc With a hot suroce andthe str of helt. inspect surace ees the messed autignion np of mtr po 93 pret mean) air intrs wes founds be over 100 lawer witha cecal hte ricer rar rae) than with psn bafta ave marc) alte pope Fostnec vt esi wa et 242 Sel-Hesting- Spontaneous Combustion Inthe tess for demining the sutoignion spontaneous ignition ‘cnperatues the somple shen by aerial sure eau re lg fet anon oven fete sfc, However in pact the sour of heat may be peut within defn tt Tr ca ease protic: Fo ‘tampl ey expe srt fc wll ec wi the oygen the “tmonpre ut the heat produced eal disp, However teen isin the cnt of aang ol the sarong sol tsa isulon| sd he eat could be tse Ashe tempers Yee hee oreo ‘rics depen upon various ctor inuding these the el Ute sae he pieces ester the surface ae expe nation the ‘uf afiy fo oxygen: the mtr ater the length the time ace teasmned orc par elon! pate, When te ot Production execs Ihe fate of hea lam moulin (we aruson| ‘thou ise ie ssl accompanied! by she) wil cae The ae of ‘Rachon wl thn ese wl the suosgnton tempera ech eed Sponnenus combustion scar Once combs fa stated econ | ‘ne cond by exe means nc ar cling of balay sing al fering hn ur adage ps of eu ‘tier subse ale w seat nde etous mt eng ae savings prea wn ey did oon. tor contaminated nh ut i ly ap or tbr comatibe ater i ae eed engl ee ‘hd anal fed elo) deed fm scot (peta sed, Uc me pal ere rpms oy Bean ond sowed Tn ech | case the poems of mote ince the rate of decomposition ant ‘certs af ating Insustncs nach afin hein dese a fang may precede pentane esting Ingen ay ye ages ‘nue therm acini optimum mesure conto eh eto temperature rom aun 30 toner OC: Thee heme thst ain) ‘rthrmotlrnt est eran stra ci survive op teat 38 When ths temperature atid slhesing by marcel bes he ap [between 75°C andthe ignition temper sand IAPC tcl fap ls bsiged more sucky than mou te te ase i he more oly ‘tis subs len by the acer wee ot pie ‘Common nse of spar es puri in pt cers which a sow rut te ied wih fre etngushieyeytm) a fo ples Zags mpregted wh paint ol varies The ra at ae {aod thermal esisor and slong ar ie an aise words the Serpent wile wl te cnr fhe ple bifold test ‘hor bursts io apes o svi ths sch rage Soul be soe aig ‘in un te ane posed of ashore. Toe cecal aon cae i ‘heres ao an exe sours of heat for example, whe yg or ay ble sito eter aaron pace gh tmperate 213 lntinscally Safe Cie and Minimum Safe Gaps The spack ignition of farmublepetl/ir mints In cat engines I Gessne [compe | a6 | a7] a0 a “sepa eee "steep iy econ nd pay ih ts ich poland suongion termes Aton [FSwn tothe ey low faralty of ale (pera whch together ‘shigh voll mes nnenetingy danger Hv entimatd ht he CFL well eae nan eight cubic mate apy anki hal ref aston | mate stro abet mpi rene ered or we Iruchieny spaces Keser ha ar LE stn ht dh es Ulmgeour ac ductal, des ot diss thoughout he pace heer ie mo consent of €Sor Cs obolow on ia, ‘oui in any seous epson following kage on yacht an all Sattche neonate soking a Reng prose “The above dncawsan pond th eel peinpies on which © base sat operating paces ut gies tight in the conbusion peer hd he odie ohn wih avery concen os fee. Tt ‘Sheen cet lutte by fe example othe nt energy 2 | ‘Sneed fn eed o 00 by conversion neat energy yen athe Sitebard os war ‘Al combustion pce ae extremely complex a tad tal be ‘gunione sing to bring candle have not yet ben developed. The ‘Renta equaton tov rhe combo of methane nai an eased Sunn Init evry molec fee combines wth wo moles of ‘uypen I estos permis the deena 3 the sioner mitre wer per mo Indio othe rate of econo he conbusion proces the hea vee the nro pees peace inthe fame oF eimchunan by whch the fume pes ough de mab minor ‘Theequton on page 10 ly gies he itl oer nd he al roduc 223 Chain Reactions ‘When combustion prose ware a sft walled tht hema ‘Sasuetom wes the maaeby wich he pres ns fame sae he ala ‘Suction nt unburet cmb gar eo known that rng the SEmbuston ef mary, Byaracrtone hgh conertons. of short ved ‘Semily ace spe uh hyou raat (OH) ar post ns Gee 140, CHO. Cl hve bende) and hype tome are present She difcan of th alr the stu gases alive oars ‘ely ahead otc Rome by chin acne. The presence och Specs Sao maponsble forthe mabey high wht conductivity of most ‘parma Tames Ts he ality of Hn Cogent hyocabon) {mes and cetsin dy chemise trek the chin tons hs highly {ive speci, which ander them 0 eectve a ae eninglhing ages. ‘Altouph they extinguish the Bre reignton is pomle une he ‘ombustbies are cooled cra i eacada This meld of suppesion "nates the fourth han reaction side ofthe re ado gare) ab ‘plied fren Chap 23 Diffusion Flames {tages mappa open bean piel combustn wil he place at ‘ptt above he tet win he el mis win he able ‘ho nthe statin he npr spot i macin fore om peste ses an th mining by ne by eral hal apa ‘He ving hae tooo ie Irae ie tne of contusion ii by th nt ison, As the a Nw ae tie snows the gh fe fe ces, Coney surply edc th fe length rit shred The fae or Ba ‘stb tobe tanneof fongen ample of ton lesa aon burs wih ths nt dosed tnd th dame oppo! of bring Inthe tee tay of ae fame tae yet ced ch ate we evar consi ut, ths rodiing contig spy ef apr fat es seth sry die nese ioe 231 Pyroly ‘he anes tom cbt sls sch wed ae a isn fae hy acme theming vapour an slowing spats ent such te thing oft mac The et proces an rerele hema decompostion, known» ‘pyre. sn whith ange comple moles ave ben doen fon fae sd vapotsuing cet ‘Ronxie ethan vapeur an hyd The aps gt ane hat Produced sults frher decompenion and the Prodan ot more Brae vapors un he fan eter extgused or Be at pi Seem roi can ko bef ming ahs in te cae of rethesing. of wie aber The al debt prt “reompetin of asusance ye. 232 Dry Distillation Ir wood or ther onan materi i ed destructively the abc of tnpge sca gc il fe Sen ofan! wl or. Tis process IP idown sy ftom tw atston stcient xjen may each the sure to sou complete guidaton. The porous charcoal go ‘feel nolo nd the nese ay’ Fre ondation. Tae ‘Numtonr it shelore impose we wooden dor ie, allough ‘Sed they ans acta re bare 24 Pre-Mixed Flames on amie of «floral gs ad ait within the able is fos aa contled te ough an open tbe ad git tthe pen en, The auton fe s Know t's pres ame, Iss, he ate of Snuston der ot depend on he ifs fi an aio te econ ‘we. seas Dome burning atthe ed ofa weizl es not ationry. A ‘EER poi the sonay seat sone te flame roving toward the “rout stu stsn cyan oppoete eat 5 he ubarned mite [Showing towards he eof ow oft unbured sete rice theta wl tof ther of eae, I he ow eet fe Dame wl attack doen he ef ames ot tow a cea ting aoe {hoon he qerchng Str) fhe tats cid out wing pall fines ie ming dice betwen them Is krowm as the “aenching Titans” the ar an neal gute or sicemeti mie. ina ean steno hear tl bene orm a i, she vay of he ua mitre wuld Se conan and eveyeere al {Die uring ely ofthese neat te coo walle the tbe ac (SMT te ea nd foe eda th ae a lo ease itn Sado he vey ote crbured tue beng pest the we of he ibe and lowest a he habe wall The fodametal uring ‘Siciesf many gust av een mene wing tbe an pre a Fetinay avon mitre He maximum sales between 3050 Spat fom providing an insight io the theory of flames, these peter sls ssn the ng ffare rete igh vey vee ‘Mortons ond minum se gape fo mae he Smal enh ‘cen poset Tn oman eponn). Hower whist pan och nae not uct nd rca eves hve Be Torouply tested inaidevaet of endtions. 2AL Passage of Flame in Pipes 1 amma gas iste toon nd opp, te ame wl ve tse hn ane ng iy rs ofa Ths inde Is carved pre psy emisphca wi pve» net tte thn fi de ow gt of combust e een tpt an he pre an by she bal ot ha es hind he lame. The acl ely wil ary with rope oe trenton ie me oe pe Ts cringe cing hype tapers, teeny of he ‘enlists fen 106350 Te taaton fom a deflation to Straton dae w te nce of fe geet penn she wat Done av evi iat to anat One tchnigue no fan are ta ele ston af he tng, Te erm shld certo ee vy he 25 Explosions nr proton teminsogyan exploin desc nario tr decompeion acon peucigan net intanpeatae peso touh simulta They av sth “deagetinso "tons Dedagrations a epson prepagiting at bon vette, Detnations te oxplosins prope st sepernic velo and cratered Wy ¢ Sock wave However the tet) destiny i ohn wed ns kr ‘pleas propagating at ee tha eke wees Shy Bn arses "Sv of lero Stearn wien ey a oleae ‘fart frt ares venga sae eres, 25.1 Machinery Space Explosions In machinery paces, he os cnn ecurenc of invert expsons ‘due toca us foo, abating ol an yao) bing frayed ono a hot srtace and poring, The vapou nes hal nd ‘cults ei aches lower Baie: When oes enfa wit source oon, anerplotan ure The mani pres “veloped depends upon seer cts ning the are steagh the Intl tepertire an prem, the ast of aur the space the tts rm he space at the reece of bees Expert has been shown tt for fens oa ve the matin prefer Iydtoonton intrest bar age (BOK or 15 ih, Tis ‘pasa scour fr chow ae and vl depen of ‘host of conan of appro cable supe Ma stoichiometric mitre Is conned in sy) 25 per cen oie eben a he contents ae git, he mam pst wold be ‘Bout pr cont the marr preset woul! Be developed the ‘ontinment were il of sicher, Tee ratestip expla tehy machinery space enploanne donot normaly ce stir ales The relaonship ao ken advntge on the contin of lace tet inShipatrace, Such sates wl aot wind the sre of ver tar wc wuld be expected fon tts with 10 per Cet scone ‘minutes Ifthe mire ie ler tn soit, the te forthe ont develop wil be ceed an ae maim pe reed Siow tr bration cures. Tsay be ec when pont ‘ign = cn tthe sure fhe amnae Vapour = ‘ecient ec ve eae ‘i ren thn. Ole ve ban serene stent ein ‘Fur hive! hve Ml wih fomatie tone ee ce ‘Sod ght sos he ck Ronse one ware a aking cn caso rou feo develp inthe wake of he explain This and ther far makes i dif to ened Iboatary ref Paci stuatone i isexteely ilo pet he manne nich otal anges stu may devel. ao very eat Ira ac nach pha en show st ‘he time then for eploons to mach mnimum presi ison een yi to cnt ube ely ean Sng borat) ese of Byérocbonar mites chow tal ling elas te vlc ot ee he faa ne oe {hy tm sand 9 cone hae nicht Marl mates Sec i ohne a Tot fae et tc ‘Sui, ch nue nt comb Sod espana the propenave erin terpetar 252 Fall-sale Tests- Explosions Th ec of uence cite by stron i he path of an advancing fame was dary denorateted pi hill tee cea uPPrson devices in sinker pump rom ended 8 he Une ss reed by an extnguhing main etter Hasor eel at Sepa adc ai beet Spo) ‘pth presre would prevent seros aetna pong soe eee On seca pnp rom explore have spend op the sage ners ‘achiesy spces by tracing bol the faved tt too ho bles casing setius eosin, Ineatheplson 12 Shot prope (GH was dah Pope nt une of batcatns hang» mum epost od stout N/m ba an an ation mga ot 0S ‘ih the sbarctons romaly fond Ins Pump soon We et of Pre hin he expres war much high en Sep It ‘en mw tec nse oc Pressure nr for ising eso te exingsng secre gO gage ony 04sec wasn thet ceo e thelium pos ach The sppeon son aes ret O01 f 4 second to eset engi ape oe es ake was ats employed which sold dete he eters op ‘een Gland fa sed ears tha th pra aeey In teats without cetuctns,Itok ovr 18 seeds tech the ‘mavimum presse. oot 25 tne linge Future, tenes Prue developed was mach wee han enced when ese em Preset nal et explsns tetas pres fate sow compared withthe fin ate ae mnie pe 253 Summary Comment on Explosions Thy ciel orp ep the inal ae lst I compuible to he ting wey, termed aca ‘perinant earund Sem bt the ane om Sapp ace {he fame spans outwards ino the flammable vapous erncoleeaes "acres the enperture rhs and the fas tipand esos eee sinc the presue waves and cause» Bully of pes, which may rv us and rach he opr ‘Pips hve aed aa ht vert bw pope 88 fre her» soure of gnnam hs boo tadace canes amp | ‘SShctnom a dapped hind to er er mel cbc Al eens ‘Eronsed howe a defagatons. 2.6 Hazardous Gases and Reduced Oxygen The tse chemi equton (acon 221) fr the bring of methane at pf ny mr on oe tip Toy pre CO we {xa am metre yn ey poe ep o {nso nscompey sd he ply poco pb mens {Cove product ore Si vite de fom the intltion of sake th from tums Sate potced by cominion ba aperson of sal ig or ‘Oba pris pealy fs than Tx 10%) mon Such parties oe ‘Sovtny itt nce) hy ts von on ae hd ges fone spaces The cosuers of mck depend onthe ‘Shs saanas and he onionunder whch hey ae bred that prevents the bond arbor memo ite ores, doles gs ht feo taurong upg rte Le fends W induce sep ot rcmacouspess Contato of 30580 pest ese svete hence ‘Moma cofucen sd dines nding pee ining exer, ‘Conca of 0p cent nse sma tate seaplonve whes| Onygen Reaction COnygen estonia om 2 rein.» contnd space This imp ‘rma eum hemi an! ysl cages wig Pa tbs) ‘eye Ne ee hd er Sw 261 Dangerous Combustion Products yeogen Cyanide (CR) Hydrogen cane can be raed during the combustion of meas soning open These indade “wel polyether Polat and myan Hydrogen syne neat ales pee abet the tes an enses dent by sey Ta ees of ee ‘rie poioing, deat i erly ap In lower coeenabns ‘tou 10 pas per milion the eect ae dines unseains nan ‘fst of etforton Hydrogen cymes vee explosion hast ‘honeyed ht ranean mat wih wo be gh yrogen chose co Hydrogen hordes non amislove nd cnesivectues ga with A pungent edo caso enteral tating ote shin jean es Ieobranes, Hyg chloride releneddarng the cmston at ‘shttes containing caring sich plyinylehoie VC) “These proper of the pss and pout fed dr combustion Ist the’ anges involved and empha the aed to went» mie niin beng appetite hen ering sy Sse! sp during a {lowing Sr igithngepertene 27 Physical Factors ‘The previous sections wor mainly conced with th hen properties fame. However. i pace, Pyotr, purely cee dation concn adie of gen imparancs in oes 271 Convection Canton i he waste of Nea fom one prof ld gu, vapour or gro theoterprs tothe ade Fr sample lio aos ft compartment i the eslng ht ans cri esate a boi wil oe and be pled by cone The cei gee ‘cole tease the wl eri at by ds with ca thy ‘Stand tans Nato dn cle des het or eng Tom bal ce td hewitt the gts ting fom the eth wl deca Tis ‘omtming process constute #“cnveton fl The sche an hot {eco consti pedal oncntated ighin spose ‘zat inboth cnecon, The nen should te ose aloha at ‘teins alan despre of ne a siemens decent pres ay ie trough Figure shows ol aes an incandncn pa 4 snny and eave igen anober compartment (Do a0 omplcaton thes fows ent indeed inthe Sean "take nevonigee coneson oso be teed (om he lowest tse fv ighrs we eta entra. he eo in Be Tomtevelapposch woul be aot nna oe 272 Conduction of Hest Cote fan gr tem Sa ech aan Gi Sentiimanerrases Geter et Sener nee ot ec at ln manner desc in Chap 9, Moen shige ae bl with eletve ‘sear re rotcton Dut hcl be et ds tan ess tives thane mina tlectnenese. 273° Radiation of Heat Radiation of eat roca y which et strafed fom auc ‘wcie whut heating teers i whoo nerve ene atm ths) In hyocaton ees the pip source ‘dation is sad aon partes Ran at awl fen he sure in Sigh ines inthe same way alight When cts anhng i pot 1 scr ref Warted~ each oa ext oped! othe propertie of the body with which makes cic. Abed ration Eases eng wich nny best oer pian ese pen Irene radiation results in he ear fap een utes path ‘The vapor i then ged apt he espe Some ht ated beck to the eat ofthe fre Ts ‘radiator fen ees ee vapour from the burg sustanee and incase th te of comurion al ‘aan Go ames el est sine paths inane he poset tem being te Tense het raion is expecially fazanoue to fie Sights. 1 netstat the we of prot cling end ie employes of rote ‘roterspey curiam appro Inthe inl tages ofan accommodation pce fre Yor mpl fie on 2 ste) the rdution produced res the tempera ste tment "nt f the ame Tie esting of cnet dcempses {heal yas secton 23: ed pote Eammable apt ee sa spends Be fame. The ht gases an ie the topes fay ombustble stance pth whe ice sake pace The Sie ofthe fame inset sete dependent onthe it an nate of ombusbesbsane Athi tape, th ene nthe space oral "cot in the immecate vy ofthe Dare ec oh linge the eomection uments a0 the Scan be appro and prele ‘ingushers ae Im the abn of inerventon the fe ropes 4 pint when convection doe not provide suicnt ai 9 the fame to cable can ‘onbestin te cntinse Vile smoke sot nal eon) pari Sal dope of igus aos) ad earn moron ae rede and iv catod upwards by crwecon forma layer lig vel and aus the eng emperlure oa, The temperate inthe ower art ofthe 0 wis som astra the stsnce of wentlton appr eel the TRA yer wi drpen Ie dor tape sir wl edn tough ‘Sher hal Snake wi cope ugh ope nl Smoke which ch ening inempertore may ge outdo oor 2 mews a fs then the temperature inthe upper rpon ofthe fom reaches 400: fe ptr arty rein sre sft or pyc to our A he vrpeatone [erst beeen S00 a 00% the fait snd carpets each "ERE ESS emperor Gatien 211) and spontaneously pte. The Noor T2Semperte rier eopdly and, wun seconds all combust ‘SSkatny wi ipnte ond merge ios single mas of fame This sudden “ts tng ate one acs nse ne Scns predominant intent agate proces, Whoa the ean Sane yor forge wo bored adaton he TERE nr in he ner sages wen yon errs union ‘pera wae place gue heres repre the oan Tatil Selo theupperandloweriayesinthe om merglntoa farming ‘ere yhatmsinthe Recaro ln hate hpieperate es We icanaern prs ate bet al dietons. Toe ong EA only eet ned hy don rom the upper layer Condaction eT Ne weincarcrat the compartment covered schon 272 Vv 275 Backdsat ‘The sca ulin in secon 274 reso fe which ad sificent sippy efaies ss tomainancmbushon Ta similar ie were preset nana compare wold nily row in sinlar manner Hever wth eld slaw othe Supply was expended. The lmied sz sappy wuld Inthe prod ff tsbured products poly and carbon monde aod. te cumulation dor or winsow pen the supply oye wed case tm explosion debra) a mave tough te cmp an out fhe pening A cesgraton o hs nate iow oa bck theses ‘tue cae must be ten when the don ofa suka apace nope ‘Simi reper nein oo whch is ppey book smothered duet lackof oxen shea be aware ft hl erent eld rel ithe ditrbance of ater which may uncover a ton source ‘thon monosde an other Danuble an wn tt Eames) ne preset cea coul engl the i ghee 276 "The Elfect of Size on Combustion Processes Despite is hightemperature (ISO) igh ih el pie lank of wou shouldnt ste se Some Mabe gars ay be gv of bt So "uch hea wil be tansfred om he post af otact in the vohme the trod tat he procs wil not be a uti However, wood hangs Vl vey gt dae othe hgh sare ome ress rose ‘Seon! tea Thie cen of heat tw vein in seal we wha ied when a qr lsd aren the erin bate oc ‘short lyme etsy seal sel ca ee srg ond ‘ope Bt dest burn Decne hgh erauph tampa cant be hited det the high feral cmd and age cs satel ie ‘As previualy mentions nial combustion dpende onthe palin of vapours rom the ster of he comburie substance Seo explo ave occured in Dour ie Each ina combate sald eed in se, ferher sacra spor an the rang paces oo sable Volume ‘Therefore sal pes of ol exone more ace stan ge Pes ‘al AS mentored se wool and wondsuvigs se more ee ged than tictr pa of thse substances Byway of amp, when # ce of ‘de isdvidd in pega ess ach fede Lie anon a ‘leach sales cubes wie hat of te ogi! ee Le rosin the her sinensn by a actor of wos incensed eevee sae Move gener. the aru/volune rio for sia shaped peso scoganc wih the etn fier dimen: Por ip presto Re ton down ino el pr of ‘mds Rin he sce volume Tatoo the sar paces woud et tigate intr no st cath ‘errs in det s conde at rng oven mek ‘hore use gona exlesan tha agp produced Serene hamachi en in ap ol pee 0 ures onic (icomert) Gamer ih comespond 3. Fire Extinguishing and E Ths Chapter cores the them, dhe Gre extinguishing mada neal we on toed ge engin en ngage \guishing Media lsicaton offi, the means of exinguhing ‘aston an nations 6 tend for mcrene pntoee wre ‘bat y” be uel when anerng ques ination Doin, requ aay ca Clssteateno Fes ‘oun ae the intr ler NFPA 1, whe Earn tonal Sundares Oration Standard 94 Tre ‘tsieton esha Tale? ‘natn Onan or | Noa Fe Prion oman) Few maton uci ay esteem, | toca ean Itwchcantaten memati | tae doe rose {Cit Fees waving tgs or | Chon BF in ama iguana] Spec” es ro hd pt nas ‘oon cr aera ‘ta equpmon deemed Senet ds arb eey 3.1 Methods Of Extinguishing Fires: The Fire Tetrahedron "nw ec tt fr nen ah ua ‘oon thst These equncnnt sr on epee by Be iso the {See rangi Convery, om any nol he anger ean the chin reatan tcwecn he trent cml specs foamed ela {gon wine 22) thet mre appropiate Shae ton (ge 0 ep te way even Be ‘Sousa The ett ring oh the our ces is re aeton eS 311 Removal of Oxygen cept in thse suse tht onisin iron azn the es of ice angen wl cing ie Sal son beste wh stn fm 2 buch ad 2 nahoean bound tamer tamer apes ces simpeative CRESS AS doors propery sed wen fing» fief bur i ¢ Pe banhng en tng Min Fis in cargo lds canbe starved of ony by doing hacer and ‘anking verte nelspacr asad by venting shouldbe Sh dwn an door and her apnoea nally teat ne ‘x prpomemaic bank canbe pli fer dace the power sue, infreetiguishing operations onygen's xu srtening thee wid ayer ffm. Oxygen ao ct of during the operation porte {ese poble aon snide xing ao Some erent ring the operation of dey powder ering Hone isaes fatto diode and dy power the ral of Ongena and ‘rn he fli cond gon ayo Tn otal oodig Bred re extinguishing sytem for hips holds, pup rooms and machinery spaces carton dose plas tes tec an ‘cae that thereat combust “Athough if sie poventon eure a ota fie extiguithing tetnigu ering plays an pont role In land cel taker pesto. I invelves minting an stmoephe of nay ow cng {ont at eo exploons ann cer Io ke pean eee ‘ty trated ann pesos fa nine ga genta amped Ino the crgo and shop tanks In cerca ker depen one pe of lego anne stapes’ by aes hon eps pao tortom an net as ee mitogen) rep 312 Removal of Heat | reduction in temperate is achive by the we of # stale eating ‘medion = nomaly wate atts et The ate at which Beat ‘ooved by the cotng mein mat be rater than at proce y he ‘re Conn of toundery ulead wil see the posse iging ‘ate oteie the afl crpartent Fira ven quanto wate stot tres mares wil be moved ‘he water opt sn emall tgh fori be vapors ito se To ‘hve ths eve eterna he water abe applied a ne pny. Celera» Segre of smthring can ao be sceved rm he seas {te Hes can i be sors by the decomposition oy powders. ‘Thesoureot poner shou beatin eile pay ee 313. Removal of Fuel ‘The ear of ful snot alvays posi Hoeven the cae of gid oe fescue by leaking pp otitis, th al spp shod bene. ‘ay slob pole rin el mh burning an "his prtalrty important ts ofthe ply ina, However, gat could abo be eft buringins contd manner oat et the int te fre inca ay aden compartment bing ced the het On some ovtauaay it may Be padent 1 dump baring ‘enaly dangers teal oe DAA Breaking the Chain Reaction ‘Afr may be extingun t broking the cin ection betwen ane hemi specer prnuené nn prion hee speaes are escbed = "rset in they nn pst pie pion orn he al reds combustion) Fo inane ignated yarns (Halon) and [Eling the fame “sorsimssin ow than one tundeh oa sean “his extncon he place wht ony appecble reo et al ftom ni bea mn en ange of gene 32 Properties of Extinguishing Media “This ton is itn to summarise efrmation onthe properties of men etngsshing mes forthe pope vay levees" ot et ‘Renu it anor questions frequently aed ty examination bis. Sine fee gh depends om remington of she four ser ofthe Se ‘cbsdron pure tence wil Be ae othe tet ofeach te train that hat 321 Water Wer isthe most commily std fextngushng medi Be Se ‘inuthing stn Ismay col ake marl Elm thes enon ‘Spee dt os note ah ich po hg lw er ash os sng Sb eign spo: When ein the fry fa pe ‘Robes techn his pedis ey providers pone lng es Su ough pec aa igh set Stor vopratton The Seu fi fater St abo prvdes sma of teatime Dose en wed nord! a ras th an spring evenly td wing te srt’ Te adaion of erg ‘Theres srt cand anes iy form Ta Xion Simpernt ino tumesingng maior i npes te sy ‘ion toad acento coin tong forma eg re Engng tn ang Min AFP, sh addon ach sarc teson te ene ato tans feet: Ahn waste igh wr ta ferme on the urce ‘ly th foam. Th fim male ste whch poets peat ‘ching the fsa bp tng he fe Reductions surtae eon neu rrr penetration of ls daring, fe fighing Avo, when deere ado we ping Bro oes spying race thsi othe opis reed proving nua ‘Menon ene a pees colin cet fora pen volume! wee Avpleaton Warn te Farm Jt rel Coarse Spry When water pple 2 jt aon to Be ad in the ase i tral) it should be ted a the brig mall ad nao ook ond Fes A water should ever be wed on Babe liso eae vals Below the sure and he ol ey tt wl od oer th dangerous corseencs I state enon af fn av not alae ster anbe on is napa mabe hen a [povidesprtcivecuranfor fv ighis ‘Aepscaton oF tern te Farm of Mts ‘The pasa of Hon at on envenomed fee vip ea ge arn Sine droplets, When he iat moor af he roles have dace fee than 40racomntes(0 cs the dsp ems ose ed te producing wer mit, Wee or usally comin atl for extinguishing il pool ees teu of th problem f pang However inca be eetne iver fe sroplets ae te hata all enough na fo cause ping The ue of ‘eine droplets aloha the asa of mung very sll ama te, Figue5 strates de hee Sminnt than tht mast be ‘astern the design of nates yt + gen pcan ty wale vou + raat eat atemanton "apres he Mahal Engin by We Me "Sang ge Bapacenen sn Eafe Km Contin: The ception costing ef of water mit est fhe von ‘wate vey fie rpm wih near etl sortase vale ‘Dabsrb ew ant maximise erapraton rate tthe water Te proce ef ‘poration exact hat fom fr fame snd re ple If Between ad Sot per cet ofthe hest beng geet by thee can be sarod Inthe fame set th evaportinofwae drops tee wb xing, Orggo Dig The expning water vapour dplaces oral i and ‘eats the amt of nye ne vy of tee the weer vou {ain econ he vido he Beinn ens, odie gat the bee ofthe Bre by none dynamic fe nye wl Be esd athe fre wile exigency Rant Het Aerio: The al water dps supe in thes ede ‘ant et arte Seteen he esa he ot a yer an he ates Sal ety bec. The pry mechanisms ae sete nd stron of Shearing ut ine anna ‘ae an gin burnt hh ash of oan ht al pots | Cemmprtner at event fe to shen ans hich pa ‘ombustrin th compartment gn tuning inking he ant os teanfertope rego al pend wlth he srparnct The pnp hcaeiscs of «wate mist ht determine tr tocivenens Ince: drop sse ditsbuton, fax denay and prey momenny ae {alowing be coments apy ths charset, Dropsie dtrbution evant nel ops ae ot esa si. Fin density impact as the mass of ops, wach race th ea ‘mate sfc to abe act propo ofthe heat pono the Spay moment towards he Ste ote Be at Bescon ‘pho eae the is ano vepourto pence he ame aaah the ring ho gues. The conbied cing sn lecaed eg eh Sette pee spe co ang te orem ‘ho neaded push spy found bsrctnn, which eb prey fom he nd reac he ty ofthe mist ontrack ee a

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