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Areal specialization of functions within cities are affected by a number factors. These factors such as
industrial factors, transportation network, historical factor s, site factors, topography all show a role
to influence the economic rent which is the key determinant. I would like to take Hong Kong as a n
example to illustrate the areal specialization. I can find that under the above -mentioned factors,
Hong Kong conforms to a fused model of Burgess's concentric ring, Hyot's sectoral and the multi
nuclei model.

The determinant factors that influence the areal specialization of Hong Kong is the institutional
intervention's urban planning. Government develops new town in the suburbs to ease the
crowdiness of the city center and solve the urban problems. In Hong Kong, new town residential
areas include Tai Po, Shatin, Tuen Mun, Sheung Shui, Fanling and so on. Ancillary services such as
hospitals, schools, fire stations are present, recreational land use such as swimming pools, parks are
also offered.

Government also sets up the industrial suburbs such as Tai Po Industrial estates to provide job
opportunities to the new town population. Also government also develops advanced efficient
transport network to allow daily commuting between the city center and also the suburbs such as
the Lion Rock Tunnel, The Tates Caim Tunnels, the Shing Mun Tunnel. The New Chap Lap Kok
International Airport is also be planned by the Hong Kong Government to consolidate Hong Kong's
Role as significant trading centre.

Transport network is also a determined factor. The central business center (CBD) locates at Tsim Sha
Tsui, Central because the economic rent is the highest. This characterized maximum accessibility of
pedestrian and traffic flow. The bid -rent curve is the highest and the steepest that other land uses
are outbid by commercial activities. In order to maximize the surplus returns per unit of land,
commercial activities have the most intensive use of land. So, Central and Tsim sha Tsui are
characterized with highest concentration of offices and department stores and specialist higher
order functions such as the doctors, lawyers, professional in tall high -rise apartments.

Efficient transport network also affects mixed land used in Hong Kong, mixed commercial -residential
land used are found in Hung Hom, and Mongkok and mixed indu strial-residential land uses are
located in Wan Chai. They are located next to the commercial areas where the lands rent are the
highest. Also, the mixed land uses are also joined along queen Road and Nathan Road. Because of
higher accessibility, the potential customer flow is high. Therefore, it experiences radial
differentiation. Ground flow is the department store, which can have high surplus returns per unit
of land. The middle floor is for storage of good while the upper floor is for residential uses.

Advanced transport network also accelerates the formation of secondary subsidiary peak center
such as Shatin New Town Shopping Center, Tai Koo Shopping Center facilitated at nodal point of
railway network and main road. Therefore, high accessibility facil itates efficient transport of raw
materials and products between factories and markets. This, in return, also favors the development
of new town, led by institutional factors.

Site factor also plays a role in affecting the areal specialization of function with a city. Victoria
Harbour separate Kowloon and Central, so the CBD, the highest accessibility location is also
separated so as to allow maximum communion between the areas. A shipment facilities and Tunnel
services are developed such as the Cross Harbour Tunnel keep harbour facilitated transportation of
goods and services from other parts of the world and make Hong Kong to be a trading center.

Topography also affect the functional importance of a city Hong Kong has a hilly relief, therefore, the
high class residential areas are usually, built on hills such as at Repulse Bay and Deep Harbour.

Historical factors influence the background of a city Hong Kong has been the colony of Britain, so
building in Hong Kong are characterized with traditional and we stern types. In other words, Hong
Kong has dual economy, western type characteristic include the tall multi -storey financial building,
the key factor to assist Hong Kong to be an international city. Besides, traditional elements include
the old temples and close relationship with the Mainland China. This leads to one facilitation of
Hong Kong to grow into the main entrepot to transport good to China.

City functions are determined by number of factors, the institutional and transport network factors
are the most important. As a result, Hong Kong is characterized with numerous functions in which it
leads to the development of Hong Kong as lie the most important city in the Pacific region.

Case study: Britain's Inner Cities

Effects of inner city problems:

1. Industrial decline-the loss of traditional industries and the relocation of others to the outer
zones of the city causes unemployment
2. Segregation of society based on wealth, ethnicity, education, class etc. results in immigrants
grouping into ghetto es.
3. Inadequate housing with poor basic amenities and negligible maintenance
4. Overcrowding
s. Predominance of low income workers
6. Ageing population who cannot afford to move
7. Increase in one parent families
8. Ghettoes can lead to racial tension and civil unrest
9. Lack of investment in infrastructure results in congestion, pollution and dereliction, which
increase the deteriorating quality of life for residents.

Government policies for improving inner cities

The program "action for inner cities" set out objectives for creating better inner city environments.
They were:
1. To start reusing land and buildings
2. To create employment opportunities and train the resident workforce so that they could
compete for the new jobs
3. Improve the housing stock
4. To encourage personal involvement in the changes
s. Improve the social fabric
6. Improve the environment

"Action for cities" was initiated in 1988 and has resulted in much redevelopment e.g. London
Docklands.
However, there have been problems:
1. Conflicting objectives of planning authorities and private sector investors
2. The large number of different organizations involved caused difficulties
3. Existing residents often felt their concerns and needs were being ignored in favor o f high
earning city workers, who could afford the high -price housing in the new developments.

Questions
1. Define the term counter-urbanization (3 marks)
This is the movement of people away from urban areas to rural areas, smaller towns and villages.

2. Explain why this process is taking place in the developed world. (s marks)
Push / Pull factors

‱႕޸ൿဣ⛹ᅥ‱႕ൿဣ‸ෲᅰࠎ஫ਜ਼ࡨ቙Ꮀᝊቹເᅣᾀ٬ 
ਜ਼੬ࠬ৪ࣶ‫ޤ‬௉㎠ෑ‸ෲᅰᳮ࢝㝶ᕊ⻝஖⮠〛৪◇ࠎ஫ਜ਼ࡨ቙Ꮀ‫‸ޡ‬ᅣ੬㝶޴ᔭ⮸ൡࠎ஫ਜ਼ࡨ

‸ᅣᾀၦࠁ⻿ఘᑏႎऴᐯ‸ಅ㎑٬

⌒㎑〝㛊

1. ᕊ⻝ (6 ਜ਼ )

2. ⮠〛 (6 ਜ਼ )

3. ᔭ⮸ᐯൡ ࠁ⻿ಅ㎑ (4 ਜ਼ )㝶ᑏႎಅ㎑ (4 ਜ਼ )

4. ࢝⯚ (s ਜ਼ )

ᕊ⻝‱႕޸ൿဣ⛹ᅥ‱႕ൿဣ‸ෲᅰࠎ஫ਜ਼ࡨ቙Ꮀ‫‸ޡ‬ᅣᾀ

‱႕޸ൿဣ

ෲᅰࠎ஫㊕޸ᙦ‫ޘ‬٫৪ࣶৎ㐟ሚෲᅰ

ෲᅰࠎ஫⓿ᘼ⹘ၩ

ෲᅰࠎ஫ူᇐ㒻㝶ࡦ㊕޸ᙦ⹘⑃‸ CBD ㈺⻊⍕ඁ

ᅰ޸ኡࠎ஫ူᇐᝅ㒻

ࠎ஫ူᇐ὎ᅰ޸ኡ௎ິ⻃⼃‫ޢ‬㈽㝶ෲᅰࠎ஫ူᇐ㊀ෲᅰᐯ㇐ฌᝡ‫ࣘޡ‬ᓊ‫ⲽޤ‬٬

ᅥ‱႕ൿဣ

ෲᅰࠎ஫ਜ਼ࡨᙦືࣶෲᅰ

ෲᅰࠎ஫ᘼ〟ື

ࠎ஫ူᇐࠃ㒻㝶ਜ਼ࡨ‸⍕ඁ⹘ᇻ஖⹘ᆲඩ
ᅰ޸ኡࠎ஫ူᇐ㋳ᆏ㒻㝶ࡦ޸ኡິඁᝅ㒻

௎ິ‫ޢ‬㈽‸⼃ᇐ⹘Ꮍ㝶ࠎ஫ᙦ⻊⽽⹘ືෲᅰࠎ஫ူᇐᡚᇐ㊀ෲᅰᐯ㇐◍ᰨⶏඩ

⮠〛‱႕޸⛹ᅥ‱႕ෲᅰࠎ஫ਜ਼ࡨ቙Ꮀ‫‸ޡ‬ᅣᾀ

‱႕޸ൿဣ

ෲᅰଙᩰᆲ࡭㝶ࠎ஫㊕޸ᙦৎ㐟ሚෲᅰ

ඍග੯὇ਜ਼ଙ‫ޤ‬᚝㎩㝶ᅰ޸ኡᝊ௄≐ඍග᭶௅㝶࡮࿹ࠃ㊕޸৲㇣

ࠁ⻿‫ޤ‬ᙥࢿ㝶⯐ᙧ╆ߏ㝶࢓ෲᅰࠎ஫㊪ࠬ௎ິᗪሹ㝶ࠎ஫㊕⑜ᅰ

ເ〟 ෲࠎ஫⽈∳㝶ⴗ᩠ᮺ১㝶ࠫࠎ஫๨ઽ⻃⼃

╆ߏෲᅰ‱႕⮵઩㝶ඍග੯὇ᴒကಞ⭶઩

ဳᝊࠎນ࠘ᝆಯ᧷࡮ඕᅰ޸ኡ㝶Ⱇᳮᚸ⸧ਜ਼ఘᧅ઺Ⳬ

ᅥ‱႕ൿဣ

ෲᅰଙ∼ᇐ㒻㝶ᝊ௄␳ເၨ‸ෲᅰ

ࠠ∢♘઺᪜ဍߩᅰ޸ኡᳮ౿ᣗ޸ኡଽ㝶ᔡᙘߩ࡮࿹ඍග੯὇

ࠁ⻿ᙥࢿ㝶∐ဣ⸻ᇻ᫜⫪੯὇஖ⶂ␳৭ⶺ‸⛺ለ㝶ࠫࠎ஫ਜ਼ᘲ

∳১ෲᅰ‸ࠎ஫ᮈၩ㝶↽ଽ◄ଙ㝶ෲᅰ〝ለ๨㇐Ꮍ

ඍග੯὇⮵઩ကಞ

ᝊᅰ⽽ଙ੒ẘ㝶ဳᝊࠎນ௎ິၤᑷ᜺ༀ‸ႊ࡮ἀ๘

ၦᑏႎ⼄ᐯ‸ಅ㎑

‱႕޸ൿဣ
P ‫ⶔޤ‬㝶╆ߏ࡮ႎ㝶Ἴ⛨੒ẘ⪺㍾㋗ဩ◇

஬⛼ᨙℲ㝶⯐ख़⎏㈻㝶቙ᐯⴗ᩠ଽ㝶ᝊᕨᅰဦ

ෲࠎ஫∳૥㝶ᙠ∳᩠ঐለ၎ႎ

╆ߏᔡ ⪾Ἷ஖ᇛᤱ⌉⯐ᙧ㝶ἀ๘ᗚ⻙٫፥ଙ

ᅥ‱႕ൿဣ

ගঘ㒻㝶∢〡ᚓⴣ

ඕ⼧ᮍගᆍᐵ ෲ⫋⡊㝶ᑏႎ㉕⛼㝶ႊ࡮ἀ๘ᅣ

ᝊၩᘼ᩠ᙴ◺ႊ㝶቙ᐯࠬ≐ᙴᐵ㉬␳ᳮ߂‸ⴗ᩠ଽ

ᅰ ἀ๘ ៑㝶ႊ᩠ᰨ⽈ቲᅰ⽽

ၦࠁ⻿⼄ᐯ‸ಅ㎑

‱႕޸ൿဣ

ࠎ஫㊕޸㝶৭ৰࠁ⻿ℑ╆㝶ߔ⸻൬㊪

ෲᅰࠁ⻿‱႕╆ߏကಞ⮵઩

⼬ⶺ‫ⶔޤ‬٫᷾⊍٫ᗚๅ

ࠁ⻿࿽৩ᘬ☯‫ⶔޤ‬㝶⍁ẟ‫ޤ‬ಞ㝶ᎅິ㎈Ἷ

ᅥ‱႕ൿဣ

- ᅰ޸ኡᚅ᝙ለ⍚㝶⼬ⶺ᷾⊍㝶│ኲᛅ㇣ࠁ⻿ᗚๅ

- ᗇ⸻㒻ື㝶ᫎ⸻ගᙥ‫ⶔޤ‬㝶⼄ᐯࠁ⻿ᗚๅ

- ៑ಅ㎑ൃ〝
࢝⯚

‱႕޸ൿဣ ◪ઽ⼭٫ኜ〜٫ᝁⳎ

ᅥ‱႕ൿဣ औᘳ٫ᅧ㚾

Suburbanisation is the process of the development of suburbs. People, mostly the better off class,
move out of the city centre area to the outskirt of the city for better living environment. Such
process is facilitated by the improvement of transport. The people living i n the suburb still attach to
the urban centre. Many of them commute to the city centre for work.

Counterurbanization is a term used by Berry in 1976 to denote a "movement from a state of more
concentration to a state of less concentration." In the past c enturies, we have witnessed the process
of urbanization, i.e. more and more people are living in urban areas which is a trend of
"concentration". Chapman says that counterurbanisation denotes the process of people moving out
of large cities and live in the "smaller urban areas". These smaller urban areas are self-contained
and the people living in these smaller urban areas are not so attached to large cities.

Urban sprawl describes the spread of the urban area to the urban fringe area. It is usually used in a
negative manner.

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Examine this statement in relation to one large city you have studied.

In this question, you should first explain the relation betwee n accessibility and land values. How
these affect the landuse in city? For example, the higher land value, the higher density of landuse,
such as commercial area. (But for some types of land uses that will have some difference and will
consider not only th e land value. E.g.: low density residential area is also very expensive, when
people decide to buy a house, they also consider the planning and environment of the houses.)

Base on the above concept, try to describe the landuse distribution by using a cit y in the USA as an
example. In the example, you should describe the landuse in it. Also, you should finally states
whether you agree the statement of not.