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CITATIONS
READS
171
347
2 authors:
Philippe Spalart
Michael L. Shur
SEE PROFILE
SEE PROFILE
1997,
no 5, 297-302
Group
U.S.A.
Turbulence
1997, no 4, 297-302.
OF SYMBOLS
c.f
skin-friction
coefficient
R
radius of curvature
of the sreamlines
Szj = (X$/axj
+ aUj/axi)/2
strain tensor
streamwise
and
cross-stream
mean velocity
u, v
components
streamwise and cross-stream fluctuating
velocity components
azimuthal velocity
oe
y-derivative of U
UY
streamwise and cross-stream coordinates
5; Y
6
boundary-layer thickness (99.5% velocity)
~ijk = (i - j) (j - k)(k - i)/2 alternating tensor
r = 2 7rrUo circulation in azimuthal flow
spanwise vorticity
WZ
u; v
Aerospace
Empirical alterations of eddy-viscosity turbulence models to account for system rotation and streamline
curvature are discussed. Except in a narrow class of flows, the streamline curvature itself is an inadequate
entry into a model, because it is not Galilean-invariant.
We propose a measure of the extra influence on
the turbulence which is invariant, fully defined in three dimensions, and unifies rotation and curvature
effects. This is at the expense of involving higher derivatives than the traditional
(non-invariant)
terms
do. It is closely related to an idea of Knight & Saffman [l]. Its interpretation is straightforward,
at least
in two dimensions, and coincides with the classical measures in a few building-block
flows such as
rotating shear flow or a curved boundary layer. It can be used in one-equation, two-equation, and similar
models in conjunction with empirical functions which depend on the model; an example is given.
Keywords:
LIST
received
0034.1223,
97/05/$
7.00/O
Gauthier-Villars
layer.
R
system rotation rate
average value of U~
?P
wi Ai = CiE1,2 wi Xi summation convention
I - INTRODUCTION
The explicit appearance of rotation and curvature
terms in the turbulence equations is cited as
a fundamental
advantage of full-Reynolds-stress
turbulence models over the simpler eddy-viscosity
models. An effective alteration to the simple models
would nevertheless fill a widespread need [2], because
for a large class of computational
activities Reynoldsstress models are not yet affordable, or have not
been made to converge reliably and demonstrate
their superior accuracy [3].
In addition,
exact
influences appear in the Reynolds-stress models only
298
P. R. Spalart,
M. Shur
On the Sensitization
of Turbulence
Models to Rotation
(1)
where the angle Q gives the direction of the straintensor principal axes with respect to an inertial
reference frame. Being the Lagrangian derivative of
a quantity which is defined with respect to an inertial
frame, Da/Dt
is Galilean-invariant.
Which of the
two principal axes we consider is unimportant, since
they are orthogonal. Situations in which the axes are
undefined, because the tensor is isotropic, will require
some care.
In a homogeneous rotating flow with timeindependent deformation,
Da/Dt
= R. In an
1997. no 5
299
and Curvature
S,22)
l1
Dt
Dt
P. R. Spalart, M. Shur
300
CASE
e=
1
as,,s,,
aUi
~8%
8Uk
z
Tj--&
DSij
+2Elki
01
1(
sjk
+ 00[%Jp
sj, + Ejop
Sip]
>
This is our proposal for a scalar measure of rotation
and curvature effects in three dimensions. It has
the dimension of an inverse time. Small positive
values are stabilizing, and vice versa. The rest of the
implementation is model-dependent.
In the S,, S,, factor of the denominator of
(4) it would be consistent to use the deviator of
the strain tensor; this factor is then proportional
to the se aration of the eigenvalues (defined as
(Xi - X2)+ (X1 - X3)2 + (X, - Xs)2, with obvious
notation, but not that of Knight & Saffman).
On the other hand, using the full tensor instead
of the deviator will produce fewer indeterminate
values (it makes S,, S,, more positive) and may
benefit the stability of the calculations. When the
three eigenvalues coincide, in general the numerator
vanishes linearly, and the denominator quadratically,
so that the ratio does take large values. We need
more experience before making a recommendation
regarding the deviator, and of course there is no effect
in incompressible flow. Similarly, e is likely to be
used is a non-dimensional argument r E e/S, with S
a measure of the deformation tensor. For S a choice
will be made between w, S and others, depending on
the model [8]. With a two-equation model, the internal
time scale of the model would also be available, so
that some of the singularities that interfere with the
application to one-equation models may be removed.
Users engaged in checking their programming of
(4), which is a fairly complex expression, can use the
following diagnostics. In a region of pure rotation,
? = l/2. Near a flat surface, I? 1 << 1. In curved
thin shear flows, a separate estimate of U/R can be
compared with the computed values. e and especially
? tend to behave erratically outside the regions with
shear. This has little impact on the solution, provided
the turbulence model is passive there, as shown in the
next section.
IV - APPLICATION
TO A
ONE-EQUATION
MODEL
The application of the present ideas to the SpalartAllmaras one-equation model [8], although it is
preliminary, is useful in showing the capability of
the approach in a simple flow and its stability in a
complex one. Note an error on p. 21 [S]: the correct
definition of C,, is on p. 10.
Aerospace
Science
and Technology
On the Sensitization
of Turbulence
Models to Rotation
CT*;
and Curvature
301
is
+)
= (1+ Cd) G
(a)
(1 - erg tan-l
0.2 1
-0.08
-0.04
0.00
0.04
0.08
SIR
Fig. 1. - Skin-friction
variation
layer at Rg = 2000.
in a boundary
(4
2
Y
1
0
2
Y
04
2
Y
(4
0
0
10
302
REFERENCES
[l] Knight D. D., Saffman P. G. - Turbulence Model
Predictions for Flows with Significant Mean Stramline
Curvature, AZAA-78-258.
[2] Wilcox D. C., Chambers T. L. - Sreamline Curvature
Effects on Turbulent Boundary Layers, AZAA J., 1977,
Vol. 15, No. 4, 574-580.
[3] Lien F. S., Leschziner M. A. - Modeling 2D
Separation From a High Lift Aerofoil with a NonLinear Eddy-Viscosity Model and Second-Moment
Closure, Aeronautical J., April 1995. 125144.
[4] Bradshaw P. - Effects of Streamline Curvature on
Turbulent Flow, AGARD-AG-169, 1973.
[5] Speziale C. G. - Analytical Methods for the Development of Reynolds-Stress Closures in Turbulence, Ann.
Rev. Fluid Mech. Vol. 23, 1991, 107-157.
P. R. Spalart,
M. Shur
Aerospace
Science
and Technology