Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
GROUNDWATER
(Gw investigation)
What do we want
water flowing
Water.water
General
Wells must be capable of producing
adequate water during peak seasonal use
and under drought conditions.
It must be properly designed and
compatible with the pump and distribution
system to ensure long life, efficiency, and
economic operation.
Production well
GW Observation or Monitoring
Well
These wells were constructed within the groundwater
wellfield, generally to monitor the production wells
within the area, with emphasis on the quantity of
groundwater resources;
Mainly used to monitor water level, pH, Iron content,
etc, especially during dry spell months (May to
September)
Production GW Well
Groundwater flow
(aquifer)
Preliminary investigation
Site condition
Y
Sufficient
data?
N
Well survey
Sufficient
data?
N
Geophysic
Drilling investigation
Sufficient
data?
Y
Plan wellfield
Well design
Pump selection
Flow chart
of the
overall activities
A. Preliminary investigation
Data Requirements for a Groundwater Investigation
Data requirements
Topographic maps
JMG
JMG, DOA
MACRES
JMG, DOA
DID
Meteorological dept.
Exploration information
Previous investigation and reports:
Maps: geological, geophysical, structural maps
Remote sensing data: aerial photo, satellite imageries
Groundwater systems: geomorphology, catchments, rock types,
lineaments, storage capacity, springs, etc
Exisitng wells: design, water level/quantity/quality, well performance,
operation, management
Pumping Test data
Borehole logs: lithology and downhole geophysics
Land cover and landuse
Groundwater supply scheme development and management issues
Groundwater protection zones
Environmental issues
Legal and financial issues
Geological map
Alluvium
Limestone/Carbonate
Rock
Sedimentary
and Volcanic
Rocks
Crystalline
Igneous
Rocks
Hydrogeological map
Satellite Image
Layered aquifer
Hardrock aquifer
Sand aquifer
Fractured aquifer
B. Site conditions
Develop a better understanding of the hydrogeology of
an area.
Talks to local people about their existing groundwater
supplies.
Assess the practicalities involved in carrying out
geophysical surveys: for example, are there power lines
present that would inhibit electromagnetic techniques, or
are there significant noise levels that might affect shallow
seismic surveys?
Look for potential sources of pollution and estimate the
groundwater vulnerability.
Identify and examine potential sites for exploratory
boreholes
Site condition
Land use
GW discharged
direction
Surface
water
Climate
data
Location of
wells
Man power
C. Well survey
Groundwater levels (at rest
and during pumping).
Well construction.
Present status and the use of
well.
Pumping rates, hours pumped,
groundwater use.
Groundwater quality.
Well Information
Well Name:
PK 23
PK 12
PK 37
PK 11
PK 26
PK 35
PK 36
PK 39
PK 6
PK 28
Type of Well:
MW
MW
DW
MW
MW
DW
DW
MW
MW
MW
Total Depth
From Surface
Casing (m):
10.85
4.76
7.8
5.25
9.06
11.4
11.62
8.5
15.7
10.2
Surface
Casing to
Ground (m):
0.37
0.61
0.08
0.91
0.61
0.08
0.08
0.91
1.07
0.91
Diameter
(m):
0.1016
0.1016
0.203
0.1143
0.1016
0.203
0.203
0.1016
0.1143
0.1016
Coordinate:
361115.9 361015.2
360979.6
2991384
2991372
2991325
Easting:
Northing:
2991490
2991449
2991399
2991387
2991336
2991561
2991289
D. Geophysical surveys
V
a 2 a
I
V is the measured Potential difference (in
Volts)
and I is the current introduced (in Amperes).
Groundwater exploration
Surface geophysical methods
Wenner arrangement
a 2 a
V
I
Schlumber configuration
L / 2 2 b / 2 2
V
I
- Electrical resistivity
E. Drilling investigations
-
Groundwater exploration
Subsurface geophysical methods
1. Test drilling
Test drilling
Disturbed/washed sample
Core Samples
Drilled Cuttings
Exploration of Groundwater
Surface exploration
- non-invasive" ways to map the
subsurface.
-less costly than subsurface
investigations
1. Geologic methods
2. Remote Sensing
3. Surface Geophysical Methods
(a) Electric Resistivity
Method
(b) Seismic Refraction
Method
(c) Seismic Reflection
Method
(d) Gravimetric Method
(e) Magnetic Method
(f) Electromagnetic Method
(g) Ground Penetrating Radar
and others
Subsurface exploration
1. Test drilling
geologic log
drilling time log
Water level measurement
2. Geophysical logging/borehole
geophysics
Resistivity logging
Spontaneous potential logging
Radiation logging
Temperature logging
Caliper Logging
Fluid Conductivity logging
Fluid velocity logging
3. Tracer tests
and others
Thank you
Cont.... well design