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At low frequencies the coupling and bypass capacitors lower the gain.
At high frequencies stray capacitances associated with the active device lower
the gain.
Also, cascading amplifiers limits the gain at high and low frequencies.
Bode Plot
A Bode plot indicates the
frequency response of an
amplifier.
The horizontal scale
indicates the frequency (in
Hz) and the vertical scale
indicates the gain (in dB).
Cutoff Frequencies
The mid-range frequency
range of an amplifier is
called the bandwidth of
the amplifier.
The bandwidth is defined
by the lower and upper
cutoff frequencies.
Cutoff any frequency at
which the gain has
dropped by 3 dB.
1
2(R s R i )Cs
where
R i R1 || R 2 || re
1
2( R o R L )Cc
where
R o R C || ro
R
R e R E || ( s re )
and
Rs R s || R1 || R 2
10
In this example:
fLS = 9kHz gain is 0dB
fLS/10 = .9kHz gain is 20dB
Thus the roll-off is 20dB/decade
The gain decreases by 20dB/decade
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12
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f LC
1
2(R sig R i )CG
where
Ri RG
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1
2(R o R L )CC
where
R o R D || rd
15
f LS
1
2R eq CS
where
R eq R S ||
1
r
gm d
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Miller Capacitance
Any p-n junction can develop capacitance. In a BJT amplifier,
this capacitance becomes noticeable across:
The base-collector junction at high frequencies in
common-emitter BJT amplifier configurations
The gate-drain junction at high frequencies in commonsource FET amplifier configurations.
These capacitances are represented as separate input and output
capacitances, called the Miller Capacitances.
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CMo Cf
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Coupling capacitors
C S, C C
Bypass capacitor
CE
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f Hi
1
2R ThiC i
where
R Thi R s || R1 || R 2 || R i
and
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f Ho
1
2R ThoCo
where
R Tho R C || R L || ro
and
Co C Wo Cce CMo
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1
2 mid r e (Cbe Cbc )
Note the highest lower cutoff frequency (fL) and the lowest upper cutoff
frequency (fH) are closest to the actual response of the amplifier.
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1
2R ThiC i
Ci C Wi Cgs CMi
CMi (1 A v )Cgd
R Thi R sig || R G
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1
2R ThoCo
Co C Wo Cds CMo
1
C gd
C Mo 1
Av
R Tho R D || R L || rd
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Once the cutoff frequencies have been determined for each stage (taking into
account the shared capacitances), they can be plotted.
Note the highest lower cutoff frequency (fL) and the lowest upper cutoff
frequency (fH) are closest to the actual response of the amplifier.
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