2017

WORKBOOK
Detailed Explanations of

Try Yourself Questions

Electrical Engineering
Measurements

Error Analysis & Basics

T1 : Solution
(d)
2

Probable error,
Here,
So,

I =

I = I1 + I2

=
=1
1
2

I =
therefore,

2
2
1 + 2
1
2

(1)2 (1)2 + (1)2 (2)2

= 2.24 A

I = 300 2.24 A

T3 : Solution
Bridge is under balanced condition.
So,
R1R4 = R2R3

R4 =

(500 5%) (200 5%)

= 400 15%
(250 5%)

T4 : Solution

Req. = R1 + R2 + R3
= (37 2%) + (50 2%) + (75 2%)
= 162 2%

www.madeeasypublications.org

Copyright

Indicating Instruments

T1 : Solution

Sdc =

1
1
=
= 1000 /v
Ifs
1 103

Rm = Sdcv = 1000 1 = 1000

Rs = 0.45 1000 10 1000
Rs = 3.5 k

T2 : Solution
(d)
1
(12 2 T ) + (52 T ) ; 9.2

2T
Average volts = 9.2 10 = 92 V
The MI meter will read 92 V.

Average value of rectangular current wave =

T3 : Solution
For the range extension of electrostatic voltmeter the capacitor is connected in series with meter and its
value is given by

Cs =

Cv
m 1

Where

m=

V 20 kV
=
= 10
v
2 kV

So,

Cs =

0.5
= 0.05 pF
10 1

Copyright

www.madeeasypublications.org

Measurement of
Power & Energy

T1 & T2 : Sol.
Total power in the circuit,

P = W1 + W2 = 500 W + (100) W = 400 W

W W2

Power factor of the circuit, cos = cos tan1 1

. 3
+
W
W

2
1
0.5 (0.1)

. 3
= cos tan1

0.5 + (0.1)

= cos tan1 (1.5 3) = 0.359

Load current per phase,

Load impedance per phase,

IP =

Zp =

P
3 VL cos
Vp
lp

400
= 1.462 A
3 440 0.359

440 / 3
= 173.76
1.462

Load resistance per phase, Rp = Zp cos = 62.38

Load reactance per phase, Xp = Zp sin = 162.18
Reading of wattmeter B will be zero when p.f. = cos = 0.5
or
= 60
Since there is no change in resistance,
Reactance in the circuit per phase,
X p = Rp tan

Xp = 62.38 3 = 108.045
value of capacitive reactance to be introduced in each phase = Xp Xp
= 162.18 108.045
= 54.135
www.madeeasypublications.org

Copyright

Measurements

T3 : Solution
Case-1:
p.f.
Pm
Pm
PT

=
=
=
=

% error =

1 = 0
VL IL sin( )
VL IL sin(88 0)
VL IL sin(90 0)
Pm PT
100
PT

sin(88) sin(90)
100 = 0.061%
sin(90)

=
=
=
=
=

0.5 = 60
VL IL sin(88 60)
VL IL sin(28)
VL IL sin(90 60)
VL IL sin30

Case-2:
p.f.
Pm
Pm
PT
PT

% error =

sin(28) sin(30)
100 = 6.1%
sin(30)

Copyright

www.madeeasypublications.org

Power Factor Meter,

Potentiometer, Flux Meter,
Instrumentation Transformers

4
T1 : Solution
(c)

Phase angle error for CT is =

Kt =

Here,

180 Im cos Ie sin

degree

K t Is
1000
= 200, Is = 5 A
5

Im = 11 A
Ie = 6.5 A
= 30
So, phase angle error =

180 11cos30 6.5sin30

= 0.359

200 5

T2 : Solution
(b)
Secondary circuit phase angle,

or,

1
= tan1
= 33.69
1.5

cos = cos 33.39 = 0.835

sin = sin 33.69 = 0.555

Turn ratio,

Kt =

Ns
300
=
= 300
Np
1

Magnetizing current,

Im =

Magnetising mmf 100

=
= 90 A
Np
1

www.madeeasypublications.org

Copyright

Measurements

Secondary circuit burden impedance =

(1.5)2 + (1.0)2 = 1.8

Secondary induced voltage,

Es = 5 1.8 = 9 V

Primary induced voltage,

Ep =

Es
9V
=
300 300

Loss component,

Iw =

iron loss
1.2
=
= 40 A
Ep
(9 / 300)

Phase angle,

180 I m cos I w sin

Kt Is

180 100 0.835 40 0.555

= 2.34

300 5

Copyright

www.madeeasypublications.org

Measurement of
R, L, C Bridges

T1 : Solution
Schering bridge D-factor = Cx Rx after substituting Cx and Rx.
D-factor = R1C1
= 2 103 103 0.5 106
= 3.14
T2 : Solution
(b)
At balance,

Z1 Z4 = Z2 Z3
3

10 10 X C

10 103 + X C

XC =

as,

Z = 500 103

j104 105
5

104 j 10

1
1
105

j
=
=
j c
j 100 100 109

2 = 5 105

j103
(R + jX ) = 5
1000 j104

and
www.madeeasypublications.org

jR + X = 5 j5 10
R = 50

L=

5
= 50 mH
2 50
Copyright

Measurements

T3 : Solution
Since r is negligible and P, Q, p and q have large values, the effect of ratios arms can be neglected for the
purpose of calculation of current,

I=

R=

and

I=

From equation (1),

E
Rb + R + S

...(1)

1000
P
0.001 = 0.001
S =
1000
Q
100
20 A
5 + 0.001 + 0.001

T4 : Solution

R3 =
C=
R1 =
R2 =
By using balance equation,

5 ,
1 mF,
160 ,
20

R2R1
R= R
3

L = R2 R1C
and

quality factor = Q =

L
R

20 160
= 640
5
L = 20 160 1 103 = 3.2 H

R=

So,

Q=

2 50 3.2
= 1.57
640

T5 : Solution
Measured value of resistance = 90
Resistance of voltmeter,
Rv = 2000
V = 180
Voltage across voltmeter,
Current through voltmeter =

V
180
=
= 0.09 A
RV
2000

Current through resistance,

(R) = IR = 2 IV = 2 0.09
IR = 1.91 A

True value of resistance,

V
180
=
= 94.24
IR
1.91

% error =
=

Measured value True value

100
True value
90 94.24
100 = 4.5%
94.24

Copyright

www.madeeasypublications.org

CRO, Q-meter

T1 : Solution
Using the equation,

volts no. of div

Vp p =

div
1

Vp p = 0.5 V 3 = 1.5 V
T2 : Solution
The period of the signal is calculate using the equation
time no. of div
T=

div cycle

T = 2 s 4 = 8 s
Hence, frequency is

f=

1
1
=
= 125 kHz
8 s
T

www.madeeasypublications.org

Copyright