Well Performance AUST Class

WELL PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
POWER TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

By
Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi
Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi PTT Well Performance
Course Outline
Day 1.
Introduction
General discussion on well performance
Phase diagram
Naturally fractured reservoirs
Day 2.
Reservoir deliverability
Single phase deliverability
IPR curves
Day 3.
Two phase deliverability
Gas well deliverability
Deliverability test for gas well
Practical examples, coning & decline analysis
Course Outline
Day 4.
Wellbore performance
Single phase flow
Multi-phase flow
Flow through choke
Nodal analysis
Day 5.
Practical demonstration of nodal analysis
Artificial lift pumps and gas lift
DAY 1
ITRODUCTIO
Introduction
The role of the Production Engineers is extremely broad. It varies within the
operating companies in the oil and gas industry.
Scope: The production system is a composite term describing the entire production
process and includes the following principal components:
The reservoir it productive capacity and dynamic production characteristics
over the envisaged life of the development.
The wellbore the production interval, the sump and the fluids in the wellbore.
Production Conduit comprising the tubing and the tubing components.
Wellhead, Xmas Tree and Flow lines.
Treatment Facilities.
Introduction
Element of the production

Technology system
Introduction
From the above definition it can be seen that the responsibilities of the
Production Engineer cover primarily subsurface aspects of the system but they
can also extend to some of the subsurface facilities and treatment capabilities,
depending on the operating company.
The role of the production Engineer is one of achieving optimum performance
from the production system and to achieve this, the engineer must fully
understand the chemical and physical properties of the fluid and also entire
reservoir system.
The main disciplines which are involved in Production Engineering are:
Production Engineering:
Fluid flow
Reservoir dynamics
Equipment design, installation, operation and fault diagnosis
Production Chemistry:
The fluids produced, injected and treatment fluids
The Rocks mineralogy, physical/chemical properties and rock strength and response to fluid flow.
Introduction
The objectives of an oil company operation could be broadly classified, with
respect to two complementary business drivers.
Maximising the magnitude of and accelerating cash flow.
Cost minimization in terms of cost/bbl
Cashflow - The overall objectives would ideally be to maximise both cashflow

and recoverable reserves. This would require maintaining the well in an
operational state to achieve:
Maximum production rates
Maximum economic longevity
Minimum down time
Introduction
Costs In this category there would be both fixed and direct cost. The fixed
cost may be the daily operating cost. The direct cost or variable cost are those
associated with the level of production and the nature of the operating
problems. The production engineer seeks to:
Minimize capital costs
Minimize production costs
Minimize treatment costs
Minimize workover costs
Introduction
Involvement The production engineer is involved in the initial design of a
producing well. He manages the life cycle of the well. His interest and data
needed to manage the well include the following:
Design Phase
Activity
Drilling
Casing string design. Drilling fluid selection.
Completion
Design installation of completion string.
Production
Monitoring well and completion performance.
Workover
Diagnosis, recommendation, installation of

new or improved production system.
Identify candidates and procedures
Abandonment
10
Introduction
The production engineer must be well equipped to handle the following key
areas for optimum and well performance operations.
Well Productivity.
Well completion.
Well Stimulation.
Associated Production Problems.
Remedial and Workover Techniques.
Artificial Lift and Productivity Enhancement.
Surface Procecessing.
11
Introduction
Production Engineer focus area

12
Introduction
Well Productivity An oil or gas reservoir contains highly compressible fluid
at in-situ pressure and temperature. The reservoir is assumed to be produced
under constant temperature while depleting the energy which is the reservoir
pressure. Optimum utilization of this energy is essential. The productivity of
the system is dependent on the pressure loss which occurs in several areas of
the flow system namely:
The reservoir.
The wellbore.
The tubing string.
The flow line.
The separator.
13
Introduction
Three methods for predicting future oil well flow rates are in current use. These
are:
Productivity index J or PI calculations
Decline curve analysis.
Theoretical steady-state, pseudo-steady state and unsteady-state.
The productivity index method is considered by many engineers to be the best
for predicting production rates.
It accounts for the effects of wellbore damage or improvement, changing
reservoir pressure, fluid saturations, and the amount of pressure drawdown to
the wellbore.
The technique employs the physically measured well productivity at one set of
conditions to extrapolate to productivity at different reservoir or operating conditions.
14
Introduction
Extrapolation is by means of sound practical (and theoretical) relationships so
that predicted values are of good quality.
A disadvantage of this method is that a test is usually required for each well,
and depending on the system, testing can be extensive.
However, in wells where wellbore damage is rare or predictable, not all wells
in a reservoir may need to be tested.
Predicting rates by decline-curve analysis can also be reliable so long as
operating conditions are the same for the period of data collection as they will
be for the prediction period.
The term decline-curve analysis implies that only the well production rates on a
time basis are known, so this analysis is generally limited to wells producing at
their maximum rate.
15
Introduction
If the wellbore pressure has not been drawn down as far as it will be in the
future, then the predicted rates may be too low.
An advantage that this technique offers is that data for its application are
normally available in the form of production statistics on individual wells or
groups of wells.
Since the data are from the actual operation, including reservoir and equipment
limitations that might otherwise be overlooked, there is considerable merit in
using decline-curve analysis even though it may not be as theoretically rigorous
as the productivity index approach.
Further, it does not require a separate prediction of future reservoir pressures
and fluid saturations as does the productivity index method, since these
changing conditions are generally reflected in the historical productivity
decline.
16
Introduction
Under natural flow conditions, the reservoir pressure must provide all the
energy to operate the system i.e. All the pressure drop in the system.
PR = PSYSTEM + PSEPARATOR
PR
Reservoir pressure
PSYSTEM
Total system pressure drop
PSEP
Separator pressure
The optimum distribution of pressure energy between these various areas has a
major bearing on the cost effectiveness of a well design and hence production
cost.
17
Introduction
The pressure drop which occurs in the reservoir P
RES
is defined as the inflow
performance relationship or IPR.

The pressure drop that causes flow in the tubing and wellbore PTBG is that
which provides the lifting to the surface and it is called the vertical lift
performance or VLP. It is also known as tubing performance relationship or
TPR.
PR = PRES + PTBG + PTH ;
PTH is the tubing head pressure
The pressure drop across the reservoir, the tubing and choke are rate dependant
and these relationships therefore define the means by which we can optimize
the production of the fluid from the reservoir.
In some cases there will be significant limitations on the extent to which we
can optimize the pressure loss.
18
Introduction
19
Introduction
Limitations
Limited reservoir and solution gas driven reservoir often deplete fast. They may require
pressure maintenance to achieve significant and economic production rate from the well.
Artificial lift can also be used to aid in the lifting capacity of the system and thus improving the
production capacity.
Minimum Surface Pressure This is needed to ensure liquid movement to the separator and
the flow line.
20
Introduction
Well completion must take care of the immediate and the future goal of the
reservoir depletion plan.
Completion fluid must be non-damaging or minimize damage.
Future artificial need must be accommodated at the initial design.
Type of completion open, sand control, horizontal well, perforations etc must consider the
desired production rate.
The production tubing size must be optimize for necessary production capacity.
Efficient well and reservoir monitoring is a key in design consideration.
21
Introduction
Well stimulation is often required to enhance the productivity of the well and
reservoir deliverability. Stimulation techniques are intended to:
Improve the degree of inter-connection between the pore space, particularly for low
permeability or vugular rocks.
Remove or bypass impediments to flow, e. g. damage.
Provide a large conductive hydraulic channel which will allow the wellbore to communicate
with a larger area of the reservoir.
The principal techniques are
Propped hydraulic fracturing.
Matrix acidization.
Acid fracturing.
Frac packing.
22
Introduction
Associated Production Problems. Production of hydrocarbon from a reservoir
is a dynamic process which involves changes in reservoir rock and fluid
properties. Problems are usually encountered as a results of the following.
Physico-chemical changes of the produced fluids as they experience a temperature and
pressure reduction as a result of flow through the reservoir and up the wellbore. This can result
in a deposit of heavy hydrocarbon materials such as asphaltenes and waxes.
Incompatibility between reservoir fluids and those introduced into the wellbore which may
result in formation damage, e.g., scale deposits or emulsions.
The mechanical collapse or breakdown of the formation may give rise to the production of
individual grains.
Corrosion due to presence of H2S and CO2.
23
Introduction
Remedial and Workover Technique. The production engineer monitor and
ensure safe operation of the well. He identifies and resolve problems that will
occur with the production system. His role includes:
Identification of problems and their source by making use of production data, pressure etc.
Plan the required corrective action. This includes:
Identifying the equipment, manpower and other capabilities required.
Identification and assessment of the unknowns/uncertainties.
Identification and evaluation of the key safety points and mile stones.
The assessment of the probability of technical and economics success.

To identify the required resources, and their supervision.
The workover phase required planning to ensure no potential damage to well deliverability,
well control and operational integrity.
24
Introduction
Artificial Lift. Wells will produce under natural pressure support as long as the
reservoir pressure can sustain the necessary pressure loss to move the reservoir
fluids to the separator. In cases where the reservoir pressure is insufficient to lift
fluid to the surface or at an economic rate, it may be necessary to assist in the
lift process by either:
Reducing flowing pressure gradient in the tubing by gas lift.
Providing additional power using a pump, to provide the energy to provide part or all of the
pressure loss which will occur in the tubing. This can be achieved by using:
Electrical powered centrifugal pumps.
Hydraulic powered centrifugal pumps.
Sucker rod and screw pumps
Each artificial system has a preferred operating and economic envelope influenced by factors
such as fluid gravity, GOR, production rate as well as development factors such as well type,
location and availability of power.
25
Introduction
Surface Processing. This could be the responsibility of another group different
from production engineering. However, the objectives of surface processing are
as follows:
To effectively separate oil, gas, water and remove other produced materials such as sand.
To monitor and adjust the chemical properties prior to separation, transportation or re-injection.
To transport gas or oil to sales tanks, remove water, prevent hydrate formation and pour point
depression.
To prepare for and to re-inject necessary fluids such as gas and water.
26
Introduction - Reservoir
A reservoir is a porous and permeable underground formation containing an
individual bank of hydrocarbons confined by impermeable rock or water
barriers and is characterized by a single natural pressure system.
Depending on the initial reservoir condition in the phase diagram,
hydrocarbon accumulations are classified as:
Oil
o Black oil
o Volatile oil
The two types of oil could be saturated or undersaturated.
Gas
o Dry gas
o Wet gas
Gas condensate
27
An oil that is at a pressure above its bubble-point pressure is called an
undersaturated oil because it can dissolve more gas at the given temperature.
An oil that is at its bubble-point pressure is called a saturated oil because it
can dissolve no more gas at the given temperature.
Single (liquid)-phase flow prevails in an undersaturated oil reservoir.
Two-phase (liquid oil and free gas) flow exists in a saturated oil reservoir.
28
Introduction Phase Diagram

Bubble point pressure:
The pressure at which gas bubbles start to form from liquid.
Dew point pressure:
The pressure at which liquid droplets start to form from gas.
Quality lines:
Lines of constant liquid volume fraction.
Critical point:
A point where gas and liquid properties are identical.
Pressure path:
Line of constant temperature drawn from reservoir pressure.
29

Black Oils consist of wide variety of chemical species including large, heavy,
nonvolatile molecules. The phase diagram predictably covers a wide temperature
range.
30

Example of an undersaturated reservoir
Gas
-Small Vol.
- Flare or
- use as Fuel
Pressure
Temperature
OIL
High Press.
&Temp
OIL
SPILL POINT
WATER
WATER
31

Example of a saturated reservoir
Gas
- Large
- Sales
Pressure
Temperature
OIL
Gas
High Press.
&Temp
OIL
SPILL POINT
WATER
WATER
32

Volatile Oils
contain relatively fewer heavy molecules and more
intermediates (defined as ethane through hexanes). Volatile oils have been

called high-shrinkage crude and near-critical oil.
33

Wet Gases
The entire phase diagram of a hydrocarbon mixer of
predominantly smaller molecules will lie below reservoir temperature.
34

Example of wet gas reservoir
Gas
Pressure
Temperature
Condensate
High Press.
&Temp
Gas
SPILL POINT
WATER
WATER
35

Dry Gas is primarily methane with some intermediates.
36

Example of dry gas reservoir
Pressure
Gas
Temperature
Water
Water
High Press.
&Temp
Gas
SPILL POINT
WATER
WATER
37

Retrograde Gases
are also called retrograde condensate gases, gas
condensates, or condensates. The phase diagram of a retrograde gas is

somewhat smaller than that for oils, and the critical points is further down the
left side of the envelope.
38

Example of dry gas condensate reservoir
Pressure
Gas
Temperature
Condensate
Condensate
Press. Drop
High Press.
&Temp
Gas
SPILL POINT
WATER
WATER
39

Combining the five types of reservoir
Initial Reservoir
Gas Condensate
Volatile Oil
Black Oil
Wet Gas
Pressure
Dry Gas
Bottom hole
Dead Oil
Separator
Temperature
40
Reservoir Fluid Envelope as it affects production
41
Reservoir fluid properties as it affect production
42
Example of using PVT data to optimize the operating condition at the separator.
43
Optimum API gravity and GOR
44
Optimum formation volume factor for maximum liquid at the separator.
45
Introduction Wells
Oil and gas wells are drilled like an upside-down telescope.
The large-diameter bore hole section is at the top of the well.
Each section is cased to the surface or a liner is placed in the well that laps
over the last casing in the well.
Each casing or liner is cemented into the well (usually up to at least where the
cement overlaps the previous cement job).
The last casing in the well is the production casing (or production liner).
Once the production casing has been cemented, the production tubing is run
into the well.
Usually a packer is used near the bottom of the tubing and the inside of the
casing.
Thus, the produced fluids are forced to move out of the perforation into the
bottom of the well and then into the inside of the tubing.
46
Introduction Wells
Schematic Diagram
of a typical flowing oil
well.
47
Introduction Wells
The wellhead is defined as the surface equipment set below the master valve.
It includes casing heads and tubing head.
Most flowing wells are produced through a string of tubing run inside the
production casing.
The equipment at the top of the producing wellhead is called a christmas tree
and it is used to control flow.
48
Introduction Wells
Schematic Diagram of a Wellhead.

49
Introduction Wells
Schematic Diagram of a Xmas tree.
50
DAY 2
RESERVOIR DELIVERABILITY
51
Reservoir Deliverability
Reservoir deliverability is defined as the oil or gas production rate achievable
from reservoir at a given bottom-hole pressure.
Reservoir deliverability determines types of completion and artificial lift
methods to be used.
A thorough knowledge of reservoir productivity is essential for production
engineers.
Reservoir deliverability depends on several factors including the following:
Reservoir pressure
Pay zone thickness and permeability
Reservoir boundary type and size
Wellbore radius
Reservoir fluid properties
Near-wellbore conditions
Reservoir relative permeability
52
Because of heterogeneity, production could vary from well to well within the
same reservoir.
53
Reservoir deliverability can be mathematically modeled on the basis of flow
regimes such as:
Transient flow
Steady state flow
Pseudo-steady state flow
As the fluid flows from the reservoir into and through the production system, it
experiences a continuous pressure drop.
The pressure begins at the average reservoir pressure and ends either at the
pressure of the transfer line or near atmospheric pressure in the stock tank.
In either case, a large pressure drop is experienced as the reservoir fluids are
produced to the surface.
54
It is the petroleum engineers responsibility to use this pressure reduction in an
optimal manner to maximize oil and gas recovery.
The pressure reduction depends on the production rate and, at the same time, the
production rate depends on the pressure change.
Understanding the relationship between pressure and production rate is
important to predicting the performance of individual oil and gas wells.
Production performance involves matching up the following three aspects:
Inflow performance of formation fluid flow from formation to the wellbore
Vertical lift performance as the fluids flow up the tubing to surface.
Choke or bean performance as the fluids flow through the restriction at the surface.
55
The relative significant of understanding the optimization of pressure drop in
the system was illustrated by Duns and Ros who predicted the following
distribution of pressure drop for a particular well.
Pressure distribution loss Table.

56
Initially, the reservoir pressure drops rapidly (transient period) before
stabilizing.
57
The reservoir pressure drop depends on rate of production.
58
Pressure draw down is limited by the average reservoir pressure which also
impacts deliverability.
59
Reservoir/well performance depends on the reservoir depletion stage.
Single phase
Multi-phase
60
Schematic diagram showing the pressure drop from the reservoir to surface
61
Inflow and Outflow must be optimized

62
Transient flow: The transient flow is defined as a flow regime where/when the
radius of pressure wave propagation from wellbore has not reached any boundaries
of the reservoir.
Assuming a single phase flow in the reservoir,
the general analytical solution describing flow
during transient flow regime in a radial system
is:
63
For Oil
This is a constant rate solution with bottom hole flowing pressure varying with time.
For Gas
64
Steady state flow: The steady state flow is defined as a flow regime where the
pressure at any point in the reservoir remains constant over time. This flow
condition prevails when the pressure funnel has propagated to a constant pressure
boundary.
The constant pressure boundary can be an
or a water injection well. The steady-state
flow condition due to a circular constant
pressure boundary at distance re from the
wellbore is:
65
Pseudo-Steady state flow: The pseudo-steady state flow is defined as a flow
regime where the pressure at any point in the reservoir declines at the same
constant rate over time. This flow condition prevails after the pressure wave has
propagated to all no-flow boundary.
A no-flow boundary can be a sealing
fault, pinch-out of pay zone, or
boundaries of drainage areas of
production wells. The pseudo-steady state
flow condition due to a circular no-flow
boundary at distance re from wellbore is:
If the reservoir pressure is expressed as average reservoir pressure:
66
If the no-flow boundaries delineate a drainage area of noncircular shape, the
following equation should be used for the analysis of pseudo-steady state flow.
For gas well located at the center of a circular drainage area, the pseudo-steady
state solution is:
qg =
(()
kh m P m(Pwf
))
4A
1424T ln
+ S + Dq g
2
2 C A rw
D is the non-Darcy flow coefficient d/Mscf
67
68
69
An important question to be answered is how long the well should be producing
under reasonably stable flow conditions so that Pseudo-Steady State conditions
are valid.
Earlougher has shown that the time when pseudo-steady state conditions are
valid can be expressed in terms of a dimensionless time.
70
For a single phase flow, the drainage radius, the average reservoir pressure and the
time to pseudo steady state are given by:
71
Horizontal well: The transient flow, steady state flow, and pseudo-steady state
flow can also exist in reservoirs penetrated by horizontal wells. Different
mathematical models are available from the literature. Joshi presented the
following relationship considering steady state flow of oil in the horizontal plane
and pseudo-steady state flow in the vertical plane.
72
Horizontal well: Babu and Odeh (SPE18298) presented the following equation for
evaluating the horizontal well performance in a closed rectangular box system.
CH is the shape factor. SR is a pseudo-skin factor that is geometry and partial

penetration related. If there is any damage skin Sm, SR is replaced with
SR + Sm.
73
Joshi proposed the following equation for evaluating the pseudo-steady
state productivity in horizontal well.
q=
0.007078kh ( o Bo ) P R Pwf
re
ln 2.124 + s f + s m + sCAh + Dq
rw
D = Turbulence coefficient, 1/BOPD for oil and 1/MSCFD for gas

sm = Mechanical skin factor, dimensionless. s is the skin factor obtained from
the early radial flow of the horizontal well. This is obtained from well test
analysis.
sf = Skin factor of an infinite-conductivity, fully penetrating fracture of length

L ft
sf = -ln[L/(4rw)]
sCAh = Shape related skin factor. This can be estimated from the attached
Table
74
Inflow Performance Relationship IPR
IPR is used for evaluating reservoir deliverability in production engineering. The
IPR curve is a graphical presentation of the relation between the flowing bottomhole pressure and the liquid production rate. The magnitude of the slope of the IPR
curve is called the productivity index (PI or J), that is:
Apparently, J is not a constant in

the two-phase flow region.
75
Inflow Performance Relationship IPR Single phase reservoirs
An oil reservoir is said to be producing under single phase if the production is
above bubble point pressure. The following equation define the productivity index
under various flow regimes with single phase.
Radial Transient state
Radial Steady state
76
Radial Pseudo-steady state
Steady state in horizontal well
77
Joshi pseudo-steady state productivity index for horizontal well.
Jh =
q
=
P R Pwf
0.007078kh ( o Bo )
r
ln e 2.124 + s f + s m + sCAh + Dq
rw
D = Turbulence coefficient, 1/BOPD for oil and 1/MSCFD for gas
sm = Mechanical skin factor, dimensionless. s is the skin factor obtained from
the early radial flow of the horizontal well. This is obtained from well test
analysis.
sf = Skin factor of an infinite-conductivity, fully penetrating fracture of length

L ft
sf = -ln[L/(4rw)]
sCAh = Shape related skin factor. This can be estimated from the attached
Table
78
Babu and Odeh pseudo-steady state productivity index for horizontal well:
79
In general, the single phase IPR can be represented by Darcys law as:
The absolute open flow (AOF) is defined as the maximum flow rate the
reservoir can produce when the bottom hole flowing pressure is zero.
80
The single phase IPR is a straight line.
81
The single phase IPR plotted in another form.
82
The incompressible single phase or straight line IPR is valid when the fluids
flowing inside the reservoir are in single phase incompressible conditions.
It can be used as a good approximation for the IPR in the following cases:
Dead oil reservoirs.
Whenever bottom hole flowing pressure is above the bubble point pressure.
Very low production GLR.
Very high water cut.
Aquifers.
83
The linear IPR can be determined from:
Reservoir and fluid properties.
This require the knowledge of the reservoir average pressure, drainage radius, drainage
area, formation thickness, formation permeability, fluid viscosity and formation volume
factor.
Calculated from well test data.

Since the linear IPR is a straight line, knowledge of two operational points (production
tests) allow the determination of the productivity index as well as the average reservoir
pressure with reasonable accuracy for production design calculations.
The average reservoir pressure estimated from production test should not be used to
replace the more accurate value determined by well tests in reservoirs or depletion
calculations..
84
Determine the IPR for the following well.
Permeability 20 md.
Thickness 60 ft.
Fluid viscosity 10 cp.
Well bore diameter 7 in.
Drainage radius 1200 ft.
Reservoir average pressure 1250 psi.
Formation volume factor 1.2 rbl/stb.
Well located in the center of square CA 30.9
85
Solution.
86
Solution.
87
Determine the IPR for the following well based on the information from a shutin test.
Average reservoir pressure 1250 psi.
Stabilized bottomhole flowing pressure before shut-in of 900 psi.
Stabilized flow rate before shut in: 600 stb/d.
88
89
Determine the IPR for the following well based on the information from the
following production tests.
First stable production test produced 30 bpd with a bottomhole flowing pressure of
1000 psi.
Second stable production test produced 60 bpd with a bottomhole flowing pressure of
800 psi.
90
91
The absolute open flow is a function of the average reservoir pressure.
Example
Bubble point pressure of 3200 psi, Oil 30 degree API, Produced gas with 0.75
specific gravity and Reservoir temperature 180 degree F.
92
As we produce fluids from the reservoir, a depletion in reservoir pressure will
take place.
Provided the flow is still in single phase conditions, the productivity index will
be affected by the changes in the fluid properties.
93
DAY 3
RESERVOIR DELIVERABILITY
MULTI-PHASE FLOW
94
Inflow Performance Relationship IPR Two phase reservoirs
The linear IPR model presented in the previous section is valid for pressure values
as low as bubble-point pressure. That is both flowing and average reservoir
pressure are above or at the bubble point pressure. Below the bubble-point
pressure, the solution gas escapes from the oil and become free gas. The free gas
occupies some portion of the pore space, which reduces flow of oil. This effect is
quantified by the reduced relative permeability.
Also oil viscosity increases as its solution gas content drops.
The combination of the relative permeability effect and the viscosity effect results
in lower oil production rate at a given bottom-hole pressure.
This makes the IPR curve deviating from the linear trend below the bubble-point
pressure.
95
We have applied Darcys Law extensively in formulating the IPR for the single phase
flow.
During multi-phase flow in the reservoir, the velocity of each phase depends on its
relative permeability and saturation.
Whenever the saturation of any phase is above its critical saturation, the phase will
become mobile.
Therefore, the knowledge of relative permeability in relation to the phase saturation is
important.
Applying Darcys Law to multi-phase flow will therefore result to complex equation to
solve.
With the proper boundary and initial conditions, this system can be solved for the
pressure, phase fractions and phase velocities fields. This is routinely done by
computational tools known as Reservoir Simulators.
96
The constant PI concept is no longer valid.
The flow rate under two phase conditions for a certain pressure gradient is
smaller than the flow rate under single phase flow conditions for the same
pressure gradient..
The difference between the actual and the single phase oil flow rate increases
with a reduction in pressure.
Since the fluid properties are pressure dependant, we can the write the flow rate
at the surface as:
k rf
2kh
=
dP
re P f B f
B
ln
rw
P
q SC
97
q SC
q SC
2kh P Pwf
=
r
o Bo ln e
rw
P
2kh k ro
=
dP
re P o Bo
B
ln
rw
98
IPR under multi-phase flow conditions cannot be easily estimated.
The most accurate method is by solving the equations governing the flow in the
porous media through a reservoir simulator.
The IPR is important to the Petroleum Engineers that simplified or empirical
methods to estimate it are necessary.
The most common correlations are Vogel and Fetkovich.
99
Vogel used a numerical reservoir simulator to generate the IPR. He studied
several cases for specific condition:
Solution gas drive mechanism.
No water production.
No skin.
He changed several other conditions such as fluid and rock properties.

He then plotted the results of the simulation for the several cases.
He noticed that the IPRs were not linear and then normalized the curve.
100
Scatter and non-linear relationship

101
Pressure was normalized dividing the bottom hole flowing pressure by the
reservoir pressure.
Flow rates were normalized dividing the flow rate by the absolute open flow.
102
Note that Vogel did not obtain a unique curve. He obtained a cluster of curves.
For practical purposes, Vogel reasoned that a single curve could describe the
behaviour of the IPR with sufficient accuracy for production calculations.
One of the most important achievements of Vogel work is the recognition that
the inflow performance is a strong function of the reservoir average pressure and
absolute open flow potential.
103
The coefficients of the Vogel parabola must satisfy two important conditions:
The flow rate must be zero when the bottom hole flowing pressure is equal to the
average reservoir pressure.
The flow rate must be the absolute open flow when the bottom hole flowing pressure
is zero.
104
The linear case is obtained when the coefficient b is -1.
The quadratic IPR has a non physical behaviour when the coefficient b is
greater than zero.
105
Based on his simulations, Vogel determined that the value of -0.2 for b was the
best fit for his simulation results.
106
The linear IPR can be determined by:
Reservoir average pressure and rock and fluid properties.
Production tests
Note that Vogel IPR cannot be determined from rock and fluid properties.
Vogel IPR can only be determined from production test data.
This may seem a weakness of Vogel method, but in reality, it is one of its
strengths
Although the method was developed for solution gas drive reservoirs (undersaturated conditions) it has been used successfully in many other conditions.
107
Fetkovich proposed the isochronal testing of oil wells to estimate
productivity.
Fetkovich deliverability equation is based on the emperical gas-well
deliverability equation proposed by Rawlins and Schellhardt:
2
R
qo = C P P
2
wf
His method requires a multi-rate test to obtain values of C and n.

A log-log plot of the pressure squared difference vs. Flow rate is expected to
plot a straight line.
The inverse of the slope yields an estimate of n, the flow exponent.
108
Fetkovich IPR curve is developed by re-arranging his deliverability test equation:
2
R
qo = C P P
2
wf
Pwf
qo = C P 1
PR
2n
R
Pwf
qo = q max 1
PR
We can deduce that:
qmax = C P
2n
R
109
Jones, Blount and Glaze method. This method attempted to incorporate non-Darcy
flow effects. Jone, Blount and Glaze methods basic equation that describes the
flow is:
a is the laminar flow coefficient.

b is the turbulence coefficient.
To use this method, one must obtain multiple rate test information similar to
Fetkovichs method. A plot of the ratio of the pressure difference to flow rate vs.
the flow rate on coordinate paper is expected to yield a straight line. The laminar
flow coefficient a is the intercept of the plot, while the slope of the curve yields the
turbulence coefficient b. Once a and b are determined, the flow rate from any other
bottom hole flowing pressure can be detrermine.
110
Jones, Blount and Glaze maximum flow rate can be estimated from the following
equation.
Vogel, Fetkovich and Jones, Blount and Glaze method are only valid for the case
when both the bottom hole flowing pressure and average reservoir pressure is
below the bubble point pressure.
111
In certain circumstances, both single phase and two-phase flow may be occuring
in the reservoir. This results when the average reservoir pressure is above the
bubble point pressure of the reservoir while the flowing bottom hole pressure is
less than the bubble point pressure.
Neely developed a composite IPR to handle this situation. The composite IPR
couples Vogels IPR for two-phase flow with the single-phase productivity index.
The relationship that yields the maximum oil production rate is:
From the above equation, when the average reservoir pressure is equal to the
bubble point pressure, then:
q max
JPb
=
1.8
112
When the bottom hole flowing pressure is below the bubble point pressure and the
average reservoir pressure is above the bubble point pressure:
q = (qmax
Pwf Pwf

qb )1 0.2

Pb Pb
q = q + qb
q = (qmax
Pwf Pwf
+ qb
qb )1 0.2

Pb Pb
113
We can also expressed q as:
q = (qmax
Pwf Pwf
+ qb
qb )1 0.2

Pb Pb
P
P
JPb
wf
wf
+ J P R Pb
1 0.2
q=

1.8
Pb Pb
J=
q
2
P
P
Pb
wf
wf
+ P R Pb
1 0.2

1.8
Pb Pb
)
114
Wiggins presented an easy-to-use IPR for three-phase flow, which is similar in
form to Vogels IPR. It was based on a series of simulation studies.
For oil
Pwf
Pwf
qo = qo max 1 0.52
0.48
Pb
Pb
For water
Pwf
Pwf
q w = q w max 1 0.72
0.28
Pb
Pb
115
Inflow Performance Relationship IPR Future Performance Methods
Once the petroleum engineer has estimated the current productive capacity of a well, it is
often desired to predict future performance for planning purposes.
Standing was one of the first to address the prediction of future well performance from
IPRs. He used Vogels IPR with a modified multiphase productivity index to relate current
well performance to future performance. Unfortunately, his relationship requires knowledge
of fluid properties and relative permeability behaviour.
This makes Standings method difficult to use because one must estimate saturations,
relative permeabilities, and fluid properties at a future reservoir pressure.
Fetkovich suggested that Standings modified multiphase productivity index ratios could be
approximated by the ratio of pressures. He proposed that the future maximum oil production
rate could be estimated from the current maximum production rate with the following
equations.
116
FETKOVICH
PRESENT AND
FUTURE
IPR Performance Methods
Inflow Performance
Relationship
IPR
Future
Pwf
qo = q max 1
PR
Tbg:
0.5
1
Tbg:
1.0
Tbg: 1.5
Tbg: 2.375
2 3/8
Tbg: 2.875
2 7/8
Tbg: 3.5
3
GLR
=2000 Scf/Stb
2000
1500
GLR =1500 Scf/Stb

1000 =1000 Scf/Stb
GLR
600
GLR
2500=2500 Scf/Stb
Inflow Performance Relationship IPR Effect of Drive Mechanism
Fetkovich Future IPR:
Wiggins Future IPR:
121
Inflow Performance Relationship IPR Oil well Example: Vogels Method
122
Inflow Performance Relationship IPR Oil well Example: Vogels Method
Estimate flow rate at bottomhole pressure of 800 psia.
123
Inflow Performance Relationship IPR Oil well Example: Fetkovichs
Method
124
Method
125
Method
Question: Estimate flow rate at bottom hole flowing pressure of 800 psia.
800
qo = 14971
1734
0.734
= 1256 stb / d
126
Inflow Performance Relationship IPR Oil well Example: Jones, Blount and
Glazes Method.
127
Inflow Performance Relationship IPR Oil well Example: Jones, Blount and
Glazes Method.
128
Inflow Performance Relationship IPR Oil well Example: Jones, Blount, and
Glazes Method.
Question: Estimate flow rate at bottomhole flowing pressure of 800 psia.
0.23 + 0.232 + 4 0.0004 (1734 800 )

q=
= 1267 stb / d
2 0.0004
129
Practical Example from horizontal wells
The most practical method of evaluating well performance is to install a
downhole pressure gauge in each well.
The bottomhole flowing pressure can the be monitor on a continuous basis.
The well can be shut in at anytime for build up to obtain the average pressure
of the drainage area.
The build up analysis can be carried out to identify any damage.
If the well is already producing water and free gas, the relative permeability
can be estimated from the build up analysis.
The result obtained can then be use to estimate the composite productivity
index due to the total fluid produced.
130
2800
200
2600
150
2400
100
2200
FBHT oF
Pressure - psia
50
All pressure data

@ datum
2000
0
28/06/2003
23/04/2004
17/02/2005
14/12/2005
DHG FBP
DHG Static
FBHT
10/10/2006
500
10
400
300
200
100
Oil rate
PI (Based on average reservoir pressure)
01/09/2002
0
01/09/2002
0
28/06/2003
PI Stb/D/psi
23/04/2004
17/02/2005
Spot PI Stb/D/psi
14/12/2005
Well rate (Kbopd)
131
200
3000
180
2800
160
120
100
2400
80
60
2200
40
All pressure data

@ datum
20
2000
01/09/2002
0
28/06/2003
23/04/2004
17/02/2005
DHG FBP
DHG Static
14/12/2005
10/10/2006
FBHT
100
PI & FBHT
2600
20
80
15
60
10
40
Oil & Water rates
Pressure - psia
140
5
20
0
01/09/2002
0
28/06/2003
23/04/2004
17/02/2005
PI Stb/D/psi (Based on Oil only)
PI (Based on Oil & Water rate)
Well rate (Kbopd)
Water rate (Kbwpd)
14/12/2005
Spot PI Stb/D/psi
132
3000
200
180
2800
160
2600
120
100
2400
80
PI & FBHT
Pressure - psia
140
60
2200
40
All pressure data

@ datum
20
2000
01/09/2002
28/06/2003
23/04/2004
17/02/2005
DHG FBP
DHG Static
14/12/2005
10/10/2006
FBHT
PI Stb/D/psi (Based on Oil rate only)
100
80
Suspected
damage
60
40
20
0
01/09/2002
28/06/2003
PI (Average Res. Press)
23/04/2004
17/02/2005
Spot PI (Average Re. Press.)
14/12/2005
PI (Initial Res. Press)
133
160
140
120
100
1600
80
60
1500
All pressure data

@ datum
Water encroachment
into high viscosity oil
reservoir leading to
apparent improved PI.
40
1400
20
01/09/2002
28/06/2003
23/04/2004
17/02/2005
DHG FBP
DHG Static
14/12/2005
10/10/2006
FBHT
10
60
50
40
6
30
4
20
Oil & Water rates
Pressure - psia
1700
PI (Based on Initial Pressure) & FBHT
1800
10
0
01/09/2002
0
28/06/2003
23/04/2004
17/02/2005
14/12/2005
PI Stb/D/psi
PI Stb/D/psi (Based on Oil & Water rates)
Spot PI Stb/D/psi
Oil rate (Kbopd)
Water rate (Kbwpd)
134
Well Performance Coning
1200
Oil rate - Bopd
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
10
15
Cone Height - ft
20
25
1200
Oil rate - Bopd
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
10
20
30
40
Breakthrough Time - Day
50
60
3500
3000
Oil Rate - Bopd
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
50
100
Breakthrough Time - Days
150
200
3500
Oil Rate - Bopd
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
10
15
Cone Height - ft
20
25
Well Performance Decline Analysis
qt = qi (1 + nDt )
1 n
D: the decline constant per year or month

n: decline exponent that characterizes the type of decline
qt: instantaneous rate at anytime during decline
qi: initial rate before the onset of decline
D: the decline constant per year or month

n: decline exponent that characterizes the type of decline
qt: instantaneous rate at anytime during decline
qi: initial rate before the onset of decline
Np: cumulative production
100
3000
0.00032
4000
80
2400
3000
60
1800
2000
40
1200
0.00020
1000
20
600
0.00016
0.00024
Water Cut ( %)
0.00028
Calendar Day Oil Rate ( bbl/d )
5000
Gas / Oil Ratio ( MMcf/bbl )
0.00036
2003
05
Date
Cumulative Oil Produced ( Mbbl )
EA028T:C9200E
100
5000
0.00048
6000
80
4000
4500
60
3000
3000
40
2000
0.00036
1500
20
1000
0.00032
0.00040
Water Cut ( %)
0.00044
Calendar Day Oil Rate ( bbl/d)
7500
0.00052
2002
04
Date
06
EA021T:D4000C
7500
1.5
6000
6000
1.2
4500
4500
2000
3000
3000
0.6
20
1000
1500
1500
0.3
0.0
160
152
144
136
128
120
112
104
96
88
80
72
64
56
48
40
32
24
16
8
1000
Water Cut ( %)
80
60
40
4000
3000
2002
04
06
Oil Rate ( bbl/d )
7500
Liquid Rate ( bblc/d )
5000
Cumulative Oil Produced ( Kbbl )
100
0.9
Gas / Oil Ratio ( Mscf/bbl )
EA021T:D4000C
6000
2400
0.8
1800
0.6
4500
3000
1200
0.4
1500
600
0.2
0.0
2002
04
Time (Year)
06
800
600
400
200
FTHP ( psia )
1.0
Choke
3000
Sand
7500
FBHP ( psia )
Cumulative Liquid Produced ( Kbbl )
Time (Year)
EA022T:D4000C
0.000675
6000
0.000600
100
3000
80
2400
60
1800
3000
40
1200
20
600
1500
0.000375
0.000300
2002
04
Date
06
0.000450
Water Cut ( %)
0.000525
Calendar Day Oil Rate ( bbl/d )
4500

EA022T:D4000C
40
1800
6000
1.2
4500
4500
3000
1200
3000
20
600
1500
0.9
0.6
Gas / Oil Ratio ( Mscf/bbl )
60
2400
1.5
6000
Oil Rate ( bbl/d )
Water Cut ( %)
80
7500
Liquid Rate ( bblc/d )
3000
Cumulative Oil Produced ( Kbbl )
100
1500
0.3
2002
04
06
0.0
160
152
144
136
128
120
112
104
96
88
80
72
64
56
48
40
32
24
16
8
1000
4000
2400
0.8
1800
0.6
3000
2000
1200
0.4
1000
600
0.2
0.0
2002
04
Time (Year)
06
800
600
400
200
FTHP ( psia )
1.0
Choke
3000
Sand
5000
FBHP ( psia )
Cumulative Liquid Produced ( Kbbl )
Time (Year)
Inflow Performance Relationship IPR Gas wells
Early estimate of gas well performance were conducted by opening the well to the
atmosphere and then measuring the flow rate.
Such method could be damaging to well equipment, reservoir and also creates
environmental concern.
The idea, however, did leave the industry with the concept of absolute open flow AOF.
AOF is a common indicator of well productivity and refers to the maximum rate at which a
well could flow against a theoretical atmospheric backpressure at the reservoir.
The productivity of a gas well is determined with deliverability testing.
Deliverability tests provide information that is used to develop reservoir rate-pressure
behaviour for the well and generate an inflow performance curve or gas-backpressure curve.
162
Rawlins and Schellhardt developed the emperical backpressure method of testing
gas wells based on the analysis of tests on more than 500 wells.
C is the flow coefficient and n is the deliverability exponent. The deliverability

exponent is the inverse of the slope of the curve. Once n is determined, C can be
obtained by substituting pressure and rate data read directly from the straight-line
plot into the equation above and solving the resulting relation.
Solutions for gas well performance in terms of pressure-squared are appropriate
only at low reservoir pressures. As a result, Rawlins and Schellhardts
deliverability equation can be re-written in terms of pseudopressure as:
163
In terms of maximum gas rate Rawlins and Schellhardt equations become:
For pressure-squared
For pseudopressure
164
Houpeut developed a theoretical deliverability relationship for stabilized flow with
a Forch-heimer velocity term to account for non-Darcy flow effects in highvelocity gas production.
S is the skin factor.

D is turbulence or
non-Darcy flow factor.
For pseudopressure
165
Houpeut equations can be written as:
For pseudopressure
166
Using the pseudo-steady state of the gas equation to evaluate deliverability test,
Houpeurts constant a and b can be estimated with the following equations.
For pressure squared:
For pseudo-pressure:
167
Jones, Blout, and Glaze suggested Houpeut equations be written as:
For pseudopressure
Jones, Blout, and Glaze arrangement provide a method of analyzing the data
graphically.
168
Knowing a and b, the flow rate can be estimated for various bottom hole flowing
pressure at a fixed average reservoir pressure.
For pseudopressure
169
Deliverability Test Methods for gas well
There are three types of deliverability test. They are Flow-After-Flow, Isochronal
Test and Modified Isochronal Test.
Flow-After-Flow: This test is performed by producing the well at a series of
stabilized flow rates and obtaining the corresponding stabilized flowing
bottomhole pressures. In addition, a stabilized shut-in bottomhole pressure is
required for the analysis. A major limitation of this test method is the length of
time required to obtained stabilized data for low-permeability gas reservoir.
170
Flow-After-Flow Example:
171
Flow-After-Flow Example:
172
Flow-After-Flow Example: Plot with pressure-squared.
173
Flow-After-Flow Example: Plot with pressure-squared.
From the graph, n = 0.651. C is evaluated at Pwf = 3020 psia. C = 0.2874
Mscf/D/psia
The IPR relationship is:
qmax is evaluated at Pwf = 14.7 psia

Use the equation below to evaluate qmax and compare results.
qmax = C P
2n
R
174
Flow-After-Flow Example: Plot with pseudopressure
175
Flow-After-Flow Example: Plot with pseudopressure
From the graph, n = 0.637. C is evaluated at pseudopressure equivalent of Pwf
= 3020 psia. C = 0.0269 Mscf/D/psia
The IPR relationship is:
qmax is evaluated at pseudopressure equivalent of Pwf = 14.7 psia

Use the equation below to evaluate qmax and compare results.
[ ( )]
qmax = C Pp P R
n
176
Flow-After-Flow Example: Houpeurt Method
177
Flow-After-Flow Example: Houpeurt Method pressure squared
178
Flow-After-Flow Example: Houpeurt Method - pseudopressure
179
Flow-After-Flow Example: Houpeurt Method IPR
For pseudopressure
180
Isochronal Test: Cullender proposed the isochronal test to overcome the need to obtain
a series of stabilized flow rates required for the flow-after-flow test for the slow-tostabilize well. This test consists of producing the well at several different flow rates
with flowing periods of equal duration.
Each flow period is separated by a shut-in period in which the shut-in bottomhole
pressure is allowed to stabilize at essentially the average reservoir pressure. The test
also requires that an extended stabilized flow point be obtained. The test method is
based on the principle that the radius of investigation is a function of the flow period
and not the flow rate. Thus for equal flow periods, the same drainage radius is
investigated in spite of the actual flow rates.
To analyze the data from an isochronal test, the flow data from the equal flow periods
is plotted according to the Rawlins and Schellhardt or Houpeurt methods. These data
points are used to determine the slope of the deliverability curve. The stabilized flow
point is then used to estimate the flow coefficient C for Rawlins and Schellhardt
method or the intercept a for the Houpert method by extending the slope of the
multirate data to the stabilized flow point.
181
Isochronal Test Example
182
183
Using the values of C and n, the IPR is:
Question: Estimate the AOF.
q g max = 0.0242 1798 14.7

2 0.9294
= 27,151 Mscf / d
184
185
Using the values of C and n, the IPR is:
Question: Estimate the AOF.
186
Modified Isochronal Test: For some low-permeability wells, the time required to
obtain stabilized shut-in pressures may be impractical. To overcome this limitation,
Katz et al proposed a modification to the isochronal test by requiring equal shut-in
periods.
The modified isochronal test is essentially the same as the isochronal test, except
the shut-in periods separating the flow periods are equal to or longer than the flow
periods. The method also requires the extended stabilized flow point and a
stabilized shut-in bottomhole pressure.
The modified isochronal test method is less accurate than the isochronal method
because the shut-in pressure is not allowed to return to the average reservoir
pressure.
187
Modified Isochronal Test: In the analysis of the collected data, the measured
bottomhole pressure obtained just before the begining of the flow period is used in
the equations below instead of average reservoir pressure.
188
Inflow Performance Relationship IPR Future performance of gas wells
The following equation are used to predict the future performance of gas wells.
For pressure squared:
For pseudo-pressure:
189
Gas Well Performance
A full PVT characterization of gas sample is necessary to optimize gas
reservoir performance.
Liquid drop out in the reservoir causes permeability damage, most especially
around the wellbore where the minimum bottom hole pressure is observed in
the reservoir.
Accumulation of hydrocarbon liquid around the wellbore during wet gas
production is referred to as Condensate Banking.
190
Gas Well Performance
Region above dewpoint: no liquid drop out.
Region of Liquid Drop out
191
Gas Well Performance Effect of Condensate Banking on Gas Relative
Permeability
192
Wellbore
Gas Well Performance Vertical well completion

Reservoir pressure
Pressure
PD
Dewpoint pressure
PBHV
3 Wet gas above dewpoint pressure.

2 Liquid condensate below critical saturation.
1 Liquid condensate above critical saturation liquid flow and reduce gas flow;
otherwise known as condensate blockage or banking.
Phenomenon can be identified with PTA can lead to decrease in gas recovery.
193
Wellbore
Gas Well Performance Horizontal well completion
Gain in pressure drop with horizontal well
Pressure
PD
PBHV
Reservoir
pressure
Dewpoint pressure
Increasing the bottom hole flowing pressure less liquid dropping.
194
Inflow Performance Relationship IPR Flow Efficiency
195
196
197
198
Stimulation flow
efficiency above 1.0
Damage - flow
efficiency below 1.0
199
DAY 4
FLOW IN PIPE & NODAL ANALYSIS
200
Wellbore Flow Performance

The pressure drop experienced in lifting reservoir fluids to the surface is one of the
main factors affecting well deliverability.
As much as 80 % of the total pressure loss in a flowing well may occur in lifting
the reservoir fluid to the surface.
The flow path from reservoir to the surface includes:
1.Perforations
2.Screen liner or grave pack equipment
3.Packers
4.Tubbibg
1. Nipples
2. Sliding sleeves
3. Subsurface safety valves
4. Any other subsurface flow control devices
5.Xmas tree
6.Surface chokes
7.Surface piping and valves
8.Separators and others
201

The pressure drop experienced as the fluid moves from the reservoir sandface to
the surface is a function of:
1.Mechanical configuration of the wellbore
2.The properties of the fluids
3.Production rate
4.Composition of the wellbore fluid
The following relationship approximate the pressure drop in the wellbore as the
Fluid moves to the surface.
V12
P2 g
V22
g
+
Z1 +
=
+
Z2 +
+ W + El
2gc gc
2gc
gc
P1
is the kinetic energy correction factor for the velocity distribution.

W is the work done by the flowing fluid.
El is the irreversible energy losses in the system including the viscous or friction losses.
202

Neglecting the work done, the pressure drop equation becomes:
g
V 2
=
Z +
+ El
gc
2gc
In terms of pressure gradient:
dP g
v dv fv 2
=
sin +
+
dL g c
g c dL 2 g c d
Methods to estimate the pressure drop in tubulars for single-phase liquid, singlephase vapour (gas) and multiphase flow are based on this fundamental relationship.
203

Single-Phase liquid flow in oil well only exist when the wellhead pressure is above
the bubble point pressure. This situation will never exist.
The only pure single phase flow in the production of hydrocarbon fluid is the flow
of dry gas.
However, in a gas well, a simplified method for calculating the pressure in gas
wells assuming an average temperature and average compressibility over the flow
length was presented by Katz.
)
)
Sd 5 Pwf2 e S Pwh2
q g = 200
S
g TZLf M e 1
S=
0.0375 g L
TZ
f M = {2 log[3.71 ( d )]}
204

qg is the gas rate is Mscf/day.
Pwf Bottom hole flowing pressure in psia.
Pwh Wellhead flowing pressure in psia.
g Gas gravity.
T Average temperature of wellhead and bottom hole flowing temperature in
oR.
z Compressibility factor evaluated at average pressure and temperature.
L Well length from completion to surface in ft.
d Tubing diameter in inches.
Pipe roughness
205

Single-Phase Liquid Flow
Consider a fluid flowing from point 1 to point 2 in a tubing string of length
and height Z. The first law of thermodynamics yield the following equation
for the pressure drop:
2 f F v 2 L
g
2
P = P1 P2 =
Z + v +
gc
gc
gc D
P = pressure drop, lbf/ft2
P1 = pressure at point 1, lbf/ft2
P2 = pressure at point 2, lbf/ft2
g = gravitational acceleration, 32.17ft/s2
gc = unit conversion factor, 32.17lbm-ft/lbf-s2
= fluid density, lbm/ft3
Z = elevation increase, ft
v = fluid velocity ft/s
fF = Fanning friction factor
L = tubing length, ft.
D= tubing inner diameter, ft
206

The first, second, and third terms in the right-hand side of the equation represent
pressure drops due to changes in elevation, kinetic energy, and friction
respectively.
The Fanning friction factor fF can be evaluated based on Reynolds number and
relative roughness.
Reynolds number is defined as the ratio of inertial force to viscous force. The
Reynolds number is expressed in consistent unit as:
* Re =
Dv
Or in U. S. field units as
* Re =
1.48q
d
207

NRe = Reynolds number
q = fluid flow rate, bbl/day
= fluid density, lbm/ft3
d = tubing inner diameter, in
v = fluid velocity ft/s
= fluid viscosity, cp.
For laminar flow where NRe < 2000, the Fanning friction factor is inversely
proportional to the Reynolds number, or:
16
fF =
* Re
208

For turbulent flow where NRE > 2100, the Fanning friction factor can be
estimated using empirical correlations. Among numerous correlations
developed by different investigators, Chens (1979) correlation has an explicit
form and gives similar accuracy to the Colebrook-White equation (Gregory
and Fogarasi, 1985) that was used for generating the friction factor chart used
in the petroleum industry. Chens correlation takes the following form:
1
fF
0.8981
1.1098

5.0452
7.149
= 4 log
log
+
* Re
2.8257 * Re

3.7065
is the relative roughness
= is the absolute roughness of pipe wall .

209

The Fanning friction factor can also be obtained based on Darcy-Wiesbach
friction factor shown on the Figure in the next page.
The Darcy-Wiesbach friction factor is also referred to as the Moody friction
factor fM in some literatures. The relation between the Moody and Fanning
friction factor is expressed as:
fM
fF =
4
Example: Suppose that 1,000 bbl/day of 40o API, 1.2 cp oil is being produced
through 2-7/8-in, 8.6 lbm/ft tubing in a well that is 15 degree from the vertical.
If the tubing wall relative roughness is 0.001, calculate the pressure drop over
1,000 ft of tubing.
210

211

212

213

Multi-Phase Flow in Oil Wells
In addition to oil, almost all oil wells produce a certain amount of water, gas, and
sometimes sand. This is actual flow experienced in the oil and gas industry.
Multiphase flow is much more complicated than single-phase flow because of the
variation of flow regime (or flow pattern). Fluid distribution changes greatly in
different flow regimes, which significantly affects pressure gradient in the tubing.
214

Multi-Phase Flow in Oil Wells Flow regimes
215

As shown on the next page, at least four flow regimes have been identified in gas-liquid two-phase
flow.
They are bubble, slug, churn and annular flow.
These flow regimes occur as a progression with increasing gas flow rate for a given liquid flow rate.
In bubble flow, gas phase is dispersed in the form of small bubbles in a continuous liquid phase.
In slug flow, gas bubbles coalesce into larger bubbles that eventually fill the entire pipe crosssection.
Between the large bubbles are slugs of liquid that contain smaller bubbles of entrained gas.
In churn flow, the larger gas bubbles become unstable and collapse, resulting in a highly turbulent
flow pattern with both phases dispersed.
In annular flow, gas becomes the continuous phase, with liquid flowing in an annulus, coating the
surface of the pipe and with droplets entrained in the phase.
216

217

Multi-Phase Flow in Oil Wells Liquid Holdup
In multiphase flow, the amount of the pipe occupied by a phase is often different from its proportion
of the total volumetric flow rate. This is due to density difference between phases.
The density difference causes dense phase to slip down in an upward flow (i.e., the lighter phase
moves faster than the denser phase).
Because of this, the in situ volume fraction of the denser phase will be greater than the input volume
fraction of the denser phase (i.e., the denser phase is held up in the pipe relative to the lighter
phase).
Thus, liquid holdup is defined as:
VL
yL =
V
yL = liquid holdup fraction

VL = volume of the liquid phase in the pipe segment ft3
V = volume of the pipe segment ft3
Minimizing the GLR will there lead to more efficient flow of the liquid in the system.
218

Multi-Phase Flow in Oil Wells Liquid Holdup
Liquid holdup depends on flow regime, fluid properties, and pipe size and
configuration. Its value can be quantitatively determined only through
experimental measurements.
In oil well production, the liquid holdup should be maintain close to 70-80 % or
more to minimize the amount of gas in the tubing by producing at low GOR as
much as possible.
However, the producing GOR cannot be less than the initial reservoir GOR.
Various charts have been developed to estimate multi-phase pressure drop in the
tubing without resulting to serious calculation.
These charts take into account, the oil rate, gas liquid ratio, water cut, well depth,
tubing size and fluid properties.
219

Multi-Phase Flow in Oil Wells Gradient Curves
Gilbert was the first to introduce the concept of a pressure gradient curve.
The gradient curve provides a plot of pressure variations with depth in a tubing
string for a range of specified flow conditions and as such provides a simplified but
less accurate approach to predicting tubing performance using a multiphase flow
correlation.
Gilbert obtained data in the form of pressure traverses upon a range of oil
production wells and the data was plotted with respect to the following parameters:
GOR or GLR
Tubing diameter
Liquid or oil production rate
220

Gilberts data was restricted to 1.6, 1.9, 2-7/8 and 3-1/2; for flow rates of 50,
100, 200, 400 and 600 BOPD. The resulting plot is show below with each set of
data reflecting difference tubing head pressure.
221

Gilbert observed by shifting curves A to C down to the corresponding depth of
tubing head pressure, they all form a single curve.
222

Gilbert was then able to form a general curve for a constant tubing size and flow
rate together on one graph.
223

Multi-Phase Flow in Oil Wells Effect of Oil rate
224

Multi-Phase Flow in Oil Wells Effect of Gas Liquid ratio
225

Multi-Phase Flow in Oil Wells Effect of Water cut
226

Multi-Phase Flow in Oil Wells Effect of G/L ratio on pressure drop with
water cut
227

Multi-Phase Flow in Oil Wells Effect of viscosity
228

Multi-Phase Flow in Oil Wells Effect of tubing size
229

Flow Through Choke
A wellhead choke controls the surface pressure and production rate from a well.
Chokes usually are selected so that fluctuations in the line pressure downstream
of the choke have no effect on the production rate.
This requires that flow through the choke be at critical flow conditions.
Under critical flow conditions, the flow rate is a function of the upstream or
tubing pressure only.
For this condition to occur, the downstream pressure must be approximately
0.55 or less of the tubing pressure.
230

Flow Through Choke
231

Flow Through Choke -Gas
For single-phase gas flow, Begs presents the equation below which relates the
gas production rate through a choke to the wellhead pressure.
27.611C D Pwh d 2Tsc

qg =
Psc g Twh Z
k +1
k 2
k
k
y y
k 1
qg = Mscf/day
CD = discharge coefficient
Pwh = tubing head pressure in psia
d = choke diameter in inches
Tsc = standard temperature oR
Psc = Standard pressure psia
Twh = wllhead temperature oR
g = gas gravity
Z = gas compressibility factor
232

Flow Through Choke - Gas
The pressure ratio, y, is the ratio of the downstream pressure to the wellhead
pressure. Under critical flow conditions, the pressure ratio is replaced by the
critical pressure yc.
k
Pdownstream
k 1
= yc = 2
P
k +1
upstream
k = Cp/Cv is the specific heat ratio. The value of k is about 1.28 for natural gas.
Thus, the critical pressure ratio is about 0.55 for natural gas.
The discharge coefficient CD can be obtained from the chart on the next page,
having known the Reynolds Number NRE.
qsc = Mscf/day
20q sc g
d = choke diameter in inches
* Re =
g = gas gravity
d
= gas viscosity in cp
233

Flow Through Choke
d1 = upstream pipe diameter in inches

d2 = choke diameter in inches
234

Flow Through Choke
q = flow rate, ft3/sec
235

Flow Through Choke - Liquid
Empirical equations has been developed to estimate the relationship between production rate and
wellhead pressure for two-phase critical flow. These correlations can be presented in a form similar to
the equation below.
Gilbert was the first to present such a relationship based on field data collected from the Ten Section
field of California.
Ros and Beggs have also presented relationships that are often used. The Table below summarizes the
parameters for each equation.
MULTIPHASE CHOKE COEFFICIENTS
A1q L R A2
Pwh =
d A3
Researchers
A1
A2
A3
Gilbert
0.00386
0.546
1.89
0.00426
0.500
2.00
0.00312
0.546
1.93
0.00154
0.650
1.88
qL = stb/day
Ros
R = GLR in scfstb
Baxendell
d = choke diameter in 1/64
Pwh = wellhead pressure in psia Achong
236

Example: A well is producing at 400 stb/d of oil and 800 scfstb GLR. Estimate the flowing wellhead
pressure using Gilbert`s choke equation. The choke size is 12/64 inches.
A1q L R A2 0.00386 400 800 0.546

Pwh =
=
= 1405 psia
A3
1.89
d
(12 64)
237

Choke line
238
Nodal Analysis
The inflow performance relationships described provide a picture of pressure and
rates that a reservoir with certain characteristics, operating under certain
conditions (pressure, mode of flow), can deliver into the bottomhole of a well.
The fluid must traverse a path from the bottom of the well to the top and then into
surface equipment such as separator.
The Figure below describes such a path, which consists of several segments,
joints and valves, all of which cause a pressure drop.
Nodal analysis considers the reservoir/well system and uses calculations of the
pressure loss across each segment to predict the production rate and identify any
restrictions that may reduce the hydrocarbon flow rate.
At its simplest manifestation, for a given wellhead pressure, tubing performance
allows calculation of the required bottomhole flowing pressure to lift a range of
flow rates to the top.
239
Nodal Analysis
240
Nodal Analysis
241
Nodal Analysis
242
Nodal Analysis
243
Nodal Analysis
244
Nodal Analysis
245
Nodal Analysis
Effect of skin at various reservoir pressure

246
Nodal Analysis
Effect of wellhead pressure at various reservoir pressure

247
Nodal Analysis
Effect of wellhead pressure at various reservoir pressure

248
Nodal Analysis
Effect of gas liquid ratio

249
Nodal Analysis
Effect of tubing diameter

250
DAY 5
ARTIFICIAL LIFT
257
Artificial Lift
Artificial lift is a method used to lower the producing bottom hole pressure on
the formation to obtain a higher production rate from the well.
This can be done with positive displacement downhole pump such as:
Beam pump.
Progressive cavity pump.
It can also be done by using:
Centrifugal pump.
Electrical submersible pump.
Most common method is the use of gas-lift. This is done by injecting gas into
the tubing to lower the column density of the wellbore fluid for the well bottom
hole flowing pressure to be able to lift the liquid and the expanding gas also
helps in lifting.
To realise the maximum potential from developing any oil or gas field, the most
economical artificial lift method must be selected.
258
Artificial Lift
This could be based on:
What works in the past.
What is available.
What can technically provide the best lifting.
Evaluation should also consider:
Advantages
Disadvantages
Initial and operating cost
Durability
Production increase
It is necessary to evaluate the field for possible artificial lift at the development
planning stage and incorporate the design in the completion equipment at the initial
completion.
Reservoir Pressure and Well Productivity: Reservoir and well productivity
performance together with the tubing out flow at the wellhead must be evaluated at
various tubing head pressure and reservoir pressure together with the producing
GOR and water cut.
259
Artificial Lift
This can be used to determine the natural lift die out and when artificial lift
operation should commence.
Each well must be evaluated for near wellbore damage at the initial stage of
production. Permeability, skin and turbulence factor are necessary and must be
obtained from each well at the initial stage.
Reservoir Fluids: The characteristics of the reservoir fluid also be considered.
Paraffin buildup can be attacked mechanically when sucker rod pumping is
used.
Thermal or chemical method may be necessary to remove wax when other
artificial methods are used.
The producing GOR is important to the lift designer. If the percentage of free
gas at the intake conditions is high, gas interference is a potential detriment to
all methods of lifts but beneficial to gas lift.
260
Artificial Lift
High fluid viscosity hinders most major forms of lift but the progressive cavity
pump system may produce low temperature, shallow viscous fluids with little
difficulty.
Sand or solid-laden production which can rule out the use of plunger lift also
can cause wear with sucker-rod pumps, reciprocating hydraulic pumps and jet
pumps.
Gas lift and progressive cavity pumps produce moderate volume of solids with
only minor problems.
Long term Reservoir Performance and facility constraints: Design can be done
on the basis of:
Current performance.
Anticipated performance.
If future reservoir performance can be predicted, then necessary artificial lift
equipment can be put in place in anticipation of high liquid production and high
GOR.
261
Artificial Lift
However, this philosophy can lead to overdesign and low efficiency.
Designing for the current conditions can lead to multiple required changes in
the size or type of installed lift equipment.
This often result to large capital investment. Changing reservoir condition with
time must be considered.
If a pump system is used, then an additional term is introduced to reflect the
supplementary energy provided, P
PUMP.
This will allow a higher production rate to be attained by the well.
PRES+PPUMP = PRES+PBHC+PVL+PSURF+PCHOKE+PSEP
PRES = Reservoir pressure, PPUMP = Pump pressure
PRES = pressure drop in the reservoir
PBHC = pressure drop due to completion equipment
PVL = pressure drop due to lifting, PSURF = pressure drop Xmas tree and flow line
PCHOKE = pressure drop through the choke, PSEP = separator pressure
262
Artificial Lift - Pump

Sucker-Rod Pump: This consists of pumping unit at the surface and plunger
pump at the well.
The oldest in use.
Mostly use in depleted reservoir with some water cut with low flow rate to
maximized high rate.
Better in straight holes.
Can be used in deviated well with moderate angle and smooth dogleg.
Special wiper system on the rods and hot water/oil treatments are used to
combat paraffin.
Good for viscous oil.
Excessive friction in crooked holes.
Hard scales can cause early failures.
Free gas entering the downhole can reduce the pump efficiency.
Leakage can be experienced through the packing element on the stuffing box
at the surface
Not good for offshore environment due to space.
263
264
265

Electrical Submersible Pump: The operation is similar to any commercial
electrical submersible pump.
Major advantages
Adaptable to highly deviated wells; up to horizontal, but must be set in
straight section.
Adaptable to required subsurface wellhead 6 ft apart for maximum surfacelocation density.
Permit use of minimum space for subsurface controls and associated
production facilities.
Quite, safe, and sanitary for acceptable operations in an offshore and
environmentally conscious area.
Generally considered a high-volume pump.
Provides for increased volumes and water cuts brought on by pressure
maintenance and secondary recovery operations.
Permits placing wells on production even while drilling and working over
wells in immediate vicinity.
266

Major disadvantages
Will tolerate only minimal percentages of solids production, although special
pumps with hardened surfaces and bearings exist to minimize wear and
increase run life.
Costly pulling operations and lost production occur when correcting
downhole failures, especially in an offshore environment.
Below approximately 400 b/d, power efficiency drops sharply; ESPs are not
particularly adaptable to rates below 150 b/d.
Need relatively large casing (greater than 4-1/2 outside diameter) casing size
for the moderate to high production rate equipment.
Long life of ESP equipment is required to keep production economical.
267
268
269
270
271
272

Progressive Cavity Pump: The progressive cavity pump (PCP) is a positive
displacement pump, using an eccentrically rotating single-helical rotor, turning
inside a stator.
The rotor is usually constructed of a high-strength steel rod, typically doublechrome plated.
The stator is a resilient elastomer in a double-helical configuration molded inside a
steel casing.
Major PCP Advantages
The pumping system can be run into deviated and horizontal wells.
The pump handles solids well, but the coating of the rotor will erode over
time.
The pump handles highly viscous fluids in a production well with a looser
rotor/stator fit.
Several of the components are off-the-self ESP component.
The production rates can be varied with the use of a variable-speed controller
with an inexpensive downhole-pressure sensor.
273

For appropriate conditions, the PCP can operate with a power efficiency
exceeding other artificial lift methods.
The PCP can be set in a straight section of a deviated well.
Use of an ESPCP eliminate the rotating rods and eliminates problems with
rods rotating in a deviated well.
Major PCP Disadvantages
The stator material will have an upper temperature limit and may be subject
to H2S and other chemical deterioration.
Frequent stops and starts of the PCP pumps often can cause several operating
problems.
Although it will not gas lock, best efficiency occurs when gas is separated.
If the unit pumps off the well or gas flows continuously through the pump for
a short period, the stator will likely be permanently damaged from
overheating caused by gas compression.
The gearbox in an ESPCP is another source of failure if wellbore fluids or
solids leak inside it or if excessive wear occurs.
274
275

Hydraulic Pumping: There are two primary kinds of hydraulic pumps: jet
pumps and reciprocating positive-displacement pumps.
Jet pumps: The pump converts the energy from the injected power fluid (water
or oil) to pressure that lifts production fluids.
Because there is no moving parts involved, dirty and gassy fluids present no
problem to the pump. The jet pumps can be set at any depth as long as the
suction pressure is sufficient to prevent pump cavitation problem.
The jet pump is a dynamic displacement pump that differs from hydraulic
piston pump in the manner in which it increases the pressure of the pumped
fluid with a jet nozzle.
The power fluid enters the top of the pump from an injecting tubing. The power
fluid is then accelerated through the nozzle and mixed with the produced fluid
in the throat of the pump.
276

As the fluids mix, the momentum of the power fluid is partially transferred to
the produced fluid and increases its kinetic energy (velocity head).
Some of the kinetic energy of the mixed stream is converted to static pressure
head in a cerefully shaped diffuser section of expanding area. If the static
pressure head is greater than the static column head in the annulus, the fluid
mixture in the annulus is lifted to the surface.
277
278
279

Reciprocating positive-displacement pumps: The positive displacement pump
consists of a reciprocating hydraulic engine directly coupled to a pump piston or
pump plunger.
Power fluid (oil or water) is directed down the tubing string to operate the engine.
Exhausted power fluid and production can be returned up a separate tubing string or
up the casing.
Advantages
Being able to circulate the pump in and out of the well is the most obvious
and significant feature of hydraulic pumps. It is especially attractive on
offshore platforms, remote locations, and populated and agricultural area.
Positive-displacement pumps are capable of pumping depth to 17,000 ft and
deeper. Working fluid levels for jet pumps are limited to approximately 9,000
ft.
By changing the power-fluid rate to the pumps, production can be varied
from 10 to 100 % of pump capacity. The optimum speed range is 20 to 85 %
of rated speed. Operating life will be significantly reduced if the pump is
operated above the maximum-rated speed.
280

Deviated wells typically present few problems to hydraulic free pumps. Jet
pumps can even be used in through flowline installation.
Jet pumps, with hardened nozzle throats, can produce sand and other solids.
There are methods in which positive-displacement pumps can handle viscous
oils very well. The power fluid can be heated, or it can have diluents added to
further aid lifting the oil to the surface.
Corrosion inhibitors can be injected into the power fluid for corrosion
control. Added fresh water can solve salt-buildup problems.
Disadvantages
Removing solids from the power fluid is very important for positivedisplacement pumps. Solids in the power fluid also affect surface-plunger
pumps. Jet pumps, on the other hand, are very tolerant of power-fluid quality.
Positive-displacement pumps, on average, have a shorter time between
repairs than jet, sucker rod, and ESPs. Mostly, this is a function of the quality
of power fluid but, on average, the positive displacement pumps are operating
from greater depths and at higher strokes per minute than for a beam pump
system.
281

Jet pumps, on the other hand, have a very long pump life between repairs
without solids or if not subjected to cavitation. Jet pumps typically have
lower efficiency and higher energy costs.
Positive-displacement pumps can pump from a low bottom hole pressure
(less than 100 psi) in the absence of gas interference and other problems. Jet
pumps require approximately 1,000 psi bottom hole pressure when set at
10,000 ft and approximately 500 psi when set at 5,000 ft.
Positve-displacement pumps generally require more maintenance than jet
pumps and other types of artificial lift because pump speed must be
monitored daily and not allowed to become excessive. Power-fluid-cleaning
system require frequent checking to keep them operating at their optimum
effectiveness.
Well testing is more difficult.
282
283
284
Artificial Lift Gas Lift

It is one of the most popular artificial lift methods.
Gas lift is the form of artificial lift that most closely resembles the natural
flow process.
It can be considered as an extension of the natural flow process.
There are two type of gas lift injection
Continuous gas lift
Intermittent gas lift injection
285

Gas lift System Overview
286
Gas lift
Well
Flowing
Well
287
Artificial Lift-Gas Lift
288

In the continuous flow gas lift process, relatively high-pressure gas is
injected downhole into the fluid column.
This injected gas joins the formation gas to lift the fluid to surface by one
or more of the following processes:
Reduction of the fluid density and the column weight so that the pressure
between reservoir and wellbore will be increased.
Expansion of the injected gas so that it pushes liquid ahead of it which

further reduces the column weight, thereby increasing the differential
between the reservoir and the wellbore.
Displacement of liquid slugs by large bubbles of gas acting as pistons.
289

In the intermittent flow system, fluid is allowed to accumulate and build up
in the tubing at the bottom of the well.
Periodically, a large bubble of high pressure gas is injected into the tubing
very quickly underneath the column of liquid and the liquid column is
pushed rapidly up the tubing to the surface
As the name implies, the reservoir fluid is produced intermittently by
displacing liquid slugs with high pressure injection gas .
The injection gas can be controlled by a time-cycle controller or a choke.
Electronic timers are replacing the older clock driven intermitted pilots.
Not all gas lift valves will operate on choke control.

290

For injected gas to be able to enter the tubing, the pressure of the gas in the
annulus at the valve which will permit its flow into the tubing, must be greater
than the pressure of the fluids in the tubing at that same depth.
If PVL is the vertical lift pressure loss caused by fluid flowing up the
production tubing string:
PVL = PFRICT+PHHD+PKE
PVL = vertical lift
PFRICT = frictional pressure loss
PHHD= hydrostatic head pressure drop
PKE = the kinetic energy pressure drop
By injecting gas PHHD is reduced. However, with increasing gas injection

volume, the hydrostatic head will continue to decline towards a minimum
gradient at very high GOR.
291

The benefits in reduced density may incrementally reduce while the increase
in frictional pressure loss will increase significantly after a certain gas
injection rate.
Hence, an optimum gas injection rate will exist as shown below.
292
293

The total system pressure drop then becomes:
PTOTAL = PRES + PBHC + PVL+ PSURF + PCHOKE
If the system undergoes gas lift, then PTOTAL will be held constant, but PVL
will decrease to a minimum and Q will increase through a maximum.
Thereafter, PVL will increase and Q will decrease as shown in Figure below.
294

Injection
Gas In
Produced
Hydrocarbons
Out
Side Pocket
Mandrel with
Gas Lift Valve
Gas Lift
System Advantages
High Degree of Flexibility and
Design Rates
Wireline Retrievable
Side Pocket
Mandrel with
Gas Lift Valve
Handles Sandy Conditions Well

Allows For Full Bore Tubing Drift
Side Pocket
Mandrel with
Gas Lift Valve
Completion
Fluid
Single
Production
Packer
Surface Wellhead Equipment
Requires Minimal Space

Multi-Well Production From
Single Compressor
Multiple or Slimhole Completion
295

Injection
Gas In
Produced
Hydrocarbons
Out
Side Pocket
Mandrel with
Gas Lift Valve
Gas Lift
System Limitations
eeds High-Pressure Gas Well or
Compressor
One Well Leases May Be
Side Pocket
Mandrel with
Gas Lift Valve
Uneconomical
Fluid Viscosity
Side Pocket
Mandrel with
Gas Lift Valve
Bottomhole Pressure
High Back-Pressure
Completion
Fluid
Single
Production
Packer
296

Gas Lift System Application Considerations
Typical Range
Maximum*
Operating
Depth
5,000 -10,000 TVD
15,000 TVD
Operating
Volume
100 - 10,000 BPD
30,000 BPD
100 - 250 F
400 F
0- 50
70
Short to
Medium
Radius
Operating
Temperature
Wellbore
Deviation
Corrosion Handling
Gas Handling
Solids Handling
Fluid Gravity
Servicing
Prime Mover Type
Offshore Application
Good to Excellent with

Upgraded Materials
Excellent
Good
Best in >15 API
Wireline or Workover Rig
Compressor
Excellent
297
Artificial Lift - Gas Lift

Useful tips on Gas Lift
When investigating the feasibility of a potential gas lift, or reviewing the
performance of an existing gas lift facility, the Production Engineer, Process
and Operations Engineer should be fully aware of the system prerequisites.
The success of any gas lift system depends on an adequate and reliable source of
quality lift gas throughout the period when lift is required.
The gas injection point should be as close as possible to the top of the completion
interval. In this respect, the equilibrium curve concept should be used as the basis of
all gas lift design.
Lift should be as stable as possible.
Gas lift system should operate with minimum (practical) back pressure at the well
head. If possible operate at open choke when gas lifting.
Completions should be designed for single-point lift.
298

Useful tips on Gas Lift
Lift gas availability should be optimized to enable the system to operate near
continuously in the most profitable configuration (e.g. Minimize compressor down
time).
All gas lift system designs should address future, as well as present, operating
conditions.
Overly conservative design assumption should be avoided design factors should
reflect the availability and quality of design data.
Surveillance and control should be considered as an integral part of any gas lift
system. Good quality data is a prerequisite for an efficient gas lift design
The ability to control gas distribution is essential for efficient gas lift operation.
299

Useful tip on Gas Lift
Gas lift clearly requires a systems think approach in order to indentify bottlenecks in
production, disposal or flare systems.
Gas lift systems should be designed with all modes of operation in mind (e.g. Start
up, turn down).
300

Well Performance AUST Class

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WELL PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

POWER TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi PTT Well Performance

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi PTT Well Performance

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi PTT Well Performance

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi PTT Well Performance

Element of the production

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi PTT Well Performance

Cashflow - The overall objectives would ideally be to maximise both cashflow

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi PTT Well Performance

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi PTT Well Performance

Casing string design. Drilling fluid selection.

Design installation of completion string.

Monitoring well and completion performance.

Diagnosis, recommendation, installation of

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi PTT Well Performance

Production Engineer focus area

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi PTT Well Performance

Total system pressure drop

is defined as the inflow

performance relationship or IPR.

PTH is the tubing head pressure

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi PTT Well Performance

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi PTT Well Performance

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi PTT Well Performance

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi PTT Well Performance

The assessment of the probability of technical and economics success.

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi PTT Well Performance

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi PTT Well Performance

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi PTT Well Performance

Introduction Phase Diagram

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi PTT Well Performance

Introduction Phase Diagram

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi PTT Well Performance

Introduction Phase Diagram

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi PTT Well Performance

Introduction Phase Diagram

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi PTT Well Performance

Introduction Phase Diagram

contain relatively fewer heavy molecules and more

intermediates (defined as ethane through hexanes). Volatile oils have been

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi PTT Well Performance

Introduction Phase Diagram

The entire phase diagram of a hydrocarbon mixer of

predominantly smaller molecules will lie below reservoir temperature.

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi PTT Well Performance

Introduction Phase Diagram

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi PTT Well Performance

Introduction Phase Diagram

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi PTT Well Performance

Introduction Phase Diagram

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi PTT Well Performance

Introduction Phase Diagram

are also called retrograde condensate gases, gas

condensates, or condensates. The phase diagram of a retrograde gas is

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi PTT Well Performance

Introduction Phase Diagram

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi PTT Well Performance

Introduction Phase Diagram

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi PTT Well Performance

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi PTT Well Performance

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi PTT Well Performance

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi PTT Well Performance

Dr. Alpheus Igbokoyi PTT Well Performance