1

Types of Machine Tools and their

Specifications

Objectives: At the end of this session the

student should be able to
Name the general purpose machine tools of
common use
Distinguish the configurations and functions of
some of the common machine tools
Develop some idea about the kinematics of
commonly used machine tools
Understand the kind of machine tool and tooling
required for a typical job
2

Basic functional principles of machine

tool operations
We need Machine Tools to produce desired
geometrical surfaces on solid bodies (conventionally
called work piece).
To achieve these purposes, they are basically
comprised of:
Holding devices for rigid fastening of the tool and
the work
Power drives for motions to the tool and work
Kinematic system to transmit motion and power
from the power sources to the tool/work
3

Basic functional principles of machine

tool operations (Cont..)
Control systems
Body structure to support and accommodate the
systems with sufficient strength and rigidity.
For material removal by machining, the work and
the tool need relative movements. The required
motions and power are derived from the power
source(s) and transmitted through the kinematic
system(s) that operates on various mechanisms.

Basic traditional metal forming process based on chip

formation are classified as shown in the chart below :

Metal Forming

Chip-forming
Process

Chipless Processes

(Metal Cutting)
ContinuousContact

Intermittent
Cutting

Cutting

Single-edge Cutting

Double edged
cutting

(Turning, Shaping,
Boring)

Sizeable Swarf

(Drilling)

(Milling, Hobbing)

Continues

Impact of Intermittent Contact

(Forging, Drop-stamping)

Ground Chips
(Honing, Grinding etc.)

Lathes
Milling machines
Drilling machines
Boring machines
Grinding machines
Shaping machines
Planning machines
Slotting machines
Hobbing machines
Gear shaping machines
Broaching machines

Machine - Tool Drives

Operation

Motion of Job

Motion of Cutting
Tool

Milling

Translation

Rotation

Turning

Rotation

Translation

Boring

Forward Translation

Rotation

Drilling

Fixed

Rotation along with Translation

Surface Grinding

Translation

Rotation

Machine - Tool Drives

Machine tools essentially need a wide range
of cutting speed and feed rate to enable
Machining of different materials and job sizes
Use of cutting tools of different material,
geometry and size
Different machining operations ranging from high
speed turning to low speed thread cutting in
lathes
To achieve the desired surface finish of the job.
8

Machine - Tool Drives

Machine tool drives may be

Stepped drive
Stepless drive
Stepped drives, most common in conventional
machine tools, provide a discrete number of
speeds and feeds that are available preferably in
GP series.
Stepped drive is attained by using gear boxes or
cone pulley (old method) along with the power
source.

Machine - Tool Drives (Cont..)

While in modern CNC machine tools the drives
are stepless with provisions for optimum
selection and flexibly in automatic control of
the speeds and feeds.
Stepless drive is achieved through
Variable speed AC or DC motors
Stepper or servomotors
Hydraulic power pack

10

Basic Machine Tools Configuration and their use

11

(a) According to configuration

Horizontal - Most common for ergonomic conveniences
Vertical - Occupies less floor space, only some large
lathes are of this type.

12

Horizontal and vertical lathe

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(b) According to purpose of use

General purpose - Very versatile and almost all
possible types of operations are carried out on a range
of sizes, shapes and materials of jobs; example : centre
lathes
Single purpose - Only one (occasionally two) type of
operation is done on limited ranges of size and material
of jobs; example facing lathe, roll turning lathe etc.
Special purpose - A definite number and type of
operations are done repeatedly over long time on a
specific type of blank; example: gear blank machining
lathe etc.
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(c)According to size or capacity

Small (low duty) - In such light duty lathes (upto 1.1 kW),
only small and medium size jobs of generally soft and
easily machinable materials are machined
Medium (medium duty) - These lathes of power upto 11
kW are most versatile and commonly used
Large (heavy duty)
Mini or micro lathe - These are tiny table-top lathes used
for extremely small size jobs and precision work; example
: swiss type automatic lathe

15

(d) According to degree of automation

Non-automatic - Almost all the handling operations
are done manually; example: centre lathes
Semi-automatic - Nearly half of the handling
operations, irrespective of the processing operations,
are done automatically and rest manually; example :
capstan lathe, turret lathe, copying lathe relieving lathe
etc.
Automatic - Almost all the handling operations (and
the processing operations) are done automatically;
example single spindle automat (automatic lathe),
swiss type automatic lathe, etc.
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(f) According to configuration of the jobs

being handled
Bar type - Slender rod like jobs being held in collets
Chucking type - Disc type jobs being held in chucks
Housing type - Odd shape jobs, being held in face plate

(g) According to precision

Ordinary
Precision (lathes) - These sophisticated lathes meant for
high accuracy and finish and are relatively more
expensive.
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Standard Engine Lathe

FIGURE 22-1 Schematic of a standard engine lathe performing a turning operation, with the cutting tool shown in inset.

Center Lathe

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Lathe Parts

Carriage assembly

21

Center Lathe

22

Gear System

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Tailstock

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Long Job is supported by tailstock

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Drilling in lathe machine

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Lathe Design and Terminology

Lathe Engine essential
components:
Bed
Gray cast for vibration
dampening

Headstock assembly
Spindle
Transmission
Drive motor

Tailstock assembly
Longitudinal way clamp
Transverse way clamp
Quill for cutting tools,
live centers, or dead
centers

FIGURE 22-8 Schematic diagram of an engine lathe, showing basic components.

Lathe Design and Terminology

Lathe Engine essential
components:
Quick-change gearbox
Powers Carriage
Assembly movement
with lead screw

Carriage Assembly
Fixed to cross slide
Holds tool post at
variable orientations
Provides longitudinal
and transverse
movement of tooling

Ways
Provides precise
guidance to carriage
assembly and tailstock

FIGURE 22-8 Schematic diagram of an engine lathe, showing basic components.

Centre lathe
Centre lathes configuration Fig. 2.9 shows the general
configuration of center lathe. Its major parts are:
Head stock - It holds the blank / job and through a jaw.
The power and rotation to the job are transmitted at
different speeds from this part.
tailstock: supports longer blanks and often
accommodates tools like drills, reamers, etc.
carriage: holds the moving tools
bed: headstock is fixed and tailstock is clamped on it at
different locations carriage travels on the bed
columns: on which the bed is fixed
work-tool holding devices
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Amongst the various types of lathes, centre lathes are the most versatile and commonly
used.

30

 While cutting screw threads the half nuts are engaged with the rotating
lead screw to positively cause travel of the carriage and hence the tool
parallel to the lathe bed i.e., job axis.
The feed-rate for both turning and threading is varied as needed by
operating the gear drive systems existing in the feed gear box ( FGB ). The
range of feeds can be augmented by changing the gear ratio in the gear
quadrant connecting the FGB with the spindle
As and when required, the tailstock is shifted along the lathe bed by
operating the clamping bolt and the tailstock quil is moved forward or
backward or is kept locked in the desired location.
The versatility or working range of the centre lathes is enhanced by using
several attachments like
Taper turning attachment
Thread milling attachment
Copying attachment

31

Uses of center lathes

Centre lathes are quite versatile being used for
various operations:
external
straight

turning
taper
internal
stepped
facing, centering, drilling, recessing and parting
thread cutting; external and internal
knurling.
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Some of those common operations are shown in Fig.

2.10. Several other operations can also be done on
center lathes using suitable attachments.

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Basic Turning Operations

FIGURE 22-2 Basic turning machines can rotate the work and feed the tool longitudinally for turning and can
perform other operations by feeding transversely. Depending on what direction the tool is fed and on what portion
of the rotating workpiece is being machined, the operations have different names. The dashed arrows indicate the
tool feed motion relative to the workpiece.

Knurling

The machining operations generally carried out

by centre lathes are :
Facing
Centering
Rough and finish turning
Chamfering, shouldering, grooving, recessing etc
Axial drilling and reaming by holding the cutting tool
in the tailstock barrel
Taper turning
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 Boring (internal turning); straight and taper

Forming; external and internal
Cutting helical threads; external and internal
Parting
Knurling

38

In addition to the aforesaid regular machining

operations, some more operations are also
occasionally done on centre lathes by mounting
suitable attachments available in the market,
such as,
Grinding, both external and internal by mounting a
grinding attachment on the saddle
Copying (profiles) by using hydraulic copying
attachment
Machining long and large threads for leadscrews,
power-screws, worms etc. by using thread milling
attachment.
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Specification of Lathe Machine

1. Swing over bed
2. Swing over carriage
3. Distance between centers
4. Hole through spindle
5. Travel of cross-slide
6. Taper of tailstock spindle
7. Length overall
8. Width overall
9. Height overall
10.Shipping weight
11.Motor/Speed Control
12.Spindle speed range
40

Turret and Capstan Lathe

41

Introduction
Turret lathes were developed to extend center
lathe work.
Designed for multiple tooling (TURRET), which
is commonly hexagonal in shape and mounted
on a vertical axis in place of the tailstock of
standard lathe machine.
An entire sequence of operations can be
performed by indexing the turret
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Elements of the turret lathe

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44

Top View of turret lathe

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Type of Turret lathe

Ram type turret lathe
Saddle type turret lathe

46

Ram type turret lathe

Revolving turret is
mounted on a ram or a
slide carried in a base
which can be clamped
in any position along
the bed of the machine.

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Ram type turret lathe

Lighter in construction
Quickly and easily
operated
Also called CAPSTAN
Lathe

48

Ram type turret lathe

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Saddle type turret lathe

Revolving turret is
mounted on the saddle
which moves back and
forward directly on the
machine.

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Saddle type turret lathe

More heavier and rigid
Also called TURRET
lathe

51

Saddle type turret lathe

52

Application of Capstan Lathe

Ram or slide is lighter and can be moved more
quickly than a saddle.
Lacks rigidity
Ideally suited for the production of parts
relatively short in length.

53

Size range of capstan lathe

Bar diameter
:
Swing over bed
:
Swing over cross slide:
Max turret movement:

12-60 mm
200-300 mm
100-200 mm
75-350 mm

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Application of Turret lathe

Due to heavier construction----- More rigid
Provides good support for tool
Suitable for longer and heavier cuts

55

Size range of turret lathe

Bar diameter
:
Swing over bed
:
Swing over cross slide:
Max turret movement:

50-100 mm
350-900 mm
250-650 mm
750-2000 mm

56

Boring via Vertical Turret Lathe