2. QUADRATI IMPORTANT NOTES (The general form of a quadratic equation is ax? + bx + e~ 0; a,b, care constants and a #0, (Gi) Characteristics of a quadratic equation: (a) Involves only ONE variabl (b) Has an equal sign “=” and ean be expressed in the form ax’ + bx + ¢= 0, (c) The highest power of the variable is 2. EQUATIONS 2.1 Recognising Quadratic Equations: x XAMPLES_ a0 Notemsine (a=O) Exercise : State whether the following are quadratic Equations, Give your reason, No Function OF | NonQF ADDS NO 2, WATERMARK & 3 4. lat +% x -3=0 5 [f=The ROOTs of a quadratic Equation (Q. Note: “ROOT” refers to a specific value which satisfies the QE. Example: Given Q.E. x? +2x-3= 0 By substitution, itis found that x=1, 27 +2(1)-3 Hence | is a root of the quadratic equation x? + 2x — 3 But if 2, 2+22)-3#0, We say that 2 is NOT a root of the given quadratic Equation EXAMPLE EXERCISE Gr. | Determine iF 2 isa root of the equation TA, Deter x ‘4 root ofthe equation 3x14 28-7 = 0, 2xt-x- 15 2, 3¢2)2 + 2(-2)— se = Zig NOT a root ofthe given equation. U § “AN REGISTERED 9N VERSION ADDS NO = qairaieeqaton | A Tsar ll ,WATER ARK & 12, | LA. Determine iF3 isa root of the equation | 13. Determine it ¥ # Yow SO, equation 4x! +2 C2. Disa root of E $ rint-dvivDo you know that If the PRODUCT of two numbers is zero, then either one or both the numbers must be zero? 3 REGIS TERED VERSION ADDS NO Example : If (x—2) (x +3)=0 Then x-2=0 orx+3 =2.3.1 To Solve Quadratic Equations : ax” + bx + =0 I. By Factorisation This method can only be used i the quadratic expression canbe factorsed completly EXAMPLE EXERCISE Ci. | Solve the quadratic equation x"FEx ¥6=0. | LI. Solve WP~ 4-50. Answer Sx + Jawapans +24 =0 of x+3=0 G_| Solve the quadratic equation 2x (¢—1)=6. 12 Solve x(1¥x) = 6 Ans. &-D=6 TA, Solve 12x = Bd, 16, elesaikan (3x > Selesaikan 3+ x2.3.2 To Solve Quadratic Equations : ax” + bx +¢=0 Il. By ‘Completing the Square? -Toexpress ax? + bx +e inthe form a(x +p)? +q Simple Case : When a =1 EXAMPLE EXERCISE bby method of Li, Solve x°+ 4x + 3= Oby method of . ‘completing the square’. CI. [Solve x? + de “completing the ms -to3) Solve =x + 5 fers correct (04 signi | Sowe x= 6x +3 = 0 by method of “completing the square’. Give your answer ‘correct to 3 decimal places. Solve x > 1x + ers correct (04 signi 13. | Solve 21-9 = ‘squat by completing the vers correct 10 42.3.3 To Solve Quadratic Equations : ax” + bx + ¢=0 TI,” Method of completing the square = by expressing ax’ + bx +e in the form a(x +p)’ +q [a= 1, but involving fractions when completing the square] EXAMPLE earncae Solve jeyour answer | answer correct to 4 C3. [ Solve x 34-2 = 0 by method of “completing the squa correct to 4 significant fig <4 = 0, Giveyour ¥3x-3 = 0 0.5616 at Give your answer T7,. Solve x +73 icant figures. answer correct (0 U6, [Solve x7 correct to 4 LB. | Solve a(x+ 5 correct to 4 significant figures.Method of completing the square 2.3.4 To Solve Quadratic Equations : ax’ + bx + ¢= 0. u. = To express ax’ + bx + im the form a(x + p)'+q If a4 1: Divide both sides by a first before you proceed with the process of ‘completing the square’. EXAMPLE Ch. Solve 24" 3x47 = 0 by complet square. the Lio. Solve 2x" -12x + 5 0 correct to ‘ovo decimal places. 2d 8+ T= 0 votes Deo = 2.707 atau 1.293 “a vase ous) Solve ix 1 = 0 by completing the | LiT, Solve 2x" square. aed 0 [divide by CD] 4-1-0 two decimal plac2.3.5 To Solve Quadratic Equations : ax’ + bx + ¢= 0. HL Using Formula EXAMPLE EXERCISE, Ci.) Solve 23747 = 0 by ing formula, solve 2x” ~ 12x + ‘answer correct to 4 = 2.707 atau 1.293 @_| Soe 242—35) =F By using formula, qive | L2. By using formula, sohe {your answer correct to two decimal places. a= 3(bx— 3) correct to two decimal places. 22-39) = 13] Solve xi2x-1) = 2 by ang formula, give] LA. Solve the afffatie tie DDS fo] Your answer correct wo two decimal paces, | 24) = a) Opi2.4 To Form Quadratic Equations from Given Roots If the roots of a quadratic oo are aand B, That is, x= a ’ BS Then eco p-a (e-a)(x-B)= 0 The quadratic equation is (at p)x+ap= 0. x2 + [__ Sumot Roots |x+[_ Product of rots EXAMPLE EXERCISE ithe quadratic equation with roois 2dan Li. Find the quadratic equ “Sdan a. jon with roots xed xe 4 orxt4=0 (x44) & Find the quadratie equation with roots dan = 3. xe, x8 -3 x=0 or x+3=0 Given that the roots of the quadratic equation 2x + (pele + q-2=Oare -3and %. Find the value of p and 4. a.2.5 The Quadratic Equation ax’ + bx +e = 0 2.5.1 Relationship between “b” — 4ac” and the Roots of the Q.. yt) sf) bP—dac = 0 Q.E. has real and equal roots. The graph y = f(x) touches the x-axis [ The x-axis is the tangent to the, b?-dac <0 QE. does not have real roots. Graph y = f(x) does not touch x-axis.Aplication (Relationship between “b? —dac” and. the type of roots) EXAMPLE TXERCEE C1 SPM 2000) ‘The roots ofthe quadratic equati 1. The roots of the quadratie equati 2x! + px+q=Oare? and -3 2x) + px+qeOare-6 and 3. Find Find (a)pand q, (a) pand a, (b) the range of values of k such that (b) range of values of k such that 2x7+px+ | 2x? + px-+ q=K does not have real roots, = k does not have real roots. Answer: a x= 6x=3 9) 0-3)=0 X38 -18=0 2x8 16x36" 0 Comparing: p=6, q= -36. o 2 +6x-36 =k 2x! + 6x-36-k = 0 36- ke een 64a y-36-W) <0 ea RSTERED YN 12 Ric ranae fhe quate union [13 The gat AED pe haw) AN Deon ek hasrealand distinct oot | equal wots Fn the fPwetistereD ON VERSI [C4 | Find the range of p ifthe quadratic ‘equation 2x°+ 4x + 5+ p= 0 has real rootsReinforcement Exercises (SPM Format Questions) ut 2 @) The equation roots which are equal. Find the values of i EXERCISE 6x +7 = WOK 3) has (b) Given that @ and Bare roots ofthe equation X°-2x=k=0, while 2a and 28 are the roots of the equation x? + mx +9 0, Determine the possible values of k and m. {6 (eas ke (SPM2003,, PI, $3). Solve the quadratic Axl — 4) = (xX 2) Give you 2, One of the roots ofthe equation 2x! + 6x= 2k— the value of k and the roots ofthe equation. roots. Find the rapa EXERCISE is twice the other.EXERCISE EXERCISE, 16 (SPM 2002) Given 2 and 4 are ots ofthe equation kx(x = 1) pq, find the val 4x If ptq= 4and fof k and m (5) (ke-4,m=.5) PS. quite changin! LA. (SPM 2001) Given 2 and mare roots of the equation (2x— 1)(x (6-1), with asa constant, find k and m io (k-15,m=3) Ts (SPM 2000) Find the range of x ifthe straight line y = 2x-+k does not intersect the curve 6-0. 15) 9, (SPM 2000) The quadratic equation 2x! + px-+q= 0 has roots -2 and 3, Find the value of p anf q so that 2x! + pxtq= k has real roots (4 <-5477 aa k> S477) (p22. g2 “22 10. | (SPM 1995) (©) Given 14 and 5 are roots of a quadratic (Prove that the Equation Write down the quadratic G-pwtxt pt ‘equation inthe form ax + bx + ¢= 0, Oe pet (5) Pl (b) Find the range of values of x for which the equation x + kx + 2k — has no real rots,