IJIRST International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology| Volume 3 | Issue 03 | August 2016

ISSN (online): 2349-6010

Effective Utilization of Various Industrial Wastes

in Concrete for Rigid Pavement Construction A
Literature Review
G. Aditya
M. Tech Scholar
Department of Civil Engineering
GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam, India 532127.

M. T. S. Lakshmayya
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam, India 532127.

Abstract
Industrial wastes disposal is a serious concern to environment and its handling requires special attention and care. The effective
utilization of industrial wastes is made well in construction industry as building materials. As a part of this, scope of industrial
wastes usage in rigid pavement construction is also studied and analyzed by various scholars and technical experts. Since rigid
pavements are most sustainable constructions for transit of people and goods, research in improvement of their quality became
essential. Incorporating some of these qualified industrial wastes in their construction not only improves quality but also reduces
the disposal problems of industrial wastes. Different industrial wastes are used as different inputs in rigid pavement construction
based on their properties, availability and ease of handling. Some wastes such as Fly Ash (F.A), Quarry Dust (Q.D), Silica Fume
(S.F), Ceramic Wastes (C.W), Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (G.G.B.S), Steel Slag (S.A), and Rice Husk Ash (R.H.A)
etc. find their effective usage in different constructions. This paper gives a review and insight into research made by many
scholars in usage of above industrial wastes in different proportions of concrete and understands the changes in their strength
parameters. There by assessing their adaptability and incorporation in rigid pavements and other civil constructions.
Keywords: Fly Ash (F.A), Quarry Dust (Q.D), Silica Fume (S.F), Ceramic Wastes (C.W), Ground Granulated Blast
furnace Slag (G.G.B.S), Steel Slag (S.S), Rice Husk Ash (R.H.A)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
I.

INTRODUCTION

Effective usage and proper incorporation of industrial wastes in concrete gives optimum results, for which the knowledge of their
properties is essential. The major usage of industrial wastes in rigid pavements is done as partial cement replacement, fine or
coarse aggregate replacement. They are often used with or without different types of fibres, chemical admixtures to enhance their
performance, properties and workability. Studies are conducted to find out optimum additions of these materials in different
grades of concrete mix proportioning to make their practical implementation easy. Not only this the advantages and short
comings of usage of these industrial wastes can be well known with laboratory investigation so as their usage can be monitored.
Considering all these aspects the following is the detailing of studies conducted on such industrial generated wastes by
academicians and scholars.
II. INVESTIGATIONS CARRIED ON DIFFERENT INDUSTRIAL WASTES
As the minimum grade of concrete recommended by IRC 44: 2008 [1] for pavement quality concrete is M30 , some of studies
carried on M30 or higher grades of concrete with usage of industrial wastes, their composition, conclusions and
recommendations from investigations performed by some of authors currently are mentioned in this review so that their
implementation can be analyzed.
Fly Ash (F.A):
Fly ash is a solid fine waste generated from thermal power plants. It can also be called as a bi-product of thermal power
generation process. About 50-100 tons of fly ash is produced daily from an average thermal power plant. They are collected by
electro-static precipitators. Its disposal is a huge problem because of its particle size, it can cause several problems to humans
and also plants if not disposed properly, fly ash contains good pozzolanic properties which can enhance strength of concrete,
hence to deal with problem of disposal and making use of fly ash its effective usage is found in partial replacement of cement in
concrete making. Fly ash is classified into different types based on its Cao content, it can also be used as sand replacement.
Results of some of studies conducted on fly ash are discussed below. The chemical constituents of fly ash are shown in below
Table.1

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Effective Utilization of Various Industrial Wastes in Concrete for Rigid Pavement Construction A Literature Review
(IJIRST/ Volume 3 / Issue 03/ 013)

Oxide Composition
Percentage (%)

Table 1
Chemical Composition of Fly Ash (Class F)
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3
55.3 25.70
5.30
5.60 2.10 1.40

K2O
0.60

Na2O
0.40

L.O.I
1.90

*Source: Amit Kumar Ahirwar, Rajesh Joshi et.al [6]

Fig. 1: Fly Ash

Nagesh Tatoba, Suryawanshi Samitinjay S Bhansode et al [2] [2012] studied on fly ash replacement for cement and sand to
the extent of 10-30 percent and 5-15 percent for M35 grade of concrete respectively. Because of the use of fly ash, rigid
pavement behaves as a semi rigid pavement causing substantial reduction in cost of construction. The study showed the usage of
fly ash as a beneficial pavement material, then Vanitha Agarwal, Gupta S.M et.al [3] [2012] experimented on high performance
concrete with super plasticizer for M30, M40 and M50 grades of concrete with 30% and 40% fly ash replacements. The tests
were conducted to analyze compressive and flexural strengths for 7,28 and 90 days, they concluded from their study that the all
mixes with fly ash replacement showed better strengths when compared to design mix and at 30% addition they are getting
optimum results, the strength characteristics showed an increasing trend between 28- 90 days curing period , S. Antony
Jeteandran, S. Kathirvel [4] [2013] also investigated on durability characteristics of high volume fly ash concrete with and
without fibres in comparison with conventional concrete for rigid pavements, the cement was replaced in the mix in proportions
of 50%, 60%, 70% and the authors concluded that HFVA attained lesser impact strength and higher alkalinity when compared to
design mix, the HFVA mixes are less workable and they also stated that a replacement of 50% suitable for HFVA concrete
further S. Pavan, S. Krishna Rao [5] [2014] examined the potential usage of fly ash in roller compacted concrete pavements, a
mix was prepares following standards of ACI-211-3R-19 guidelines and fly ash is replaced in that mix in varying proportions of
20%, 40%, and 60%. The compressive, flexural and split tensile strengths of mixes are examined. They concluded that the
optimum results were attained for 20% replacement at 28 days and at higher replacement decrease in initial compressive strength
and 50% of 28 day compressive strength were noticed later Amit Kumar Ahirwar, Rajesh Joshi et.al [6] [2015] studied the effect
of replacement of fly ash in M30 grade of pavement quality concrete in increments of 10% in addition with coconut fibres in
different proportions and found that at 30% addition the concrete mix showed optimum results when compared to conventional
mix, they also concluded that the slump value decreased with increase in fly ash content
Hence from above studies conducted by scholars it is evident that fly ash is an effective substitute and for cement partially in
concrete making and a replacement of 30-50% can be made economically depending upon the working conditions without
reduction in desired strength.
Quarry dust (Q.D):
Quarry dust is a solid waste produced from rock crushing units. It accounts for 20-25% of the output of stone crushing units.
Quarry dust is fine in nature, it creates environmental pollution and disposal problems. To tackle this quarry dust can be
effectively utilized as partial replacement of cement and fine aggregate in construction of rigid pavements depending upon the
particle size and fineness. Sometimes quarry dust is also used as full replacement of fine aggregate. The fine particles in Quarry
dust helps in improvement of cohesion of the concrete mix. Studies conducted in this aspect attained positive results which are
discussed below. The chemical composition of quarry dust are mentioned in below Table. 2
Oxide Composition
Percentage (%)

Table 2
Chemical Composition of Quarry Dust
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO TiO2
62.48 18.42
6.54
4.83 2.56 1.21

K2O
3.18

Na2O
-

L.O.I
0.48

*Source: Anzad Hamid Mir [12]

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Effective Utilization of Various Industrial Wastes in Concrete for Rigid Pavement Construction A Literature Review
(IJIRST/ Volume 3 / Issue 03/ 013)

Fig. 2: Quarry dust

R. Illangovana, N. Mahendrana et.al [7] [2008] studied on fully replacing fine aggregate with quarry dust for M20, M30, M40
grades of concrete by using different mix design methods such as IS method, ACI method, USBR method etc. and found that an
increase in compressive and flexural strength from 10-15 % for full replacement in all methods and also concluded that IS
method gave the best results, Venkata Sairam Kumar. N, B. Pandurangarao, Krishna Sai M.L.N et al [8] [2013] have made
investigations on partial replacement of cement with quarry dust for studying mechanical properties of concrete. The percentages
of quarry dust partial replacement of cement in concrete are 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, and 40% for M20, M30 and
M40 grade concrete. From the experimental studies 25% of partial replacement of cement with quarry dust improved hardened
concrete properties. Later A.V.S Sai Kumar, Krishna Rao [9] [2014] studied about the usage of quarry dust as a partial
replacement to cement, they experimented on M30 grade of concrete and found its optimum replacement as 25% and later they
also experimented with metaoklin. This shows the suitability of quarry dust as an effective cement replacement material also
further more Ramarao Chimita, Venkateswara rao .J [10] [2015] investigated on replacement of sand used in rigid pavement
construction with locally available rock dust and performed cost benefit analysis, the replacement of sand with rock dust was
made up to 70% in increments of 10% for M40 grade of concrete and concluded that 50% replacement is the optimum and the
%increase in compressive and flexural strengths are 15.33% and 16.14% when compared to conventional M40 concrete, A. Suri
Babu, U. Ranga Raju et.al [11] [2015] also investigated on the usage of quarry dust as replacement to fine aggregate in concrete,
they worked on M25 and M40 grades of concrete and found that the compressive and flexural strengths of samples with fine
aggregate replacement increased by nearly 10% when compared to conventional concrete.
From above investigations it is clear that quarry dust can be effectively used as a replacement for cement and fine aggregate in
concrete and used in rigid pavement construction, which in turn reduces the overall cost of construction of pavement.
Silica Fume (S.F):
Silica fume is a good reactive pozzolanic waste material also called as micro silica, it is the bi- product of the ferrosilicon alloy
production. It is very fine in particle size and rich in silica content, researches showed significant improvement in strength of
concrete by utilizing silica fume in its production. It can reduce permeability and thereby reducing corrosion. The fineness of
silica fume adds to the improved strength of concrete. Silica fume can be used as an individual replacement or with combination
of other pozzolanic materials in different proportions. Thus the effective utilization of silica fume in rigid pavement concrete not
only improves the durability of pavements but also reduces environmental pollution problems. The composition of silica fume is
shown below in Table. 3

Fig 3: Silica Fume

Oxide Composition
Percentage (%)

Table 3
Chemical Composition of Silica Fume
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3
78.50 1.22
1.27
2.13 5.32 0.15

K2O
4.11

Na2O
1.78

L.O.I
4.93

*Source: Yilmiz Kozak [18]

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Effective Utilization of Various Industrial Wastes in Concrete for Rigid Pavement Construction A Literature Review
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K. Perumal, R. Sundara Rajan [13] [2004] investigated on effects of partial replacement of silica fume with cement in high
performance cement of grades M60, M70 and M110. The replacements of silica fume was done in proportions of (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5,
10, 12.5 and 15%) by weight of cement respectively and concluded that 10% replacement showed optimum results for all high
performance mixes. Samples with silica fume replacement also showed high acid resistance, sea water resistance, abrasion
resistance and impact resistance there by improving durability of mixes, Pawde Prasanth Y, Nagar Naik P.B et.al [14] [2010]
studied on effect of silica fume on M30 grade of concrete as a partial replacement of cement with varying proportions of (0, 4, 8,
12%) by weight of cement and checked the compressive and flexural characteristics of samples. It was found that the addition of
silica fume to the mix from 8-12% did not bring any significant changes in strength parameters and authors concluded that the
optimum amount of replacement is 8% later steel fibres were also used in the investigation. Further N.K. Amrudhavalli, Jeena
Mathew [15] [2012] studied on effect of cement replacement with silica fume in proportions of (0, 5, 10, 15, 20%) for M35 grade
of concrete and concluded that optimum results were attained between 10-15% replacement and they also stated that the weight
loss and reduction in compressive strength for acid attack test reduced by 2.23% and 7.69% for 10% replacement of silica fume,
Magudeaswaran P, Eswaramoorthy P [16] (2013) studied the effects of partial replacement of cement with silica fume and fly
ash for high performance concrete of M60 grade. They replaced silica fume and fly ash in proportions of (0, 5, 10, 15, 25, and
30%) and (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5%) in combinations they concluded that for (10%F.A+5%S.F) combination compressive
strength increased by 13.9% and (15%F.A+7.5%S.F) split tensile and flexural strengths increased by 12.5 and 16 % respectively
when compared to design mix. Then R. L. Ramesh, Nagaraja. P. S, [17] (2015) investigated on compressive strength
characteristics of high strength M 70 grade concrete by usage of silica fume and high reactive metaoklin in varying proportions
with and without addition of steel fibres and found that strength of silica fume concrete increased by 23.6% when compared to
conventional concrete.
From the investigations carried out it is concluded that the inclusion of silica fume in concrete improves its micro structure
and enhances the strength properties when compared to conventional concrete and it can replace cement from 10-15% by weight
successfully without losing the desired strength characteristics of the mix and even providing better strength and durability.
Ceramic Waste (C.W)
With growth of industrial and housing needs the ceramic production in the country also increased vastly from past 10-20 years
these industries produce a huge amount of ceramic waste in the form of broken ceramic materials and polishing wastes, the fine
waste produced by these industries are settled down and dumped which is causing a heavy dirt pollution, the effective utilization
of these wastes can be made in concrete making for rigid pavements. As these wastes are rich in pozzolanic properties their
addition will enhance the strength of constructions and also saves economy of construction. Ceramic tile wastes such as broken
tiles and from other sources like sanitary wastes, electric insulation wastes can be graded and used as partial coarse aggregate
replacement. Studies conducted in above aspects are mentioned below. The composition of Ceramic waste are shown in below
Table. 4
Oxide Composition
Percentage (%)

Table 4
Chemical Composition of fine Ceramic Waste
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3 K2O
63.29 18.29
4.32
4.46 0.72 0.10 2.18

Na2O
0.75

L.O.I
1.61

*Source: Amit Kumar D. Raval, Indrajit N Patel et.al [24]

Fig. 4: Ceramic Waste

Electricwala Fatima Ankit Jhamb Rakesh Kumar et al [19] [2013] have done experimental studies on concrete (M35) was
made by replacing up to 30% of cement with ceramic dust which showed an increment in compressive strength, flexural
strength. The results show that compressive strength increase by 3.9% to 5.6% by replacing 20% cement content with ceramic
dust. It was observed that no significant change in flexural strength when compared to the conventional concrete, Amit Kumar D.
Raval, Indrajit N. Patel, Jayesh Kumar Pitroda [20] [2013] studied on economical and ecofriendly usage of ceramic industry
waste in concrete making he added ceramic waste to M30 grade of concrete in increments of 10 % and concluded that up to 30%
addition optimum results were attained without disturbing fresh and hardened properties of concrete, later B. Krishna Rao,

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Effective Utilization of Various Industrial Wastes in Concrete for Rigid Pavement Construction A Literature Review
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Manthena Srilakshmi [21] [2013] investigated on tile dust as a replacement to cement for M30 grade of cement in increasing
proportions of 10% up to 50% and the development of compressive flexural and split tensile strengths of samples were observed
for 7,28 and56 days. The authors concluded from their study that optimum results are attained between 10-20% replacement and
replacement can be done up to 30% feasibly without much loss in strength characteristics, Jgannathan Sravanan, G. Srinivasan
et.al [22] [2014] investigated on partial replacement of Ceramic aggregate as coarse aggregate and foundry sand as fine
aggregate for M30 grade of concrete in proportions of 15%. 20% and 30% samples were casted and tested for compression,
flexural and split tensile strengths for 28 days and concluded that a replacement of coarse aggregate with ceramic aggregate can
be done up to 20% without affecting design strength, further more Ponnapati Manogna, M. Sri Lakshmi [23] [2015] studied
experimentally about the atrial replacement of cement by tile waste in M30 grade of concrete in increments of 10% up to 50%
and compressive, tensile and flexural strength tests were conducted for 7, 28 and 56 days respectively and concluded that a
replacement up to 30% can be made without compromising the design strength and optimum results for compression flexure and
tension were attained at 10% replacement.
The above studies conclude that the ceramic waste usage in concrete making can effectively increase the properties of
concrete, reduce cost of construction and reduce problems of waste disposal. Considering all these factors ceramic waste
admixed concrete can be used in rigid pavement construction also. It can be concluded that fine ceramic waste as cement
replacement can be used from 20-30% without compromising strength. When used as coarse aggregate based on the availability
replacement can be done up to 20%.
Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (G.G.B.S):
G.G.B.S is a fine material produced from the slag residue of blast furnace of iron making. During the production of iron and steel
large amount of slag is attained this slag is converted to coarse Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (G.B.S) by spraying water jet at
high velocities on molten slag, later this G.B.S is ground finely to produce G.G.B.S. Granulated blast furnace slag can be used as
a partial replacement of fine aggregate and G.G.B.S is effectively implemented as partial cement replacement in concrete
making. Addition of G.G.B.S as partial replacement of cement in concrete making imparts chemical resistance, corrosion
resistance and high strength to the mix. The waste slag produced is dumped in the production plants which can be used
effectively as a pavement construction material. Some of studies conducted in that aspect is mentioned below. The composition
of G.G.B.S is shown below in Table. 5
Table 5
Chemical Composition of G.G.B.S

Oxide Composition
Percentage (%)

SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3 K2O

34.06 18.8
0.7
32.4 10.75 0.85 0.98
*Source: Venu Malagavelli, P.N. Rao et.al [25]

Na2O
0.31

S
0.65

Fig. 5: Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag

Venu Malagavelli, P.N. Rao et.al [25] [2010] studied the characteristics of high performance concrete by replacing cement
with G.G.B.S and fine aggregate with robo sand . Cubes and cylinder samples were casted for compression and tensile testing
G.G.B.S was replaced from 40-60% and robo sand from 0-30% in 5% increments for M30 grade of concrete and concluded that
the replacement of G.G.B.S and robo sand at proportion of 25% and 50% for fine aggregate and cement gave optimum results,
Abhinav. S. Pawar, K. R. Dhabekar [26] (2014) studied the behavior of rigid pavement (concrete) which occurs when cementing
waste material (G.G.B.S) and steel fibres are added and to compare with normal concrete of M40 grade. G.G.B.S replacement
ratios (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%).The comparison between normal concrete, G.G.B.S concrete and with steel fibre
concrete was made. Optimum results were found at addition of 30% G.G.B.S and 1% steel fibres to the mix. Later Ranjith. M,
Amritha. E.K [27] [2015] experimented on replacement of cement with G.G.B.S and fine aggregate with G.B.S for M30 grade of
concrete and examined the compressive, flexural and split tensile strengths of mixes to know the optimum amount of addition,
G.G.B.S and G.B.S were replaced in proportions of 20,25,30% and 25,50,75% in the mix respectively. The authors concluded
that addition of 25% G.G.B.S gave the optimum results and recommended its usage then it was followed by Christina Mary V,
Kishore C.H [28] [2015] experimented on replacement of cement with G.G.B.S for M40 grade of cement in increments of 10%
up to 50% with 50% constant replacement of fine aggregate with M sand and investigated on various strength and durability
characteristics. The authors concluded from his study that for replacement of (10%S.F+50%M sand) the compressive strength

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Effective Utilization of Various Industrial Wastes in Concrete for Rigid Pavement Construction A Literature Review
(IJIRST/ Volume 3 / Issue 03/ 013)

and tensile strength increased considerably when compared to design mix also this mix resisted chloride attack and reduction in
compressive strength because of acid attack better than other mixes however flexural strength showed an increase for mix with
(30%S.F+50%M sand) replacement further A. Krishna Moorthy, R. Ashwini [29] [2015] studied on properties of M30 grade of
concrete in which cement is partially replaced by G.G.B.S in increments of 10% up to 50% and fine aggregate is fully replaced
by quarry dust and concluded that at 50% replacement of G.G.B.S the mix attained maximum compressive strength and
corrosion resistance.
By above studies a G.G.B.S can be stated as an effective supplementary cementitious material for construction of civil
engineering structures with better and enhanced properties. Apart from above mentioned studies there are also numerous other
researches going on in this aspect, from the above it can be concluded that replacement of cement with G.G.B.S can be done up
to 50% by weight of cement. Optimum addition can be attained from 30-40% addition depending upon the mix and working
conditions.
Steel Slag (S.S):
Steel slag is an outcome of steel manufacturing process, it is attained as a residue from the electric furnace where the ore is
heated. It is not easily disposable hence causing several problems related to disposal and handling. Steel slag can be used as fine
aggregate and coarse aggregate in concrete making based on particle size, availability. Because of the properties of steel slag it is
highly recommended for usage as aggregate in concrete making, some such studies conducted on usage of steel slag as fine and
coarse aggregate are mentioned below. The composition of steel slag is given in table.6.
Table 6
Chemical Composition of Steel Slag (Electric arc oxidizing slag)
Oxide Composition SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO
S
P2O5
Percentage (%)
12.1
6.8
29.5
22.8
4.8
0.2
0.3

MnO
7.9

*Source: Nippon Slag Association [35]

Fig. 6: Coarse Steel Slag

Fig. 7: Granular Steel Slag

N. Sumi, R. Malathy [30] [2013] investigated on usage of steel slag as fine aggregate replacement for M40 grade concrete
along with 30% constant fly ash replaced cement, the replacement was done in incremental proportions of 10% and optimum
replacement was found at 40% where the compressive strength and flexural strength values showed an increment more than
values recommended by IRC 58-2002 [6], they also conclude that a cost reduction of 15% was achieved which makes usage of
steel slag a cost effective measure, Praveen Mathew, Leni Stephen et.al [31] [2013] studied experimentally on natural coarse
aggregate replaced with steel slag aggregate in incremental proportions of 20% up to 100% for M40 grade of concrete,
compressive, flexural and split tensile strengths were evaluated for these replacements and compared with conventional concrete
and the authors concluded that optimum values of compression, flexural and split tensile strengths attained at 20% replacement
of aggregate. Then M.H. Lungaria, Gatesi Jean De Dieu [32] [2015] investigated on the effects of replacement of natural coarse
aggregate with steel slag aggregate in M40 grade of concrete in incremental proportions of 10% up to 40%. The authors
concluded that increase in steel slag replacement increased the slump value, the compressive strength increased up to 30%
replacement and split tensile strength of mix increased up to 40% replacement, P. Murthy, S. Alan, C. Chakravarthy [33] [2015]
studied the replacement of natural coarse aggregate with steel slag aggregate for M30 and M20 grades of concrete. The
replacement done was 50% in both the cases. Along with steel slag replacement fly ash is also replaced partially in place of
cement, ultra-sonic pulse velocity testing was done on samples, carbonation depth is determined and compressive strength is
assessed and the authors concluded that mix having (50% steel slag+ 30% fly ash + 20% OPC) gave the optimum results and
recommended usage of steel slag as coarse aggregate. Rahat Gul Ziramal, Rena N Shukla [34] [2016] investigated on the
replacement of natural 20mm coarse aggregate with steel slag aggregate and cement with fly ash for M30 grade of concrete ,
mixes were prepared for various replacements of them with fly ash ranging from 0-25% in increments of 5% and steel slag
ranging from 0-50% in increments of 10% and the author made the following conclusions, addition of steel slag and fly ash
improved the properties of concrete and optimum results are attained at (15%fly ash+ 30% steel slag ) replacement
From the above studies it can be concluded that steel slag can be used effectively as a replacement to natural coarse aggregate,
the physical and mechanical properties of steel slag enhances the concrete strength. This in turn reduces environmental problems

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Effective Utilization of Various Industrial Wastes in Concrete for Rigid Pavement Construction A Literature Review
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and achieves sustainability. It can also be concluded that 20-30% of replacement of natural coarse aggregate with steel slag
aggregate is beneficial structurally and economically
Rice Husk Ash (R.H.A):
Rice husk is the waste produced from the rice milling industry, after the paddy is milled the husk is produced as waste. The husk
is burnt for the production of steam in milling industries resulting in formation of rice husk ash. It is a good pozzolanic material,
its particle size ranges between 4-75 in India where agriculture is the main occupation and paddy production is high the
generation of rice husk ash is also high, this ash can be used and adapted in concrete making as partial cement replacement to
attain sustainable mixes, there by its effective utilization can be done, the studies conducted in that area are discussed below. The
composition of R.H.A is shown below in Table. 7
Oxide Composition
Percentage (%)

Table 7
Chemical Composition of Rice Husk Ash
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO K2O
88.32 0.46
0.67
0.67 0.44 2.91

Na2O3
0.12

L.O.I
5.81

*Source: Habeeb, Ghassan Abood, & Mahmud, Hilmi bin [41]

Fig. 8: Rice Husk Ash

Ramakrishnan. S, Velraj Kumar. G et.al [36] [2014] experimentally investigated on the replacement of cement partially with
rice husk ash in proportions of (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25%) for M40 grade of concrete. the variations in various strength parameters
for the replacements are studied. The authors stated that there is a reduction in compressive, flexural and tensile strengths with
increase in rice husk ash addition, the porosity and impact strength also decreased with increase in rice husk ash addition above
10% hence it is concluded that a replacement of 5-10% is optimum. Followed by Jiendar Kumar, Varinder Singh et.al [37]
[2015] also investigated on effects of fly ash and rice husk ash on pavement quality M40 grade concrete as a partial cement
replacement individually and in combination, flexural and compressive strengths were conducted on samples with R.H.A
replacements of 10%, 20% and 30% individually and 10%, 10%, 20% replacement for 10%, 20%, 10% fly ash replacement
combination and it was observed that individual replacement of R.H.A does not have any significant impact on compressive and
flexural strengths when compared to conventional mix but at 10% replacement with 0.30% w/c showed higher strength than
other R.H.A mixes and author concluded which is in par with MoRT&H standards, then Rohit Siwach, S.S Kajal et.al [38]
[2015] studied on partial replacement of cement with rice husk ash and fly ash in pavement quality concrete individually and in
combination, rice husk ash is replaced with cement in proportions of 10%, 20%, 30% individually and 10% , 10% , 20%
replacement for 10%, 20%, 10% fly ash replacement combination. Tests were conducted to analyse compressive and flexural
strengths. It was concluded from study that the mixes with only rice husk ash did not achieve desired strength for pavement
quality concrete (M40) for any % of addition , although 10% addition showed a compressive strength of 32.44 for 28 days it is
less than the target strength. Hence the suitability of rice husk ash replacements for high strength mixes should be checked.
Mahesh Bhai Prajapathi, Jayesh Kumar Pitroda [39] [2016] studied on partial replacement of cement with rice husk ash along
with steel fibre in M30 grade of concrete. The replacement of rice husk ash is done in proportions of 10%, 15% and 20% with
2% steel fibres, the study is done for rice husk replacement with two different types of steel fibres. There in an increasing trend
in compressive strength up to 15% addition and then followed a downward trend. The optimum results attained at (15% Rice
husk ash+2% Steel fibers (both types) mix proportion. Furthermore M.M. Sravanan, M. Sivaraja [40] [2016] investigated on
partial replacement of cement in M40 grade of concrete with rice husk ash in incremental proportions of 10% up to 30% along
with 0.5% basalt fibre to improve split tensile strength characteristics. Tests were conducted to assess split tensile strengths and it
was concluded that 10% addition of rice husk ash with 5%basalt fibre resulted in increase of split tensile strength when
compared to conventional concrete.
From the above studies it can said that R.H.A can be used as an effective partial replacement to cement in concrete which
saves economy , at lower grades the replacement is more efficient when compared to higher grades and attained good results. A
replacement of 10-15 % is suggested from studies for optimum results.

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Effective Utilization of Various Industrial Wastes in Concrete for Rigid Pavement Construction A Literature Review
(IJIRST/ Volume 3 / Issue 03/ 013)

III. SCOPE OF USAGE OF OTHER INDUSTRIAL WASTES

Above mentioned are materials on which prominent and significant researches are conducted in past and going on in present also
apart from them there are also different new types of industrial wastes on which there is only a few studies are carried out,
materials such as coconut shells, rubber scrap, recycled concrete aggregates, plastic wastes, waste tins, lagoon ash, sugar cane
bagasse ash, cement kiln dust, marble dust, metaoklin, granulated blast furnace slag, paper industry sludge, bottom ash, pond ash,
glass powder, foundry sand etc.. should also be experimented and investigated to find their usage potential in concrete making,
not only this combination of wastes and inclusion with fibres can also be experimented to attain improved results there by
reducing constructional costs of rigid pavements, reducing problems related to industrial wastes resulting in innovative and
sustainable pavement construction.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions can be drawn based on review of above mentioned studies
1) Based on investigations on cement replacement with fly ash a replacement within a range of 30-50% gave optimum results
for different mixes, cement replacement with fly ash is recommended for high strength concrete mixes also
2) The usage of quarry dust and relative stone dust material proved beneficial usage for 20- 25 % replacement for different
grades based on above studies , but when used as fine aggregate replacement studies showed that it can be replaced fully
also depending upon availability but optimum replacement rages from 40-50% replacement.
3) A partial replacement of cement with silica fume can be done up to 10-15% for attaining satisfactory results. Further
addition of fibers could enhance is strength
4) Experimental investigation on partial cement replacement of cement with fine ceramic waste can be done from 20-30%
without compromising design strength, when used as coarse aggregate a replacement level of up to 20% is suggested
5) Cement can be replaced with G.G.B.S in concrete up to 50% without considerable change in strength parameters as
suggested from above studies, the optimum results can be attained at 30-40% replacement levels.
6) Replacement of natural coarse aggregate enhances the properties of hardened concrete as per above mentioned studies and a
replacement range of 20-30% is suggested.
7) The partial replacement of cement with rice husk ash in concrete can be done within range of 10-15% as per studies for
attaining better results, the rice husk ash replacement is not recommended for high strength concretes as it is not highly
effective.
8) Laboratory investigations on more such types of new and innovative materials usage in concrete making should be
encouraged to achieve the goal of sustainable pavements construction
9) The utilization of these industrial wastes in rigid pavements are thus recommended in above proportions for usage
considering the studies conducted by above mentioned authors , although there may be possible changes based on working
conditions, quality of materials used and various of other such factors.
10) The usage of these wastes in pavement construction helps in reducing environmental disposal issues and there by leading to
sustainable construction
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Effective Utilization of Various Industrial Wastes in Concrete for Rigid Pavement Construction A Literature Review
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