Machine to machine

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Machine to machine refers to direct communication between devices using

any communications channel, including wired and wireless.[1][2] Machine to machine
communication can include industrial instrumentation, enabling a sensor or meter to
communicate the data it records (such as temperature, inventory level, etc.) to
application software that can use it (for example, adjusting an industrial process based on
temperature or placing orders to replenish inventory). [3] Such communication was originally
accomplished by having a remote network of machines relay information back to a central
hub for analysis, which would then be rerouted into a system like a personal computer.[4]
More recent machine to machine communication has changed into a system of networks
that transmits data to personal appliances. The expansion of IP networks around the world
has made machine to machine communication quicker and easier while using less power.
[5]
These networks also allow new business opportunities for consumers and suppliers. [6]
Contents
[hide]

1History
o

1.1In the 2000s

1.2In the 2010s

2Applications

3Networks in prognostics and health management

4Open initiatives

5See also

6References

7Further reading

History[edit]
Wired communication machines have been using signaling to exchange information since
the early 20th century. Machine to machine has taken more sophisticated forms since the
advent of computer networking automation[7] and predates cellular communication. It has
been utilized in applications such as telemetry, industrial, automation, SCADA.
Machine to machine devices that combined telephony and computing were first
conceptualized by Theodore Paraskevakos while working on his Caller ID system in 1968,
later patented in the U.S. in 1973. This system, similar but distinct from the panel call
indicator of the 1920s and automatic number identification of the 1940s, which

communicated telephone numbers to machines, was the predecessor to what is now caller
ID, which communicates numbers to people.

The first caller identification receiver

Processing Chips

After several attempts and experiments, he realized that in order for the telephone to be
able to read the caller's telephone number, it must possess intelligence so he developed
the method in which the caller's number is transmitted to the called receiver's device. His
portable transmitter and receiver were reduced to practice in 1971 in a Boeing facility in
Huntsville, Alabama, representing the world's first working prototypes of caller identification
devices (shown at right). They were installed at Peoples' Telephone Company in Leesburg,
Alabama and in Athens, Greece where they were demonstrated to several telephone
companies with great success. This method was the basis for modern-day Caller ID
technology. He was also the first to introduce the concepts of intelligence, data processing
and visual display screens into telephones which gave rise to the smartphone. [8]
In 1977, Paraskevakos started Metretek, Inc. in Melbourne, FL to conduct
commercial automatic meter reading and load management for electrical services which led
to the "smart grid" and "smart meter". To achieve mass appeal, Paraskevakos sought to
reduce the size of the transmitter and the time of transmission through telephone lines by
creating a single chip processing and transmission method. Motorola was contracted in
1978 to develop and produce the single chip, but the chip was too large for Motorola's
capabilities at that time. As a result, it became two separate chips (shown at right).
While cellular is becoming more common, many machines still use landlines (POTS, DSL,
cable) to connect to the IP network. The cellular M2M communications industry emerged in
1995 when Siemens set up a department inside its mobile phones business unit to develop
and launch a GSM data module called "M1"[9] based on the Siemens mobile phone S6 for
M2M industrial applications, enabling machines to communicate over wireless networks. In
October 2000, the modules department formed a separate business unit inside Siemens

called "Wireless Modules" which in June 2008 became a standalone company

called Cinterion Wireless Modules. The first M1 module was used for early point of
sale (POS) terminals, in vehicle telematics, remote monitoring and tracking and tracing
applications. Machine to machine technology was first embraced by early implementers
such as GM and Hughes Electronics Corporation who realized the benefits and future
potential of the technology. By 1997, machine to machine wireless technology became
more prevalent and sophisticated as ruggedized modules were developed and launched for
the specific needs of different vertical markets such as automotive telematics.
21st century machine to machine data modules have newer features and capabilities such
as onboard global positioning (GPS) technology, flexible land grid array surface mounting,
embedded machine to machine optimized smart cards (like phone SIMs) known as MIMs or
machine to machine identification modules, and embedded Java, an important enabling
technology to accelerate the Internet of things (IOT). Another example of an early use
is OnStar's system of communication.[10]
The hardware components of a machine to machine network are manufactured by a few
key players. In 1998, Quake Global started designing and manufacturing machine to
machine satellite and terrestrial modems.[11] Initially relying heavily on ORBCOMM network
for its satellite communication services, Quake Global expanded its telecommunication
product offerings by engaging both satellite and terrestrial networks, which gave Quake
Global an edge in offering network agnostic[12] products.

In the 2000s[edit]
In 2004, Digi International began producing wireless gateways and routers. Shortly after in
2006, Digi purchased Max Stream, the manufacturer of XBee radios. These hardware
components allowed users to connect machines no matter how remote their location. Since
then, Digi has partnered with several companies to connect hundreds of thousands of
devices around the world.
In 2004, Christopher Lowery, a UK telecoms entrepreneur, founded Wyless Group, one of
the first Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNO) in the M2M space. Operations began in
the UK and Lowery published several patents introducing new features in data protection &
management, including Fixed IP Addressing combined with Platform Managed Connectivity
over VPNs. The company expanded to the US in 2008 and became T-Mobile's largest
partners on both sides of the Atlantic.
In 2006, Machine-to-Machine Intelligence (M2Mi) Corp started work with NASA to develop
automated machine to machine intelligence. Automated machine to machine intelligence
enables a wide variety of mechanisms including wired or wireless tools, sensors, devices,
server computers, robots, spacecraft and grid systems to communicate and exchange
information efficiently.[13]
In 2009, AT&T and Jasper Technologies, Inc. entered into an agreement to support the
creation of machine to machine devices jointly. They have stated that they will be trying to
drive further connectivity between consumer electronics and machine to machine wireless
networks, which would create a boost in speed and overall power of such devices. [14] 2009
also saw the introduction of real-time management of GSM and CDMA network services for
machine to machine applications with the launch of the PRiSMPro Platform from
machine to machine network provider KORE Telematics. The platform focused on making
multi-network management a critical component for efficiency improvements and costsavings in machine to machine device and network usage. [15]

Also in 2009, Wyless Group introduced PORTHOS, its multi-operator, multi-application,

device agnostic Open Data Management Platform. The company introduced a new industry
definition, Global Network Enabler, comprising customer-facing platform management of
networks, devices and applications.
Also in 2009, the Norwegian incumbent Telenor concluded ten years of machine to
machine research by setting up two entities serving the upper (services) and lower
(connectivity) parts of the value-chain. Telenor Connexion[16] in Sweden draws
on Vodafone's former research capabilities in subsidiary Europolitan and is in Europe's
market for services across such typical markets as logistics, fleet management, car safety,
healthcare, and smart metering of electricity consumption.[17] Telenor Objects has a similar
role supplying connectivity to machine to machine networks across Europe. Telefonica set
up a business branch of Telefnica Digital specialized in machine to machine with global
solutions for managed connectivity, transport and utilities and sustainability[18] In the UK,
Business MVNO Abica, commenced trials with Telehealth and Telecare applications which
required secure data transit via Private APN and HSPA+ connectivity.

In the 2010s[edit]
In early 2010 in the U.S., AT&T, KPN, Rogers, Telcel / America Movil and Jasper
Technologies, Inc. began to work together in the creation of a machine to machine site,
which will serve as a hub for developers in the field of machine to machine communication
electronics.[19] In February 2010, Vodafone, Verizon Wireless and nPhase (a joint
partnership of Qualcomm and Verizon) announced their strategic alliance to provide global
machine to machine solutions that would offer their customers an easy way to roll out
machine to machine solutions across Europe and the US. [20] In March
2010, Sprint and Axeda Corporation announced their strategic alliance for global M2M
solutions.[21] In January 2011, Aeris Communications, Inc. announced that it is providing
machine to machine telematics services for Hyundai Motor Corporation.[22] Partnerships like
these make it easier, faster and more cost-efficient for businesses to use machine to
machine. In June 2010, mobile messaging operator Tyntec announced the availability of its
high-reliability SMS services for M2M applications.
In March 2011, machine to machine network service provider KORE Wireless teamed with
Vodafone Group and Iridium Communications Inc., respectively, to make KORE Global
Connect network services available via cellular and satellite connectivity in more than 180
countries, with a single point for billing, support, logistics and relationship management.
Later that year, KORE acquired Australia-based Mach Communications Pty Ltd. in
response to increased M2M demand within Asia-Pacific markets.[23][24]
In April 2011, Ericsson acquired Telenor Connexion's machine to machine platform, in an
effort to get more technology and know-how in the growing sector.[25]
In August 2011, Ericsson announced that they have successfully completed the asset
purchase agreement to acquire Telenor Connexion's (machine to machine) technology
platform.[26]
Cloud connectivity is becoming a significant piece of the machine to machine solution as
cellular and wireless connection speeds increase. Machine to machine solutions providers
now offer platforms as a service (PaaS), which simplify machine networks by allowing
users to manage deployments remotely. Device Cloud by Etherios is a PaaS that can
integrate into the Salesforce.com platform and offers API's that can be used to develop a
custom application.

According to the independent wireless analyst firm Berg Insight, the number of cellular
network connections worldwide used for machine to machine communication was 47.7
million in 2008. The company forecasts that the number of machine to machine
connections will grow to 187 million by 2014.[27]
A research study from the E-Plus Group[28] shows that in 2010 2.3 million machine to
machine smart cards will be in the German market. According to the study, this figure will
rise in 2013 to over 5 million smart cards. The main growth driver is segment "tracking and
tracing" with an expected average growth rate of 30 percent. The fastest growing M2M
segment in Germany, with an average annual growth of 47 percent, will be the consumer
electronics segment.
In April 2013, OASIS MQTT standards group is formed with the goal of working on a
lightweight publish/subscribe reliable messaging transport protocol suitable for
communication in M2M/IoT contexts.[29] IBM and StormMQ chair this standards group and
Machine-to-Machine Intelligence (M2Mi) Corp is the secretary.[30] In May 2014, the
committee published the MQTT and NIST Cybersecurity Framework Version 1.0 committee
note to provide guidance for organizations wishing to deploy MQTT in a way consistent with
the NIST Framework for Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity.[31]
In May 2013, machine to machine network service providers KORE Telematics,
Oracle, Deutsche Telekom, Digi International, ORBCOMM and Telit formed the International
Machine to Machine Council (IMC). The first trade organization to service the entire
machine to machine ecosystem, the IMC aims at making machine to machine ubiquitous by
helping companies install and manage the communication between machines. [32][33]
In May 2013, Wyless Group introduced Wyless Connect, a Bundled Solution offering,
combining routing equipment and a managed solution for connectivity and implementation
of fail-over and back-up requirements for multi-branch businesses.
In September 2013, Wyless Group acquired a majority holding in T-M Data, an M2M
service provider in Brazil.
In February 2014, Wyless Group signed an agreement with T-Mobile US to implement a TMobile instance of the Wyless Porthos Data Management Platform, hosted at Interoute's
New York Data Centre. All T-Mobile's US M2M traffic would be managed by the Porthos
platform.
In April 2014, Wyless Group acquired Aspider Solutions M2M BV, a Netherlands M2M
service provider, operating in Netherlands, Germany and Belgium.
In April 2016, Wyless Group was acquired by KORE Telematics for an undisclosed sum,
making KORE the largest global non-MNO provider of M2M - IoT services with over 3
million deployments.

Applications[edit]

Commonplace consumer application

Wireless networks that are all interconnected can serve to improve production and
efficiency in various areas, including machinery that works on building cars and on letting
the developers of products know when certain products need to be taken in for
maintenance and for what reason. Such information serves to streamline products that
consumers buy and works to keep them all working at highest efficiency.[6]
Another application is to use wireless technology to monitor systems, such as utility meters.
This would allow the owner of the meter to know if certain elements have been tampered
with, which serves as a quality method to stop fraud.[citation needed] In Quebec, Rogers will
connect Hydro Quebec's central system with up to 600 Smart Meter collectors, which
aggregate data relayed from the province's 3.8-million Smart Meters.[citation needed] In the UK,
Telefonica won on a 1.78 billion ($2.4 billion) smart-meter contract to provide connectivity
services over a period of 15 years in the central and southern regions of the country. The
contract is the industrys biggest deal yet.[34]
A third application is to use wireless networks to update digital billboards. This allows
advertisers to display different messages based on time of day or day-of-week, and allows
quick global changes for messages, such as pricing changes for gasoline. [citation needed]
The industrial machine to machine market is undergoing a fast transformation as
enterprises are increasingly realizing the value of connecting geographically dispersed
people, devices, sensors and machines to corporate networks. Today, industries such as oil
and gas, precision agriculture, military, government, smart
cities/municipalities, manufacturing, and public utilities, among others, utilize machine to
machine technologies for a myriad of applications. Many companies have enabled complex
and efficient data networking technologies to provide capabilities such as high-speed data
transmission, mobile mesh networking, and 3G/4G cellular backhaul.
Telematics and in-vehicle entertainment is an area of focus for machine to machine
developers. Recent examples include Ford Motor Company, which has teamed with AT&T
to wirelessly connect Ford Focus Electric with an embedded wireless connection and
dedicated app that includes the ability for the owner to monitor and control vehicle charge

settings, plan single- or multiple-stop journeys, locate charging stations, pre-heat or cool
the car.[citation needed] In 2011, Audi partnered with T-Mobile and RACO Wireless to offer Audi
Connect. Audi Connect allows users access to news, weather, and fuel prices while turning
the vehicle into a secure mobile Wi-Fi hotspot, allowing passengers access to the Internet.
[35]

Networks in prognostics and health management[edit]

Machine to machine wireless networks can serve to improve the production and efficiency
of machines, to enhance the reliability and safety of complex systems, and to promote the
life-cycle management for key assets and products. By applying Prognostic and Health
Management (PHM) techniques in machine networks, the following goals can be achieved
or improved:

Near-zero downtime performance of machines and system;

Health management of a fleet of similar machines.

The application of intelligent analysis tools and Device-to-Business (D2B) TM informatics

platform form the basis of e-maintenance machine network that can lead to near-zero
downtime performance of machines and systems.[36] The e-maintenance machine network
provides integration between the factory floor system and e-business system, and thus
enables the real time decision making in terms of near-zero downtime, reducing
uncertainties and improved system performance.[37] In addition, with the help of highly
interconnected machine networks and advance intelligent analysis tools, several novel
maintenance types are made possible nowadays. For instance, the distant maintenance
without dispatching engineers on-site, the online maintenance without shutting down the
operating machines or systems, and the predictive maintenance before a machine failure
become catastrophic. All these benefits of e-maintenance machine network add up improve
the maintenance efficiency and transparency significantly.
As described in,[38] The framework of e-maintenance machine network consists of sensors,
data acquisition system, communication network, analytic agents, decision-making support
knowledge base, information synchronization interface and e-business system for decision
making. Initially, the sensors, controllers and operators with data acquisition are used to
collect the raw data from equipment and send it out to Data Transformation Layer
automatically via internet or intranet. The Data Transform Layer then employs signal
processing tools and feature extraction methods to convert the raw data into useful
information. This converted information often carries rich information about the reliability
and availability of machines or system and is more agreeable for intelligent analysis tools to
perform subsequent process. The Synchronization Module and Intelligent Tools comprise
the major processing power of the e-maintenance machine network and provide
optimization, prediction, clustering, classification, bench-marking and so on. The results
from this module can then be synchronized and shared with the e-business system on for
decision making. In real application, the synchronization module will provide connection
with other departments at the decision making level, like Enterprise Resource Planning
(ERP), Customer Relation Management (CRM) and Supply Chain Management (SCM).
Another application of machine to machine network is in the health management for a fleet
of similar machines using clustering approach. This method was introduced to address the
challenge of developing fault detection models for applications with non-stationary
operating regimes or with incomplete data. The overall methodology consists of two stages:

1) Fleet Clustering to group similar machines for sound comparison; 2) Local Cluster Fault
Detection to evaluate the similarity of individual machines to the fleet features. The purpose
of fleet clustering is to aggregate working units with similar configurations or working
conditions into a group for sound comparison and subsequently create local fault detection
models when global models cannot be established. Within the framework of peer to peer
comparison methodology, the machine to machine network is crucial to ensure the
instantaneous information share between different working units and thus form the basis of
fleet level health management technology.
The fleet level health management using clustering approach was patented for its
application in wind turbine health monitoring[39] after validated in a wind turbine fleet of three
distributed wind farms.[40] Different with other industrial devices with fixed or static regimes,
wind turbine's operating condition is greatly dictated by wind speed and other ambient
factors. Even though the multi-modeling methodology can be applicable in this scenario,
the number of wind turbines in a wind farm is almost infinite and may not present itself as a
practical solution. Instead, by leveraging on data generated from other similar turbines in
the network, this problem can be properly solved and local fault detection models can be
effective built. The results of wind turbine fleet level health management reported in [39]
[41]
demonstrated the effectiveness of applying a cluster-based fault detection methodology
in the wind turbine networks.
Fault detection for a horde of industrial robots experiences similar difficulties as lack of fault
detection models and dynamic operating condition. Industrial robots are crucial
in automotive manufacturing and perform different tasks as welding, material handling,
painting, etc. In this scenario, robotic maintenance becomes critical to ensure continuous
production and avoid downtime. Historically, the fault detection models for all the industrial
robots are trained similarly. Critical model parameters like training samples, components,
and alarming limits are set the same for all the units regardless of their different
functionalities. Even though these identical fault detection models can effectively identify
faults sometimes, numerous false alarms discourage users from trusting the reliability of
the system. However, within a machine network, industrial robots with similar tasks or
working regimes can be group together; the abnormal units in a cluster can then be
prioritized for maintenance via training based or instantaneous comparison. This peer to
peer comparison methodology inside a machine network could improve the fault detection
accuracy significantly.[40]

Open initiatives[edit]

Eclipse machine to machine industry working group (open communication

protocols, tools, and frameworks), the umbrella of various projects
including Koneki, Eclipse SCADA

ITU-T Focus Group M2M (global standardization initiative for a common

M2M service layer)[42]

3GPP studies security aspects for machine to machine (M2M) equipment, in

particular automatic SIM activation covering remote provisioning and change of
subscription.[43]

Weightless standard group focusing on using TV "white space" for M2M

XMPP (Jabber) protocol[44]

OASIS MQTT standards group working on a lightweight publish/subscribe reliable

messaging transport protocol suitable for communication in M2M/IoT contexts.[30]

Open Mobile Alliance (OMA_LWM2M) protocol[45]

RPMA (Ingenu)

Industrial Internet Consortium

See also[edit]

OpenGate

Plant floor communication

Process driven messaging service

Protocol converter

Smart, connected products

Universal gateway

References[edit]
1.

Jump up^ ""Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Communication Challenges Established

(U)SIM Card Technology" - GD". Gi-de.com. Retrieved 2014-01-21.

2.

Jump up^ "Machine to Machine (M2M) Technology in Demand Responsive

Commercial Buildings" (PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on September 30, 2008.
Retrieved 2014-01-21.

3.

Jump up^ "M2M: The Internet of 50 Billion Devices", WinWin Magazine, January
2010.

4.

Jump up^ "Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Communications", MobileIN.

5.

Jump up^ "How Machine-to-Machine Communication Works", HowStuffWorks.com

6.

^ Jump up to:a b Ephraim Schwartz (November 17, 2003). "When Machines

Speak". Info World.

7.

Jump up^ Consultative Committee for Space Data (May 1996). "Packet Telemetry
Service" (PDF). Packet Telemetry Service. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

8.

Jump up^ U.S. Patent #3,812,296/5-21-1974 (Apparatus for Generating and

Transmitting Digital Information), U.S. Patent #3,727,003/4-10-1973 (Decoding and Display
Apparatus for Groups of Pulse Trains), U.S. Patent #3,842,208/10-15-1974 (Sensor
Monitoring Device), U.S. Patent #4,241,237/12-23-1980 ("Apparatus and Method for
Remote Sensor Monitoring, Metering and Control")

9.

Jump up^ "Neue Produkte: GSM-Modul M1". computerwoche.de. Retrieved 201308-19.

10.

Jump up^ "The Rise of the Machine-to-Machine Sector", IT Business Edge.

11.

Jump up^ "Quake Global - San Diego, CA". Inc.com. Retrieved 2013-08-19.

12.

Jump up^ Asset tracking and monitoring has 'bright future:' One-on-one with
Quake Global, telecom Engine[dead link]

13.

Jump up^ "NASA - NASA and M2Mi Corp. to Develop 'Automated M2M
Intelligence'". Retrieved 26 June 2015.

14.

Jump up^ "AT&T, Jasper Technologies, Inc. Join Forces to Connect New
Categories of Consumer Electronics and Business Devices to Nation's Fastest Network",
Jasper Technologies, Inc. Telematics devices as provided by companies like Ctrack allows
data to be pushed from a vehicle or an asset using GSM and GPS to a server for use in a
business intelligence application. Such information may include driver behaviour, asset
condition and location.

15.

Jump up^ "M2M Evolution". M2M Evolution. Retrieved 2014-01-21.

16.

Jump up^ About us - Telenor Connexion. Retrieved October 20, 2010.

17.

Jump up^ Telenor Connexion Expands Machine-to-Machine Services Using Cisco

IP NGN Infrastructure - Cisco Systems, February 9, 2010.

18.

Jump up^ The place where m2m experts connect with you - Telefonica. Retrieved
December 17, 2013.

19.

Jump up^ "M2M.com". M2M.com. Retrieved 2014-01-21.

20.

Jump up^ Vodafone, Verizon Wireless and nPhase announce strategic alliance to
provide global M2M solutions, Vodafone press release, 12 March 2010.

21.

Jump up^ Sprint and Axeda Announce Alliance for Global M2M Solutions, Sprint
press release

22.

Jump up^ Telecommunications - Hyundai Selects Aeris Communications as

Telecommunications Carrier, article in Telecommunications Community eNewsletter.

23.

Jump up^ Tue, 05/21/2013 - 11:13am (2013-05-21). "Wireless Week". Wireless

Week. Retrieved 2014-01-21.

24.

Jump up^ "Mind Commerce". Blog.mindcommerce.com. Retrieved 2014-01-21.

25.

Jump up^ Apr 19, 2011 8:10 AM (2011-04-19). "Ericsson Acquires M2M Platform".
PCWorld. Retrieved 2014-02-25.

26.

Jump up^ Aug 24, 2011 (2011-08-24). "Ericsson completes acquisition of Telenor
Connexion's M2M technology platform". m2mnow. Retrieved 2014-02-25.

27.

Jump up^ The Global Wireless M2M Market, Berg Insight.

28.

Jump up^ "M2M Sim card market to reach 5 mln units by 2013 - study".
Telecompaper. 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2013-08-19.

29.

Jump up^ OASIS Members to Advance MQTT Standard for M2M/ IoT Reliable
Messaging, April 2013

30.

^ Jump up to:a b OASIS MQTT Standards Group

31.

Jump up^ MQTT and the NIST Cybersecurity Framework V1.0 published, May
2014

32.

Jump up^ "New Association Promotes Business Case for M2M".

Wirelessweek.com. 2013-05-21. Retrieved 2013-08-19.

33.

Jump up^ "Connected World magazine | International M2M Council Looks for
Vertical Opportunities". Connectedworldmag.com. 2013-05-29. Retrieved 2013-08-19.

34.

Jump up^ Morales, Alex (14 August 2013). "U.K. Prefers Telefonica for Biggest
Smart Meter Deal". Bloomberg. Retrieved 18 December 2013.

35.

Jump up^ Motorola il iDEN (2011-10-12). ""RACO and Audi partner to turn the A6,
A7 and A8 into moving mobile hotspots" (IntoMobile.com, 12 October 2011)".
Intomobile.com. Retrieved 2014-01-21.

36.

Jump up^ A. Muller, A. Crespo Marquez, and B. Iung (2008). "On the concept of emaintenance: review and current research" (PDF). Reliability Engineering & System
Safety. 93 (8): 11651187. doi:10.1016/j.ress.2007.08.006.

37.

Jump up^ A. Ali, Z. Chen, and J. Lee (2008). "Web-enabled platform for distributed
and dynamic decision-making systems". The International Journal of Advanced
Manufacturing Technology. 38: 12601270. doi:10.1007/s00170-007-1172-z.

38.

Jump up^ J. Lee, J. Ni, D. Djurdjanovic, H. Qiu, and H. Liao (2006). "Intelligent
prognostics tools and e-maintenance". Computers in industry. 57 (6): 476
489. doi:10.1016/j.compind.2006.02.014.

39.

^ Jump up to:a b E. R. Lapira, H. Al-Atat, and J. Lee, "Turbine-To-Turbine

Prognostics Technique For Wind Farms," ed: Google Patents, 2012.

40.

^ Jump up to:a b E. R. Lapira, "Fault detection in a network of similar machines using

clustering approach," 2012.

41.

Jump up^ E. Lapira, D. Brisset, H. D. Ardakani, D. Siegel, and J. Lee (2012).

"Wind turbine performance assessment using multi-regime modeling
approach". Renewable Energy. 45: 8695. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2012.02.018.

42.

Jump up^ "Focus Group on M2M Service Layer - ITU". International

Telecommunication Union. Retrieved July 6, 2016.

43.

Jump up^ "3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group

Services and System Aspects; Feasibility study on the security aspects of remote
provisioning and change of subscription for Machine to Machine (M2M) equipment
(Release 9)" (PDF). Retrieved July 6, 2016.

44.

Jump up^ "M2M Communications via XMPP" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-01-21.

45.

Jump up^ OMA_LWM2M

Further reading[edit]

Mark Fell. "Roadmap for the Emerging Internet of Things - Its Impact, Architecture
and Future Governance" (PDF). Carr & Strauss, United Kingdom, 2014.

Mark Fell. "Manifesto for Smarter Intervention in Complex Systems" (PDF). Carr &
Strauss, United Kingdom, 2013.

H. Wu; C. Zhu; R. J. La; X. Liu & Y. Zhang. "FASA: Accelerated S-ALOHA using
access history for event-driven M2M communications" (PDF). IEEE/ACM Transactions
on Networking, 2013.

Harald Naumann. "IoT M2M Cookbook - How to develop a device based on

Wireless Wide Area Network modules" (PDF). Self-published, 2014.

Mike Fahrion. "Internet of Things for the Modern M2M". Self-published, 2015.
[show]

Ambient intelligence
Categories:

Buzzwords

Service-oriented (business computing)

Machine to machine

Navigation menu

Not logged in

Talk

Contributions

Create account

Log in

Article
Talk
Read
Edit
View history

Search
Go

Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal

Recent changes
Contact page
Tools

What links here

Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages

Deutsch
Espaol

Franais

Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Magyar

Norsk bokml
Portugus

Svenska

Edit links

This page was last modified on 15 December 2016, at 00:06.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may
apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikip