1.

The following table gives the data collected during the course of a moving
observer study for a road section of 0.7km long. Calculate the flow in PCU/hr
in both directions of traffic assuming an equivalency factor of one per car, 3
for bus, and 2 for trucks. Calculate the journey speed and running speed.
The given data has 6 runs in each direction. For calculating flow, journey time and running
time, the average values of the observations in 6 trials in each direction has to be found out.
The Vehicles met in same direction and opposite direction has different types of vehicles.
Hence, they have to be converted to PCC values using given PCU factors of one per car, 3 for
bus, and 2 for trucks. These values are then averaged for each direction (North bound and
South bound respectively)
NORTH BOUND
Vehicles met in opposite
Run no.

1
2
3
4
5
6
Total
Average

Run no.

1
2
3
4
5
6
Total

Journey

Stop

time

time

(mins)

(mins)

Car

1.01
0.92
0.77
1.03
0.84
1.06
5.63
0.938

0.04
0.1
0.08
0.014
0.08
0.13
0.444
0.074

11
13
19
14
2
19
78

Journey

Stop

time

time

(mins)

(mins)

1
0.87
1.2
1.18
1.06
1.02
6.33

0.05
0.07
0.11
0.12
0.09
0.1
0.54

direction
Bus

direction
No. of
No. of
Truck

0
5
0
0
2
11
2
4
0
11
1
7
5
38
28.167
SOUTH ROAD
Vehicles met in opposite
direction
Car
10
2
23
7
8
11
61

Bus
0
0
1
0
0
0
1

Vehicles in the same

Overtakin

Overtaken

g vehicles
1
2
1
1
0
2
7
1.167

vehicles
0
1
1
0
1
1
4
0.667

Vehicles in the same

direction
No. of

No. of

Truck

Overtakin

Overtaken

2
3
6
1
1
8
21

g vehicles
1
1
2
2
1
2
9

vehicles
1
0
1
0
1
0
3

Average

1.055

0.09

17.667

1.5

0.5

The flow in each direction can be found out using the formulae
q n=

X s +Y n
t s+t n

q s=

And,

X n +Y s
t s +t n

Where,
qn is the flow in the North bound direction
Xn is the opposing traffic count of vehicles met when the test car was south bound
Yn is the Number of vehicles overtaking the test car minus the number of vehicles
overtaken by the test car when test car is North bound
qs is the flow in the South bound direction
Xn is the opposing traffic count of vehicles met when the test car was North bound
Ys is the Number of vehicles overtaking the test car minus the number of vehicles
overtaken by the test car when test car is North bound
ts and tn are the journey times of the test car in the South bound and North bound
directions respectively
Thus, for the given data,
q n=

X s +Y n 17.667+(1.1670.667)
=
=9.1154 PCUs/min 546.823 PCUs /hr
t s+t n
1.055+ 0.938

Similarly,
q s=

X n +Y s 28.167+(1.50.5)
=
=14.6715 PCUs/ min=877.926 PCUs/hr
t s +t n
1.055+ 0.938

Now, we have to find the mean journey times in each direction

tn=t n

Yn
qn

ts=t s

Ys
qs
tn
ts

is the mean journey time in the north bound direction

is the mean journey time in the south bound direction

tn is the journey time when test car travelled in the north bound direction
ts is the journey time when test car travelled in the south bound direction
Thus, for the given data,
tn=t n

Yn
1.1670.667
=0.938
=0.883 min
qn
9.1154

ts=t s

Ys
1.50.5
=1.055
=0.987 min
qs
14.6715

Now, Mean running time = Mean journey time Stop time

Running time (North Bound) = 0.883 0.074 = 0.809 min.
Running time (South Bound) = 0.987 0.080 = 0.987 min.
We have, Journey speed = Stretch length (0.7 km) / mean journey time
And, Running Speed = Stretch Length (0.7 km) / mean running time
The results are tabulated below,
Mean Time
FLOW

(minutes)

Average Speed (kmph)

(PCUs/hr)
Journey

Running

Journey

Running

0.883
0.987

0.809
0.897

47.54
42.57

51.89
46.84

NORTH
BOUND
SOUTH BOUND

546.823
877.926

2. Using the grouped speed data (kmph) shown in Table 1, calculate various
measures of central tendency and dispersion, and plot histogram, frequency
distribution curve, cumulative frequency curve.
The various measures of central tendency are Mean, Median and mode. The measures of
dispersion include Standard deviation, Variance, etc.
Speed
group
(kmph)

MidValue

Frequency

Cumulative

(kmph)

(f)

Frequency

Xm * f

X m X

(Xm)

15-20

17.5

-24.56

20-25

22.5

90

-19.56

25-30

27.5

13

247.5

-14.56

30-35

32.5

18

31

585

-9.56

35-40

37.5

35

66

1312.5

-4.56

40-45

42.5

42

108

1785

0.44

45-50

47.5

32

140

1520

5.44

50-55

52.5

20

160

1050

10.44

55-60

57.5

169

517.5

15.44

60-65

62.5

169

20.44

TOTAL

169

(a) Measures of Central Tendency:

(i) Mean:
X
( m f ) = 7107.5 =42.056 kmph
N
169
Mean=

(ii) Median:

X
f ( m X )

7107.5

0.00
1529.78
1906.95
1643.78
726.57
8.27
948.31
2181.45
2146.60
0.00
11091.72

n
B
2
Median=L+
w
G
where:
L is the lower class boundary of the group containing the median
n is the total number of values
B is the cumulative frequency of the groups before the median group
G is the frequency of the median group
w is the group width
n
169
B
66
2
2
Median=L+
w=40+
5=42.202 kmph
G
42

(iii) Mode:
Mode=L+

f mf m1
w
( f m f m1 )+(f mf m +1)

where:
L is the lower class boundary of the modal group
fm-1 is the frequency of the group before the modal group
fm is the frequency of the modal group
fm+1 is the frequency of the group after the modal group
w is the group width

Mode=40+

4235
5=42.058 kmph
( 4235 ) +(4232)

(b) Measures of dispersion:

(i) Variance:
f ( X m X )

( 2) = 11091.72 =66.022kmph
N1

1691
Variance=

(ii) Standard Deviation:

Frequency Histogram
50
40
30
No. of Vehicles Observed 20
10
0

Speed Group (kmph)

Standard Deviation= Variance= 66.022=8.12 kmph

Cumulative Frequency Distribution

Cumulative no. of vehicles observed

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Speed (kmph)

Frequency Distribution
50
40
30
No. of Vehicles Observed 20
10
0
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Speed (kmph)