THEORIES OF

PERSONALITY
REVIEWER
1. CARL JUNG (pg 76)
1875, Switzerland
~Analytical Psychology or
Jungian theory
~psyche/psychic
~unconsciousness- source
of consciousness
~personal & collective
unconscious
~archetypes
~psychological types:
a. basic attitudesextraversion & introversion
b. basic functions- thinking,
feeling, sensing, intuition
~self-realization
~synchronicity
~individuation &
transcendence
2. ALFRED ADLER (pg 99)
1870, Vienna, Austria
~Individual Psychology or
Adlerian theory
~explores individuation of
Jung
~human nature is driven by
the feeling of inferiority to
strive for superiority
~emphasized human
culture & society
~deny natural instinct to
give way to social relations
~Social interest- urge of
adapting to the conditions
of social envi.; sociallyoriented
~Finalism-looking toward
for what you have set to
achieve; goal-oriented
~Striving for superiority
~Style in life- birth order;
family constellation
~Creative self- climax of his
theory; it is unique with
each other
3. HARRY STACK
SULLIVAN (pg 111)
1892, Norwich, New York,
USA

~Interpersonal Psychiatry
~individuals dealing with
other people have their own
characteristic ways
~interpersonal relations
constitutes the personality
~anxiety & unawareness
~security operations- to
overcome anxiety &
unawareness:
a. Sublimation
b. Selective inattention
c. As if behavior
~Dynamism-pattern of
energy transformation that
characterizes an
individuals interpersonal
relations
~Self-system
a. good-me selfsublimation
b. bad-me self- s.i.
c. not-me self- as if
behavior
~Personification-group of
feelings, attitudes, &
thoughts that have arisen
out of ones interpersonal
experiences; can relate the
self to others
~Cognitive processes:
a. Parataxic experience
b. Prototaxic e.
c. Syntaxic e.
4. KAREN HORNEY (pg
125)
1885, Hamburg, Germany
~Psychoanalytic Social
Psychology
~Feminine Psychology
~forces in the society
influences personality
(social influences)
~one of who postulated
family therapy/theory using
family constellation/
genogram
~Basic anxiety- basic evil
(forces in the envi. To
provoke us to be insecure)
~Neurotic needs/trends
~Coping
mechanisms/strategies:
a. moving towardcompliance

b. moving against- hostility

c. moving awaydetachment
~ Basic orientation toward
life (subdivided to 10
neurotic needs):
a. self-effacing solution
b. self-expansive s.
c. resignation s.
~Real self & Idealized selfnormal and neurotic self
~Alienation- when r.s. & i.s.
are not congruent
5. ERICH FROMM (pg 136)
1900, Frankfurt, Germany
~ Psychoanalytic Social
Psychology
~also emphasizes social
forces
~concept of loneliness
~freedom is a basic human
condition that posits a
psychological problem
~how will human beings
respond to the
psychological problems
posed by freedom?:
a. They can work with one
another in a spirit of love to
create a society that will
optimally fulfill their needs.
b. They can escape from
the burden of freedom into
new dependencies &
submission.
~Basic conditions & needs:
a. relatedness
b. transcendence
c. rootedness
d. sense of identity
e. frame of orientation
f. excitation & stimulation
~Escape mechanisms:
a. authoritarianism
b. destructiveness
c. automaton conformity
~Biophilous characterseeks to live life
~Necrophilous characterseeks to destroy life
~1976- having mode
(possessions that a person
has) & being mode (fact of
existence)

6. ANNA FREUD (pg 151)

1895, Austria
~Psychoanalytic Child
Psychology
~Ego Analytic Psychology
~analyzed the ego strength
~ego can be trained
~her therapy stressed
productive, supportive, &
educational attitudes
~Diagnostic profilecollection assessment of an
individual; childhood
history, family, family
background; personal
inventory
~Developmental line- idego interactions; children
decrease dependence on
external controls & increase
ego mastery of themselves
7. ERIK ERIKSON (pg 153)
1902, Germany
~Psychosocial
Development Theory (8
stages)
~psychologist & sociologist
~he coined the word
psychosocial
~also expands ego strength
~structured the
psychosexual stages of
Freud until old age
~introduced the
psychodevelopment
throughout the lifespan
~in each stage, there is a
conflict that must be
resolved to develop the
virtue/ego strength
8. DAN MCADAMS (pg
167)
1954, USA
~Narrative Psychology
~modern psychologist
~thematic coherence/lines
~focuses on Generativity
~3 levels of personality:
a. dispositional traits
b. characteristic adaptationdesires, beliefs, concerns
c. integrative life
narratives- life stories that
leads to narrative identity

~5 Principles of Personality
Psychology
9. MELANIE KLEIN (pg
175)
1882, Austria (but British in
citizenship)
~Object Relations Theory
~devised therapeutic
techniques for children
~she coined the term
REPARATION (repairing;
done by counseling &
psychotherapy)
~paranoid-schizoid position
to depressive position (life
threatening disorder; needs
to undergo reparation)
10. HENRY MURRAY (pg
265)
1893, NYC, USA
~Personology (separate
total behavior into units)
~Proceeding- smallest unit
of behavior that has
beginning & an end
a. internal proceedingimagined behavior
b. external p.- real behavior
~one single behavior leads
to another single behaviorinterplay of interactionsSERIAL
~succession of
proceedings- goal-oriented
~Serial program- planned
series of proceedings which
leads toward a goal
~Ordination- mental
processes that governs
social processes
~Schedule- for
accommodating &
completing the needs &
goals by permitting them to
be expressed at different
times
~Id- positive & negative
impulses
~Superego- internalized
representation of the social
envi.
~Ego- organized,
discriminating, timebinding, reasoning,

resolving, and more selfconscious part of the

personality
~20 human needs
~Press- forces from objects
or persons that pushes you
to reach or hinder in
achieving your goal
a. alpha press- actual
properties/attributes of the
envi.
b. beta p.- individual
subjective perception of the
envi.
11. GORDON ALLPORT
(pg 255)
1897, Indiana, USA
~Personological Trait
Theory
~he first introduced traits
~first one to use
Humanistic Psychology
~definition of personality:
a. dynamic- changing &
active
b. organized
c. psychophysical- mind &
body
d. determined- structured
by the past & predisposing
the future
e. characteristic
~concept of TRAITS
a. Common traits
b. Personal dispositionscardinal d., central d.,
secondary d.
~Proprium- propriate
functions
~Functional Autonomy
12. RAYMOND CATTELL
(pg 277)
1905, England
~Factor Analytic Trait
Theory
~Trait is a mental structure,
an inference for what we
observe to account
regularity & consist energy
in our behavior
~Surface traits (cluster of
observable behaviors) &
Source traits (underlying
variables, ego strength)

~System of constructs is
complex
~Fluid & Crystallized
Intelligence
~he introduced several
psychometric tests
measuring personality &
intelligence
~16 PF Test
~Culture Fair Intelligence
Test
~he used Standard of Nine
(stanine) in his tests
~Big Five Personality TraitsO.C.E.A.N.
13. HANS EYSENCK (pg
303)
1916, Germany
~Biological Traits Theory
~he introduced his theory
in 1947
~personality based on
genetics & physiology
~P.E.N.
~Personality wheelinterrelation of traits
~Personality is based from
the body fluids
(temperaments)
14. GEORGE KELLY (pg
389)
1905, USA
~Personal Constructs
Theory
~Constructs- ways of
seeing the world
~Constructive Alternativism
~Fundamental Postulate &
Corollaries
1. Process of Construing
(anticipating):
a. construction
b. experience
c. choice

d. modulation
2. Structure of Construction
System:
a. dichotomy
b. organization
c. fragmentation
d. range
3. Social Embededness of
Construing:
a. individuality
b. communality
c. socialbility
15. CARL ROGERS (pg
343)
1902, California, USA
~Person-Centered Theory
~he was influenced by
phenomenology
~1961-All motivations are
from ACTUALIZING
TENDENCY (forces for
growth & development that
are innate)
~Fully-functioning person is
a self-actualizing person
~A self-actualizing person
is in touch with his inner
experiences leading to
growth-producing
organismic processes
(growth & dev.)
~5 Characteristics of a
Fully-Functioning Person:
a. Openness to experiences
b. Existential living
c. Organismic trust
d. Experiential freedom
e. Creativity
~Ideal & Real Self
~Congruence &
Incongruence
16. BURRHUS
FREDERICK SKINNER (pg
214)

1904, Pennsylvania, USA

~Operant Condition Theory
~Radical Behaviorism
~Learning principles:
a. + & - reinforcementincrease the rate of
response
b. Punishment- decrease
the rate of response
~Shaping
~Discrimination
~Generalization
~Extinction
17. ALBERT BANDURA
(pg 229)
1925, Canada
~Social Cognitive Theory
~Reciprocal Determinism
~Triadic Model of Reciprocal
Determinants:
a. overt behavior
b. environmental influences
c. personal factors
~environmental stimuli
influences our behavior
~Observational learninglearning through
interactions
~Imitation & Modeling
~3 factors that influences
modeling:
a. characteristics of the
model
b. attributes of the observer
c. reward consequences
associated with a behavior
~Self-regulation
~Self-efficacy

GOOD LUCK