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H+(aq) + A-(aq)
HA
acid
MOH
M+(aq) + OH-(aq)
base
HCl(g) + H2O(l)
Cl-(aq) + H3O+(aq)
acid
base
NH4+ + H2O
acid
base
base
acid
NH3 + H3O+
base
acid
3
base
F3B + :NH3
F3BNH3
summary
15.4 Salts
most of the rocks and minerals of Earths mantle
are salts of one kind or another
huge quantities of dissolved salts exist in the ocean
salts can be considered compounds derived from
acids and bases
base
acid
NaOH
HCl
NaCl
salt
salts are usually crystalline and have high melting
point and boiling point
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a double arrow (
) is used in the ionization
equation of soluble weak electrolyte to indicate
that the solution contains a considerable amount
of the un-ionized compound in equilibrium with
its ions in the solution
a single arrow (
) is used to indicate that the
electrolyte is essentially all in the ionic form in
the solution
ex. nitric acid a strong acid
HNO3(aq)
H+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
nitrous acid a weak acid
H+(aq) + NO2-(aq)
HNO2(aq)
strong and weak electrolytes
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15.9 Introduction to pH
the acidity of an aqueous solution depends on the
concentration of hydrogen ions
the pH scale of acidity negative logarithm of the
H+ concentration in moles per liter
pH = log[H+]
the pH of pure water at 25oC is 7
pH < 7.00 is an acidic solution
pH = 7.00 is a neutral solution
pH > 7.00 is a basic solution
the smaller the pH value, the more acidic the
solution
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15.10 Neutralization
neutralization the reaction of an acid and a base
to form a salt
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)
NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
(H+ + Cl-) + (Na+ + OH-)
Na+ + Cl- + H2O
Na+ and Cl- ions did not react, these ions are
called spectator ions
the net ionic equation:
H+ + OHH2 O
the amount of acid, base, or other species in a
sample can be determined by titration
the titration of an acid with a base
indicator
end point of the titration
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suspension
heating, stirring
starch + water
cloudy, opalescent dispersion
colloid a dispersion in which the dispersed
particles are larger than the solute ions or
molecules of a true solution and smaller than
the particles of a mechanical suspension
the size of colloidal particles: 1 nm ~ 1000 nm
eight types of colloids
true
solution
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