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4.24.2012

Davidv.Arroyo
Facts:
InFebruary2006,duetotheescapeofsomeMagdalomembersandthediscoveryofaplan(Oplan
HackleI)toassassinateGMAshedeclaredPP1017andistobeimplementedbyGO5.Thesaidlaw
wasaimedtosuppresslawlessnessandtheconnivanceofextremiststobringdownthegovernment.
PursuanttosuchPP,GMAcancelledallplanstocelebrateEDSAIandatthesametimerevokedall
permitsissuedforralliesandotherpublicorganization/meeting.Notwithstandingthecancellationoftheir
rallypermit,KMUheadRandolfDavidproceededtorallywhichledtohisarrest.Laterthatday,theDaily
Tribune,whichCachoOlivaresistheeditor,wasraidedbytheCIDGandtheyseizedandconfiscated
antiGMAarticlesandwriteups.Laterstill,anotherknownantiGMAnewsagency(Malaya)wasraided
andseized.Onthesameday,BeltranofAnakpawis,wasalsoarrested.Hisarrestwashowever
groundedonawarrantofarrestissuedwaybackin1985forhisactionsagainstMarcos.Hissupporters
cannotvisithiminjailbecauseofthecurrentimpositionofPP1017andGO5.InMarch,GMAissued
PP1021w/cdeclaredthatthestateofnationalemergencyceasedtoexist.Davidandsomeopposition
CongressmenaverredthatPP1017isunconstitutionalforithasnofactualbasisanditcannotbevalidly
declaredbythepresidentforsuchpowerisreposedinCongress.Alsosuchdeclarationisactuallya
declarationofmartiallaw.OlivaresCachoalsoaverredthattheemergencycontemplatedinthe
Constitutionarethoseofnaturalcalamitiesandthatsuchisanoverbreadth.PetitionersclaimthatPP
1017isanoverbreadthbecauseitencroachesuponprotectedandunprotectedrights.TheSolGen
arguedthattheissuehasbecomemootandacademicbyreasonoftheliftingofPP1017byvirtueof
thedeclarationofPP1021.TheSolGenaverredthatPP1017iswithinthepresidentscallingout
power,takecarepowerandtakeoverpower.
ISSUE:WhetherornotPP1017andGO5isconstitutional.
HELD:Theissuecannotbeconsideredasmootandacademicbyreasonoftheliftingofthequestioned
PP.Itisstillinfactoperativebecausetherearepartiesstillaffectedduetotheallegedviolationofthe
saidPP.Hence,theSCcantakecognitionofthecaseatbar.TheSCruledthatPP1017is
constitutionalinpartandatthesametimesomeprovisionsofwhichareunconstitutional.TheSCruled
inthefollowingway
ResolutionbytheSContheFactualBasisofitsdeclaration

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ThepetitionerswerenotabletoprovethatGMAhasfactualbasisinissuingPP1017andGO5.A
readingoftheSolicitorGeneralsConsolidatedCommentandMemorandumshowsadetailednarrationof
theeventsleadingtotheissuanceofPP1017,withsupportingreportsformingpartoftherecords.
MentionedaretheescapeoftheMagdaloGroup,theiraudaciousthreatoftheMagdaloDDay,the
defectionsinthemilitary,particularlyinthePhilippineMarines,andthereprovingstatementsfromthe
communistleaders.TherewasalsotheMinutesoftheIntelligenceReportandSecurityGroupofthe
PhilippineArmyshowingthegrowingalliancebetweentheNPAandthemilitary.Petitionerspresented
nothingtorefutesuchevents.Thus,absentanycontraryallegations,theCourtisconvincedthatthe
PresidentwasjustifiedinissuingPP1017callingformilitaryaid.Indeed,judgingtheseriousnessofthe
incidents,GMAwasnotexpectedtosimplyfoldherarmsanddonothingtopreventorsuppresswhat
shebelievedwaslawlessviolence,invasionorrebellion.However,theexerciseofsuchpowerorduty
mustnotstifleliberty.

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ResolutionbytheSContheOverbreadthTheory

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Firstandforemost,theoverbreadthdoctrineisananalyticaltooldevelopedfortestingontheirfaces
statutesinfreespeechcases.The7consolidatedcasesatbararenotprimarilyfreedomofspeech
cases.Also,aplainreadingofPP1017showsthatitisnotprimarilydirectedtospeechorevenspeech
relatedconduct.ItisactuallyacallupontheAFPtopreventorsuppressallformsoflawlessviolence.
Moreover,theoverbreadthdoctrineisnotintendedfortestingthevalidityofalawthatreflectslegitimate
stateinterestinmaintainingcomprehensivecontroloverharmful,constitutionallyunprotectedconduct.
Undoubtedly,lawlessviolence,insurrectionandrebellionareconsideredharmfulandconstitutionally
unprotectedconduct.Thus,claimsoffacialoverbreadthareentertainedincasesinvolvingstatutes
which,bytheirterms,seektoregulateonlyspokenwordsandagain,thatoverbreadthclaims,if
entertainedatall,havebeencurtailedwheninvokedagainstordinarycriminallawsthataresoughttobe
appliedtoprotectedconduct.Here,theincontrovertiblefactremainsthatPP1017pertainstoa
spectrumofconduct,notfreespeech,whichismanifestlysubjecttostateregulation.

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ResolutionbytheSContheCallingOutPowerDoctrine
OnthebasisofSec17,Art7oftheConstitution,GMAdeclaredPP1017.TheSCconsideredthe
Presidentscallingoutpowerasadiscretionarypowersolelyvestedinhiswisdom,itstressedthatthis
doesnotpreventanexaminationofwhethersuchpowerwasexercisedwithinpermissibleconstitutional
limitsorwhetheritwasexercisedinamannerconstitutinggraveabuseofdiscretion.TheSCruledthat
GMAhasvalidlydeclaredPP1017fortheConstitutiongrantsthePresident,asCommanderinChief,a
sequenceofgraduatedpowers.Fromthemosttotheleastbenign,theseare:thecallingoutpower,the
powertosuspendtheprivilegeofthewritofhabeascorpus,andthepowertodeclareMartialLaw.The
onlycriterionfortheexerciseofthecallingoutpoweristhatwheneveritbecomesnecessary,the
Presidentmaycallthearmedforcestopreventorsuppresslawlessviolence,invasionorrebellion.And
suchcriterionhasbeenmet.

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ResolutionbytheSContheTakeCareDoctrine
Pursuanttothe2ndsentenceofSec17,Art7oftheConstitution(Heshallensurethatthelawsbe
faithfullyexecuted.)thepresidentdeclaredPP1017.DavidetalaverredthatPP1017howeverviolated
Sec1,Art6oftheConstitutionforitarrogatedlegislativepowertothePresident.Suchpowerisvested
inCongress.Theyassailtheclausetoenforceobediencetoallthelawsandtoalldecrees,ordersand
regulationspromulgatedbymepersonallyoruponmydirection.TheSCnotedthatsuchprovisionis
similartothepowerthatgrantedformerPresidentMarcoslegislativepowers(asprovidedinPP1081).
TheSCruledthattheassailedPP1017isunconstitutionalinsofarasitgrantsGMAtheauthorityto
promulgatedecrees.LegislativepowerispeculiarlywithintheprovinceoftheLegislature.Sec1,Article
6categoricallystatesthat[t]helegislativepowershallbevestedintheCongressofthePhilippines
whichshallconsistofaSenateandaHouseofRepresentatives.Tobesure,neitherMartialLawnora
stateofrebellionnorastateofemergencycanjustifyGMA[sexerciseoflegislativepowerbyissuing
decrees.Thepresidentcanonlytakecareofthecarryingoutoflawsbutcannotcreateorenactlaws.
ResolutionbytheSContheTakeOverPowerDoctrine
ThepresidentcannotvalidlyorderthetakingoverofprivatecorporationsorinstitutionssuchastheDaily
TribunewithoutanyauthorityfromCongress.Ontheotherhand,thewordemergencycontemplatedin
theconstitutionisnotlimitedtonaturalcalamitiesbutratheritalsoincludesrebellion.TheSCmadea
distinctionthepresidentcandeclarethestateofnationalemergencybutherexerciseofemergency
powersdoesnotcomeautomaticallyafteritforsuchexerciseneedsauthorityfromCongress.The
authorityfromCongressmustbebasedonthefollowing:
1Theremustbeawarorotheremergency.
(2)Thedelegationmustbeforalimitedperiodonly.
(3)ThedelegationmustbesubjecttosuchrestrictionsastheCongressmayprescribe.
(4)TheemergencypowersmustbeexercisedtocarryoutanationalpolicydeclaredbyCongress.
ResolutionbytheSContheIssuethatPP1017isaMartialLawDeclaration
TheSCruledthatPP1017isnotaMartialLawdeclarationandisnottantamounttoit.Itisavalid
exerciseofthecallingoutpowerofthepresidentbythepresident.
PostedbyJayGerochiat11:56AM
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