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12TH-Science

Acknowledgeme
nt
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere
thanks to the Principal, Mr. Dolphie for his
encouragement and for all the facilities that he
provided for this project work. I sincerely
appreciate his magnanimity by taking me into his
fold for which I shall remain indebted to. I extend
my hearty thanks to Mr. Ankit Jain, Chemistry
teacher, who guided me to the successful
completion of this project. I take this opportunity to
express my deep sense of gratitude for her
invaluable guidance, constant encouragement,
immense motivation, which has sustained my
efforts at all the stages of this Project work.
I cant forget to offer my sincere thanks to parents
and also to my classmates who helped me to carry
out this project work successfully and for their

valuable advice and support, which I received from

them time to time.

ST. GEORGE CO-ED SR. SEC.


SCHOOL
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that NEERAJ HIRE, a student
of class XII-SCIENCE has successfully completed
the research on the below mentioned project under
the guidance of Mr. Ankit Jain (Subject Teacher)
during the year 2016-17 in partial fulfillment of
chemistry practical examination conducted CBSE.

Signature of principal
teacher

Signature of chemistry

CHEMISTRY IN
EVERYDAY LIFE

DRUGS AND
ALCOHOLS
WHAT IS DRUG??
Any substance, other than food, used in the
prevention, diagnosis, all aviation or treatment of a
disease is called a drug. A drug may also be
defined as a chemical which, when taken in some

way alter the body function. Drug is also known as


a medicine. Generally, the term drug is applied to
any stimulating or depressing substance that can
be habituating or addictive.

MEANING OF ADDICTION
Addiction is the habitual, psychological and
physiological dependence on a substance or
practice which is beyond voluntary control. A
person who is habituated to a substance or a
practice, especially a harmful one, is called an
addict.

CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
TYPE OF
DRUGS

EXAMPLES

EFFECTS

1. Sedatives
and
Tranquillizers

Barbiturates,
Benzodiazepine
s

Depress CNS
activity give
feeling of
calmness,
relaxation,
drowsiness.

2. Opiate
Narcotics

3.Stimulants

4.Hallucinogens

Opium,
morphine,
codeine, heroin

Suppress brain
activity,
Relaxed pain.

Amphetamines, Make a person


more wakeful,
Caffeine,
alert and active,
cocaine
cause
excitement.

LSQ, Mescalin,
psilocybin,
Ganja, chares,
Hashish

Alter thoughts,
feeling and
perceptions.

STRUCTURES OF SOME
MENTIONED DRUGS

Sedatives and Tranquillizers

Barbiturates Bbenzodiazepines

Opiate Narcotics

MORPHINECODEINE

HEROIN

Stimulants

CAFFEINE COCAINE

Hallucinogens

MESCALIN
PSILOCYBIN

COMBINATION OF DRUGS AND


ALCOHOLS
Some addicts use mixtures of drugs to have
immediate kick or charge. Simultaneous use of
drug and alcohol may produce dangerous effects,
including death. When barbiturates and alcohol are
taken together, each doubles the effect of the

other. A mixture of cocaine and heroin called speed


ball, gives spontaneous kick of cocaine and
prolonged pleasure of heroin.

Combination

Effect

1. Alcohol +
Barbiturates.

Markedly increased
depressant effect.

2. Alcohol +
Antihistamines.

Marked drowsiness.

3. Alcohol + Valium.

Dramatically increases
sedative effect.

4. Alcohol + Marijuana or
Hashish.

Decreased coordination
increased reaction time
impaired judgment.

5. Alcohol + Aspirin.

Increased changes of
damage to gastric
mucosa.

SOCIAL DISEASE - SMOKING,


DRINKING AND USE OF DRUGS

Smoking and drinking and use of drugs frequently


or regularly are social diseases. They adversely
affect the health of the addicts and the society.
Young people take to these habits for fun, show off
or curiosity, as an adventure or feeling of freedom,
or as a gesture of defiance against the elders who
themselves indulge in these activities but check
the youngsters. Other factors that make people
take to these vices are inability to face problems of
life indifference shown by members of the family,
and encouragement or pressure by friends.
Temporary escape from the life problems and
mental relaxation felt on taking the drugs in the
beginning increase persons interest in them. Soon
they become habitual and find it difficult to leave.
The daily dose to get the desired effect increases
with time.
As in other countries, the menace of drug addiction
is spreading in India also. A large number of our
young men and women have taken to intoxicants.
About 87.6% drug addicts are between the ages of
14 and 25 years.

TOBACCO
Sources
It is a native of South Africa, where the Red Indians
first started smoking. Now the tobacco plant has
spread the world over. It has large, quote to
lanceloate leaves and terminal clusters of tubular,
white or pink flowers.

Effect of Nicotine
(i) Stimulates conduction of nerve impulses.
(ii) Relaxes the muscles.
(iii) Releases adrenaline, increasing heart beat rate
and pressure.
(iv) Increased blood pressure due to smoking
chances the risk of heart diseases.
(v) Retards fetus growth in expecting mothers.
(vi) High concentration of nicotine paralyses nerve
cells.

ALCOHOL
Sources
Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, flammable, colorless
liquid having a penetrating odor and burning taste.
It is one of the products of the distillation of
fermented grains, fruit juices and starches with the
help of yeast enzymes. It is the principal
constituent and the intoxicating principle of wines.

Modes of Use
Alcohol is taken in low concentration, as the beer,
toddy and wine and in relatively high concentration
as arrack, brandy, whisky, rum, gin, vodka etc.

Addiction
Addiction to alcohol is called alcoholism. Alcoholics
are found in all sections of society. Alcohol causes
intoxication and thus, acts as a poison. The
drinkers begin with small doses, but many of them
soon start consuming large doses and become
addicts. By the time they realize that drinking is
adversely affecting them; it is too late to give it up.

What Happens when Alcohol gets in


stomach
Alcohol is quickly absorbed in the stomach and
upper part of small intestine and reaches all the
tissues in minutes. Its oxidation starts at once and
a large amount of heat is produced. Since heat is
not needed in the body, it is taken up by the blood
and carried to the skin for dissipation. Since the
receptors of heat are located in the skin, the rush
of blood to the skin gives a false impression of
warmth in the body. The blood supply of internal
organs is greatly reduced resulting in fall of
temperature in them. Energy released by alcohol is
not used in any life process. Rather the energy
derived from food is used up in ridding the body of
excess heat.

SOAPS AND
DETERGENTS
SOAPS
Soaps are the sodium and potassium salts of
the long chain carboxylic acid. A soap molecule
consists of a long hydrocarbon chain
(composed of carbons and hydrogen) with a
carboxylic acid on one end which is ionic
bonded to metal ion usually a sodium or
potassium.
A soap has a large non-ionic hydrocarbon
group and an ionic group COO-Na+.
EXAMPLES OF SOAPS
Sodium
stearate (Chemical
C17H35COO-Na+)

formula:

Sodium
palmitate (Chemical
C15H31COO-Na+)

formula:

Sodium
oleate (Chemical
C17H33COO-Na+)

formula:

Saponification
The process of making soap by the hydrolysis of
fats and oils with alkalies is called saponification.
Soap is made by heating animal fats or vegetable
oil with concentrated sodium hydroxide (NAOH).
Fat or Oil + NaOH Soap + Glycerol

MICELLES SOAP MOLECULES

Micelle

A soap molecule has two ends with different


properties.
(i) A long hydrocarbon part which is hydrophobic
(i.e. it dissolves in hydrocarbon).
(ii) A short ionic part containing COO-Na+ which is
hydrophilic (i.e. it dissolves in water).

WORKING OF MICELLES

MECHANISM OF SOAPS

When a dirty cloth is put in water containing


soap then the hydrocarbon ends of the soap
molecule in the micelle attach to the oil or
grease particles present on the surface of dirty
cloth. In this way the soap micelles entraps the
oily particles by using the hydrocarbon ends.
The ionic ends of the soap molecules remain
attached to the water when the dirty cloth is
agitated in soap solution. The oily particles
present on its surface gets dispersed in the
water due to which the cloth gets clean.

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES


Advantages
Soaps are eco-friendly and bio degradable.

Disadvantages
Soaps are not suitable in the hard water.
They have weak cleansing properties than
detergents.

DETERGENTS
Detergents are the sodium salts of long chain
benzene sulphuric acids.
Detergents are primarily surfactants, which
could be produced easily from petrochemicals.
Surfactants lower the surface tension of water,
essentially making it 'wetter' so that it is less
likely to stick to itself and more likely to
interact with oil and grease.
The ionic group is in a detergent is so3- Na+

EXAMPLES OF DETERGENTS
Two basic examples of well-known detergents
of the sulphonate group or the sulphate
group are:

CLEANSING ACTION OF
DETERGENTS
Synthetic detergents have the same type of
molecular structure as soaps i.e. a tadpole like
molecule having two parts at each end i.e., one
large non-polar hydrocarbon group that is
water repelling (hydrophobic) and one short
ionic group usually containing the or group
that is water attracting (hydrophilic). Thus the
cleansing action is exactly similar to that of
soaps whereby the formation of micelles
followed by emulsification occurs. However,
synthetic detergents can lather well even in
hard water. This is because they are soluble
sodium or potassium salts of sulphonic acid or
alkyl hydrogen sulphate and similarly form
soluble calcium or magnesium salts on reacting
with the calcium ions or magnesium ions
present in water. This is a major advantage of
the cleansing property of detergents over soap.

ADVANTAGES OF DETERGENTS
Since detergents are the salts of strong
acids they do not decompose in acidic
medium. Thus detergents can effectively
clean fabric even if the water is acidic.
Synthetic detergents are more soluble in
water than soaps.
They have a stronger cleansing action than
soaps.
As detergents are derived from petroleum
they save on natural vegetable oils, which
are important as essential cooking medium

DISADVANTAGES OF DETERGENTS
Many detergents are resistant to the action
of biological agents and thus are not
biodegradable. Their elimination from
municipal wastewaters by the usual
treatments is a problem.
They have a tendency to produce stable
foams in rivers that extend over several
hundred meters of the river water. This is
due to the effects of surfactants used in
their preparation. Thus they pose a danger
to aquatic life.
They tend to inhibit oxidation of organic
substances
present
in
wastewaters

because they form a sort of envelope


around them.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOAPS


AND DETERGENTS
SOAPS
They are metal salts of long chain higher
fatty acids.
These are prepared from vegetable oils and
animal fats.
They cannot be used effectively in hard
water as they produce scum i.e., insoluble
precipitates of Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+ etc.

DETERGENTS
These are sodium salts of long chain
hydrocarbons like alkyl sulphates or alkyl
benzene sulphonates.
They are prepared from hydrocarbons of
petroleum or coal.
These do not produce insoluble precipitates
in hard water. They are effective in soft,
hard or salt water.

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