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SAFETY 101:
Highlights from an
Introductory Safety Course
May 17, 2016
Wisconsin Safety Council Conference
T.W. Loushine, PhD, PE, CSP, CIH
Assoc. Prof. of Occ. & Env. Safety & Health
University of Wisconsin-Whitewater

Purpose of this Session

Review topics atypical of fundamental safety

seminars
foundational vs. applied/practical
Talk about ideas and concepts that will help you better
frame your perspective and approach to OSH issues
Share some online resources that you can use for selfstudy
Answer your questions

Note: Format follows my 5-module course

From Module 1:
Review the history of work, roles/responsibilities of the safety
professional, websites of NSC, BCSP, and ASSE, and watching two
documentaries (McWane Corp. and 1911 Triangle fire).

OSH is a field, not a profession (by definition)

Ferguson, LH & Ramsay, JD (2010) Development of a Profession, Professional

Safety, October issue

Less than 50% of OSH professionals do not have a safety degree (Brauer 2006)

All practitioners should be familiar with OSH professional organizations

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ASSE Code of Professional Conduct

In the fulfillment of my duties as a safety professional and as a member of the
Society, I shall:
1. Inform the public, employers, employees, clients and appropriate
authorities when professional judgment indicates that there is an
unacceptable level of risk.
2. Improve knowledge and skills through training, education and networking.
3. Perform professional services only in the area of competence.
4. Issue public statements in a truthful manner, and only within the
parameters of authority granted.
5. Serve as an agent and trustee, avoiding any appearance of conflict of
interest.
6. Assure equal opportunity to all.

Functions of the Safety Professional

(Based on ANSI Z590)

Anticipate, identify and evaluate hazardous conditions

and practices

Develop hazard control designs, methods, procedures,

and programs

Implement, administer and advise other on hazard

controls and hazard control programs

Measure, audit and evaluate the effectiveness of

hazard controls and hazard control programs

Major Figures & Events of OSH History

Industrial Revolution (1760-1840)
Scientific Management (F.W. Taylor)
Industrial Accident Prevention (H.W. Heinrich)
HIGHLY RECOMMEND YOU WATCH THESE VIDEOS:

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911)

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/triangle/player/

A Dangerous Business (The McWane Story)

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/mcwane/

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Industrial Revolution (late 1700s-early 1800s)

F.W. Taylors Scientific Management

Father of industrial engineering
First to bring time study into
the workplace

Tool specification
Piece-rate pay scale to motivate
production

Monotonous tasks (efficient)

with performance standards

(motivation) and management
control

Heinrichs Industrial Accident Prevention (1931)

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From Module 2:
Search, read/interpret, and properly cite OSHA standards, and
understand the OSHA inspection process.

Breaking Down the Standards

The CFR is first broken down into Titles
There are 50 Titles covering a wide range of regulations
The OSHA regulations are found in Title 29
Titles are divided into Parts
Parts represent the rules on a single program or function
Parts include 1900s (1904, 1910 ,1926)
Parts are further broken down into Sections which appear as
decimal numbers after the Part number

For example 29 CFR 1904.2

Sometimes in legal writing as 1904.2
Sections are divided into Paragraphs and sub-paragraphs

Top 10 most frequently cited standards

(Oct. 1, 2013, to Sept. 30, 2014)
1. 1926.501 - Fall Protection
2. 1910.1200 - Hazard Communication
3. 1926.451 - Scaffolding
4. 1910.134 - Respiratory Protection
5. 1910.178 - Powered Industrial Trucks
6. 1910.147 - Lockout/Tagout
7. 1926.1053 - Ladders
8. 1910.305 - Electrical, Wiring Methods
9. 1910.212 - Machine Guarding
10. 1910.303 - Electrical, General Requirements

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Top 10 Highest Penalties cited standards

(October 1, 2010 through September 30, 2011):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Fall protection, construction (29 CFR 1926.501)

Scaffolding, general requirements, construction (29 CFR 1926.451)
Control of hazardous energy (lockout/tagout), general industry (29 CFR
1910.147)
Machines, general requirements, general industry (29 CFR 1910.212)
Ladders, construction (29 CFR 1926.1053)
Excavations, requirements for protective systems (29 CFR 1926.652)
Powered industrial trucks, general industry (29 CFR 1910.178)
General duty clause (Section 5(a)(1) of the OSH Act)
Electrical, wiring methods, components and equipment, general industry (29
CFR 1910.305)
Electrical systems design, general requirements, general industry (29 CFR
1910.303)

10 most accessed GI standards (www.osha.gov)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Bloodborne Pathogens 1910.1030

Hazard Communication 1910.1200
Respiratory Protection 1910.134
Occupational Noise Exposure 1910.95
Powered Industrial Trucks 1910.178
Permit-required Confined Spaces 1910.146
Lockout/Tagout 1910.147
Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response 1910.120
Guarding Floor and Wall Openings and Holes 1910.23
Personal Protective Equipment 1910.132

Researching Standards
Given a situation/hazard, you should be able to find, cite, & interpret
OSHA requirements

Go to http://www.osha.gov/ and click on regulations tab

Begin by locating the section (19XX) by subject
Then look at Part number for the proper designated topic within
the subject

Then look at paragraph and subparagraph for final

statement/application of rule
As a beginner, you can also start at the Safety and Health Topics
Pages, and look at the links to regulations or PDF handouts

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Example of Search & Cite

6 foot high open edge work surface. Does it require railings or protection
from falls?

Look at subjects (general industry, 1910)Subpart D walking working surfaces

Read the sections under subpart D

.23, Guarding floor/wall openings? Yes!

(a) protection for floor openings? No.

(b) protection for wall openings and holes? No.
(c) protection of open-sided floors, platforms? Yes.

Read/interpret sub-paragraphs, items, sub-items

.22, General requirements? No.

Read the standard, based on paragraph

.21, Definitions? No.

(1) 4 feet or more shall be guarded by standard rail (e)(3)

Note requirements under (e)

Cited Std: 29 CFR 1910.23(c)(1) and 29 CFR 1910.23(e)

From Module 3:
The basis/beginning for any safety and health program is injury/illness reports
and databases and data collected from audits/inspections and incident
investigations reports. The results of data collection goes into OSHA
recordkeeping, workers compensation, and to improve the safety program.

There are other sessions at this conference addressing:

OSHA Recordkeeping
Workers Compensation
Injury and Accident Data Analysis
Hazard Identification and Workplace Auditing Techniques

Workplace safety is a continuously evolving picture

Requires multiple forms of assessment to clarify

Lets take a look at the Bureau of Labor Statistics

Bureau of Labor Statistics

Go to: www.bls.gov
Under subject areas tab, select workplace injuries
Two Important Reports:

Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI)

Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII)

Some results displayed on the right-hand side

We will discuss OSHA recordables in later

Delay in reports due to time needed for collection/verification/analysis

2013 revised CFOI, 2014 prelims due in August 2015

2013 SOII, 2014 SOII due in December 2015

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Incidence Rates
BLS How to calculate incidence rates:
http://www.bls.gov/iif/osheval.htm

Total Case IR = total number of OSHA recordable cases per 100 FTE
Days Away, Restricted, Transfer IR = number of DA or T/R recordable
cases per 100 FTE

IR = (# cases) x 200,000/(hours worked)

# workers x 2,000 hrs/yr can replace (hours worked)

200,000 represents 100 FTE working 2,000 hrs/yr

U.S. Workplace Fatalities

Dangerous Industries (by rate)

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Causes of Fatal Injuries

Highest Non-Fatal by Industry

Causes of Non-Fatal Injuries

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From Module 4:
Expose the student to a wide-range of technology, tools, and machinery that
contain hazards that need to be assessed and controlled to prevent injuries and
illnesses; as part of an effective safety and health program.

Building from Module 3s auditing, JHA, and hazard inspection techniques,

this module explores the Hierarchy of Controls and applies to:

Overexertion, Ergonomics, and Material Handling

Falls, Slips, Trips, Walking/Working Surfaces, and Ladder Safety
Struck-by/Caught-in (machine safeguarding and robot safety)
Electrical and Fire Safety
Lets take a look at the Hierarchy of Controls

Safeguarding (and Machine Guarding)

Prevent human contact with machine energy while working with or
around machines

OSHAs S&H Topic (29 CFR 1910.211-.219) :

http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/machineguarding/index.html
NIOSH Machine Safety webpage:
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/machine/
Manufacturers provide only a minimum level of guarding, and

companies tend to customize machines to their production needs,

therefore guards should be custom-made.

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Forms of Machine Hazards

Rotating, reciprocating, and
transverse motions

In-running nip points

Cutting actions
Punching, shearing, and bending
actions

All forms of machine (kinetic and

force) energy require special

attention to the design of effective
guarding

Point-of-Operation Protection Devices

Guarding attempts to prevent hand access (typically 3/8

inch) to point of operation, but allow for feed of product

NOTE: OSHA has an Amputation National Emphasis

Program (NEP) right now

Photo from http://www.ohscanada.com/news/a-miller-s-tale/1000157959/

Point of Operation Safeguards

Barriers or devices that (attempt) to

keep hands/body parts away from

point of operation while in operation

Built-in safeguards (considered to

design-out the hazard)

Barrier guards
Interlocking barrier guards
Automatic safeguarding devices
Light-beam or light-curtain, and twohanded actuators are common

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Administrative Controls
Job Rotation
Moving workers from task to task (limit too much)
Work Hardening
Make workers more fit for job by easing them in
Fit for Duty
Pre-screening for workers with certain attributes
Training
Education and skill development

Control of Hazardous Energy (LOTO)

For maintenance, inspection, or servicing, all

forms of machine energy needs to be isolated

and released prior to work

OSHAs Lock-out Tag-out (29 CFR 1910.147)

http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/controlhazardou
senergy/index.html

Employer is responsible for evaluating each

machine and developing procedures, training,

and equipment for shutdown and start-up

Safety Training
Training on how to do the job safely
vs. just doing the job

Identification of hazards, hazard

controls, and other forms of
protection

Tools and procedures to use

When to ask for help/assistance
What to do if you are injured
OSHA Stds require training

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Warning Signage
Notification/reminder of hazards
and what to avoid

ANSI Z535.2, Safety Signs

Personal Protective Equipment

When sources of injury or illness cannot be controlled at its

source, protection against exposure can be placed on the work

PPE H&S Topics (29 CFR 1910.95, .132-.138)

http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/personalprotectiveequipment/
PPE Program
Policy on usage (workers and visitors)
Evaluation and selection of proper types of PPE
Training program (use, inspection, storage, etc.)
Enforcement of use

Forms of PPE
Eye/Face
Hand/arm
Head/Feet
Body
Respiratory
Hearing
Fall prevent

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Selection and Training

Employer must document the process for selecting appropriate proper
PPE (JHA)

Employer must purchase, or make suitable funds available to

employees for purchase

Limitation of PPE: improper use, damaged, not used

Training should focus on:
Hazards and why PPE is needed
Selection, proper usage, and limitations of PPE
Demonstration of use, adjustment, or fit
Policies on use, storage, inspection, replacement, and emergencies

From Module 5:
Extending beyond the safety program elements and hazard
identification/assessment/control, today's safety professionals are expected to
have expertise/knowledge in health, worker behavior, and business.

Honestly, this module was meant to be a catch-all for the

remaining OSH issues.

Industrial Hygiene, Health Standards, NIOSH website

Hazard Communication (and GHS), reading SDS/MSDS
Elements of Respiratory Protection and Hearing Conservation
Programs

Purpose of Behavioral-Based Safety initiatives

OSH Trends
OSHA NEPs Recordkeeping, Underserved

Workers, Amputation hazards, Comprehensive

S&H Programs, etc.

LEAN safety (quality management)

Systems & Risk-based safety (ISO & ANSI)
Cost/benefit justified safety (business case)
Professionalization of the OSH Practice
Accreditation of degrees and licensure
Recognition of Valid and Reliable sources
and organizations

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Final Exam

Demonstrate what you learned in the course.

Post 10 items with 4 parts each.
You will be provided 10 accident video links:
1. Watch the video and identify the hazard(s)
2. Use BLS, OSHA, NIOSH to cite fatality/injury data on that type
of hazard

3.
4.

Properly cite the OSHA standard for the accident

Make recommendations for controls (using course materials,
OSHA, etc. and consider the hazard control hierarchy)

Each response will be graded on a scale of 0-10. Total of 100 pts

Time Permitting Hazard ID Photos

The following 17 slides contain photos of OSH issues

used for class discussion and training students to

properly identify, assess, and research safety and health
issues

Hazard Identification

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Hazard Identification

Hazard Identification

Hazard Identification

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Hazard Identification

Hazard Identification

Hazard Identification

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Hazard Identification

Hazard Identification

Hazard Identification

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Hazard Identification

Hazard Identification

Hazard Identification

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Hazard Identification

Hazard Identification

Hazard Identification

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What is he doing?!?

Thank you for attending.

Let me know if you want a copy
of this presentation.
Or Email me at loushint@uww.edu

Any Questions??

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