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ElectricalFaultCalculation|PositiveNegativeZeroSequenceImpedance

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BoschWAK24168IN
Fullyautomatic
Frontloading
WashingMachine(7
Kg,Grey)

Beforeapplyingproperelectricalprotectionsystem,itisnecessarytohavethroughknowledgeoftheconditionsofelectrical power system


during faults. The knowledge of electrical fault condition is required to deploy proper different protective relays in different locations of
electricalpowersystem.Informationregardingvaluesofmaximumandminimumfaultcurrents,voltagesunderthosefaultsinmagnitudeand
phaserelationwithrespecttothecurrentsatdifferentpartsofpowersystem,tobegatheredforproperapplicationofprotectionrelaysystem
inthosedifferentpartsoftheelectricalpowersystem.Collectingtheinformationfromdifferentparametersofthesystemisgenerallyknown
aselectricalfaultcalculation.

BoschWAK24268IN
Fullyautomatic
Frontloading
WashingMachine(7
Kg,silver/grey)

Faultcalculationbroadlymeanscalculationoffaultcurrentinanyelectricalpowersystem.Therearemainlythreestepsforcalculatingfaultsin
asystem.
1.Choiceofimpedancerotations.
2.Reductionofcomplicatedelectricalpowersystemnetworktosingleequivalentimpedance.
3.Electricalfaultcurrentsandvoltagescalculationbyusingsymmetricalcomponenttheory.

ImpedanceNotationofElectricalPowerSystem
Ifwelookatanyelectricalpowersystem,wewillfind,theseareseveralvoltagelevels.Forexample,supposeatypicalpowersystemwhere
electricalpowerisgeneratedat6.6kVthenthat132kVpoweristransmittedtoterminalsubstationwhereitissteppeddownto33kVand11
kVlevelsandthis11kVlevelmayfurtherstepdownto0.4kv.Hencefromthisexampleitisclearthatasamepowersystemnetworkmay
have different voltage levels. So calculation of fault at any location of the said system becomes much difficult and complicated it try to
calculateimpedanceofdifferentpartsofthesystemaccordingtotheirvoltagelevel.Thisdifficultycanbeavoidedifwecalculateimpedanceof
differentpartofthesysteminreferencetoasinglebasevalue.Thistechniqueiscalledimpedancenotation of power system. In other
wards, before electrical fault calculation, the system parameters, must be referred to "base quantities" and represented as uniform
systemofimpedanceineitherohmic,percentage,orperunitvalues.
Electricalpowerandvoltagearegenerallytakenasbasequantities.Inthreephasesystem,threephasepowerinMVAorKVAistakenasbase
powerandlinetolinevoltageinKVistakenasbasevoltage.Thebaseimpedanceofthesystemcanbecalculatedfromthesebasepowerand
basevoltage,asfollows,

Perunitisanimpedancevalueofanysystemisnothingbuttheradioofactualimpedanceofthesystemtothebaseimpedancevalue.

"Percentageimpedance"valuecanbecalculatedbymultiplying100withperunitvalue.

Againitissometimesrequiredtoconvertperunitvaluesreferredtonewbasevaluesforsimplifyingdifferentelectricalfaultcalculations.
Inthatcase,

The choice of impedance notation depends upon the complicity of the system. Generally base voltage of a system is so chosen that it
requiresminimumnumberoftransfers.
Suppose,onesystemasalargenumberof132KVoverheadlines,fewnumbersof33KVlinesandveryfewnumberof11KVlines.Thebase
voltage of the system can be chosen either as 132 KV or 33 KV or 11 KV, but here the best base voltages 132 KV, because it requires
minimumnumberoftransferduringfaultcalculation.

BoschWAK24268IN
Fullyautomatic
Frontloading
WashingMachine(7
Kg,silver/grey)

NetworkReduction
Afterchoosingthecorrectimpedancenotation,thenextstepistoreducenetworktoasingleimpedance.Forthisfirstwehavetoconvertthe
impedanceofallgenerators,lines,cables,transformertoacommonbasevalue.Thenweprepareaschematicdiagramofelectricalpower
systemshowingtheimpedancereferredtosamebasevalueofallthosegenerators,lines,cablesandtransformers.
The network then reduced to a common equivalent single impedance by using star/delta transformations. Separate impedance diagrams
shouldbepreparedforpositive,negativeandzerosequencenetworks.
Therephasefaultsareuniquesincetheyarebalancedi.e.symmetricalinthreephase,andcanbecalculatedfromthesinglephasepositive
sequenceimpedancediagram.Thereforethreephasefaultcurrentisobtainedby,

Where,Ifisthetotalthreephasefaultcurrent,visthephasetoneutralvoltagez1isthetotalpositivesequenceimpedanceofthesystem
assumingthatinthecalculation,impedancearerepresentedinohmsonavoltagebase.

SymmetricalComponentAnalysis
Theabovefaultcalculationismadeonassumptionofthreephasebalancedsystem.Thecalculationismadeforonephaseonlyasthecurrent
andvoltageconditionsaresameinallthreephases.Whenactualfaultsoccurinelectricalpowersystem,suchasphasetoearthfault,phase
tophasefaultanddoublephasetoearthfault,thesystembecomesunbalancedmeans,theconditionsofvoltagesandcurrentsinallphases
are no longer symmetrical. Such faults are solved by symmetrical component analysis. Generally three phase vector diagram may be
replacedbythreesetsofbalancedvectors.Onehasoppositeornegativephaserotation,secondhaspositivephaserotationandlastoneis
cophasal.Thatmeansthesevectorssetsaredescribedasnegative,positiveandzerosequence,respectively.


Theequationbetweenphaseandsequencequantitiesare,

Therefore,

Whereallquantitiesarereferredtothereferencephase"r".
Similarly a set of equations can be written for sequence currents also. From, voltage and current equations, one can easily determine the
sequence impedance of the system. The development of symmetrical component analysis depends upon the fact that in balanced
system of impedance, sequence currents can give rise only to voltage drops of the same sequence. Once the sequence networks are
available,thesecanbeconvertedtosingleequivalentimpedance.
LetusconsiderZ1,Z2andZ0aretheimpedanceofthesystemtotheflowofpositive,negativeandzerosequencecurrentrespectively.
Forearthfault

Phasetophasefaults

Doublephasetoearthfaults

Threephasefaults

If fault current in any particular branch of the network is required, the same can be calculated after combining the sequence components
flowinginthatbranch.Thisinvolvesthedistributionofsequencecomponentscurrentsasdeterminedbysolvingtheaboveequations,intheir
respective network according to their relative impedance. Voltages it any point of the network can also be determine once the sequence
componentcurrentsandsequenceimpedanceofeachbranchareknown.

SequenceImpedance

PositiveSequenceImpedance
Theimpedanceofferedbythesystemtotheflowofpositivesequencecurrentiscalledpositivesequenceimpedance.

NegativeSequenceImpedance
Theimpedanceofferedbythesystemtotheflowofnegativesequencecurrentiscallednegativesequenceimpedance.

ZeroSequenceImpedance

Theimpedanceofferedbythesystemtotheflowofzerosequencecurrentisknownaszerosequenceimpedance.
Inpreviousfaultcalculation,Z1,Z2andZ0arepositive,negativeandzerosequenceimpedancerespectively.Thesequenceimpedance
varieswiththetypeofpowersystemcomponentsunderconsideration:
1.Instaticandbalancedpowersystemcomponentsliketransformerandlines,thesequenceimpedanceofferedbythesystemarethe
same for positive and negative sequence currents. In other words, the positive sequence impedance and negative sequence
impedancearesamefortransformersandpowerlines.
2.Butincaseofrotatingmachinesthepositiveandnegativesequenceimpedancearedifferent.
3.Theassignmentofzerosequenceimpedancevaluesisamorecomplexone.Thisisbecausethethreezerosequencecurrentatany
pointinaelectricalpowersystem,beinginphase,donotsumtozerobutmustreturnthroughtheneutraland/orearth.Inthreephase
transformerandmachinefluxesduetozerosequencecomponentsdonotsumtozerointheyokeorfieldsystem.Theimpedancevery
widelydependinguponthephysicalarrangementofthemagneticcircuitsandwinding.
1.Thereactanceoftransmissionlinesofzerosequencecurrentscanbeabout3to5timesthepositivesequencecurrent,thelighter
valuebeingforlineswithoutearthwires.Thisisbecausethespacingbetweenthe"go"and"return"(i.e.neutraland/orearth)isso
muchgreaterthanforpositiveandnegativesequencecurrentswhichreturn(balance)withinthethreephaseconductorgroups.
2.Thezerosequencereactanceofamachineiscompoundedofleakageandwindingreactance,andasmallcomponentduetowinding
balance(dependsonwindingtritch).
3.Thezerosequencereactanceoftransformersdependsbothonwindingconnectionsanduponconstructionofcore.

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