Power Engineering- 1

ELL 303
By
Prof. Sukumar Mishra

Electrical Energy
Energy can be of any form such as heat, light, etc.
Electrical energy is opted as compared to other sources because

It can be transferred from one place to other economically at high efficiency.

All energies sources can be converted to electrical energy and vice versa.
Neither Source or utilisation of energy is in electrical form
Electric based mechanical, light, heat energy loads are easily controllable.
Bulk power transmission is possible with causing min/no damage to the
nature.

Basic Structure of Power system

Generating stations
11kV -33 kV
Control Power

Transmission lines
220kV 1100kV

Tie lines

Control Power

Sub-Transmission lines
33kV 132kV
Control Power

Large loads

Primary(11kV)
/ Secondary(400V) Distribution System

Small Consumer loads Three/

Single phase

Distributed
generation

Medium loads

Modern Power system

Generating stations
11kV -33 kV
Control Power

Transmission lines
220kV 1100kV

Tie lines

Control Power

Renewable
sources

Sub-Transmission lines
33kV 132kV
Control Power

Large loads

Primary(11kV)
/ Secondary(400V) Distribution System
Renewable
sources

Distributed
generation

Bi-directional power

Small Consumer loads Three/

Single phase

Medium loads

Generation
Total Electricity generation of world in 2014 is 23950 TWh [1]
Total installed capacity is 5,250 GW
Total worlds installed capacity

Total Indian installed capacity

Coal-2100GW (40%)

Coal -187.803 GW (60.8%)

Gas-262.5 GW (5%)

Gas- 25.282 GW (8.19%)

Hydro electric-17%

Hydro- 43.133 GW(13.96%)

Nuclear -10%

Nuclear- 5.780 GW(1.87%)

Oil-5%

Diesel- 0.919 GW (0.3%)

Others-7%

RES- 45.917 GW(14.87%)

Total = 5,250GW

Total= 308.834GW

Transmission lines
Ultra High Voltage (UHV) Lines (1000kV, 1100kV and 1200kV).
Extra High voltage (EHV) Lines (345, 400, 500, and 765 kV).
High Voltage (HV) Lines (100, 138, 161, and 230 kV).
China as working line of 1000kV
1,200-kV ultra-high voltage (UHV) test station along with experimental
lines in Bina, Madhya Pradesh.
Power grid corp. has proposed worlds first 1,200-kV transmission line for
commercial purpose, which will be constructed between Wardha and
Aurangabad in Maharashtra.
Till now, the power is transmitted on maximum 765kV /800kV (DC) lines in
India.

Advantage of a Grid System over Isolated One

Capacity utilisation
Reliability
Economic
Stable as more inertia
Valley filling

Single line Diagram representation

Generating stations
Basic definitions to understand power plants:
=

( )

1.

The average load determines the energy consumption over the day, while
the peak load along with considerations of standby capacity determines
plant capacity for meeting the load.

High load factor helps in drawing more energy from a given installation.

max( )

1.

Diversity factor =1, if all consumers are peak loaded at a time.

To satisfy this installed capacity should be much more large.
This can be avoided by distributing the consumer loads evenly over a
day through some incentives.
=

Generating stations
Conventional Sources:

Thermal coal
Nuclear
Hydro
Gas or Oil based

Unconventional sources:
solar,
wind
and tidal source

Alternator stator Windings

Thermal electric Generators (horizontal mounted)

Hydro electric Generators (Vertical mounted)

Alternator Rotor

Thermal electric Generators (horizontal mounted)

Hydro electric Generators (Vertical mounted)

Requirement of survival power / auxiliary power

Survival power can be defined as the power needed for avoiding the damage to the equipment
in case of supply failure. This power is required for

Turbine emergency oil pump

Jacking oil pumps

Barring gear of the turbines

Lubricating oil pumps

Compressors for Air blast CB operation

Emergency lighting

Battery chargers of units, station, and communication and telemetry system

As a general rule, the survival power requirement would be around 0.25-0.30% of the unit
capacity. Nuclear power plants should be supplied with survival power on priority basis.

Requirement of start up auxiliary power

The start-up power is the power required for the auxiliaries while the generating unit
is restored. The requirement of start-up power by various units is as follows:Nuclear &
Thermal

7 to 8% of the unit capacity

Hydro

0.5 to 1% of the unit capacity

Gas

1.5 to 2% of the unit capacity.

Synchronisation with Grid

Following parameters should be matched to have effective synchronisation
Phase sequence
Frequency
Voltage

Generator start up and Paralleling

Check the generator voltage by placing the voltmeter.

Generator's voltage is adjusted to have a voltage slightly above bus voltage.
Check the frequency of the bus.
Use synchroscope for proper positioning of the oncoming generator.
Governor control is adjusted observing the synchroscope until the synchroscope
pointer is rotating slowly in the clockwise direction.
This will insure that when the oncoming generator is connected to the bus it will
pick up a small portion of the load.

 If the synchroscope pointer is rotating in the counterclockwise direction, the

generator will become motorized and may trip the reverse power relay.
If the synchroscope pointer is rotating too fast in the clockwise direction, the
generator will assume too much load and could trip.
Close the generator circuit breaker when the synchroscope is 1 or 2 before the 12
o'clock position. This connects the oncoming generator to the bus.
Note: synchroscope should be rotating less than one revolution every 20 seconds
Phase angle differences should be minimized and no more than 5 degrees out of
phase when the circuit breaker contacts close.
It is also desirable that incoming and running voltages are matched as closely as
possible (matched within 2%) to minimize reactive power flow to or from the
electrical system.

Paralleling
Division of load between a.c. generators operating in parallel is a function of the
power input to the generators.
So, the governor control switches are used to balance load. Adjusting the governor
control switch in the "raise" direction causes that generator to pick up load, and
"lower" causes it to shed load.
While turning the governor control switches, the wattmeter of both machines must
be observed until the load is balanced between the two generators.
Next balance the inductive load (amperes) using the voltage adjusting rheostat of
the generators.
If the load is balanced with rated voltage and frequency being generated, the
paralleling operation has been successfully completed.

Load and Generation Balance

Load and generation balance is achieved by maintaining system frequency within
allowable limits using strategies
Restore loads in small increments (minimum & essential)
Smaller and radial loads to be restored prior to larger and network loads
Feeders with U/F relays are restored later (bypass until frequency stabilizes)

Load restoration based on load characteristics

Maintain frequency close to 50 Hz paying special attention to traction and other
fluctuating loads
Concerns:
Size of load pick up depends upon the rate of response of prime movers
Load pick up in large increments led to collapse of the restored systems

Generator Shut Down

If the generator is tripped off while still supplying a large load, the circuit breaker
contacts are subjected to severe induced arcing and may be damaged.
If the machine is operating alone, you can reduce the load by securing lights, pumps, and
other loads being supplied by the generator.
If the generator is operating in parallel, you must still unload the generator before. To
achieve this you must shift the load from one generator to another.
Once it has been established that the remaining generator will supply the load, the load
can be safely shifted to the remaining generator.

Trip the generator circuit breaker once it is completely unloaded.