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2)
27
"Ei E S Eh |nx il S*
+{nxvEh <i: EEh b"**
Ei (Agent), E (Object, Accusative), Eh (instrument)
|nx
28
29
by the agent for the accomplishment of an act. Pini states it by the Stra
"Ei{ii E*'. The instrument is that which is the most effective means
for the accomplishment of an action. In Pini's own words the Stra is
30
"+vq: xv: H
ll Hl& { Ei i:' 1
This is the only one 'Krika' on Krakas in Bhuaasra. Kaustubha
and Manaram also describe Krakas in detail. Bhaoji discusses on the
definition of Kraka and the real number of Krakas. In this he discusses the
conclusions which were already established by Patajali and Bharthari.
Bhaoji repeats Bhayakra in the definition of Kraka as 'karoti iti
2
krakam' . Bhaoji makes a theory in Kaustubha that all the Krakas are
various subdivisions of the main Kartkraka. This view is based on the
opinion of Bharthari and his commentator Helarja.
Bhaoji says
"{ixEv* ij {Svhihb{xv{EhiEnii{Ei in
nnk& Ei* Vxii{Ei iv& Ei&* ihbvhn{i ihb& Ei&*
+i B EEi EhEiin&*'
Here Bhaoji only follows Bharthari who says
31
Vi*
+lxxvx Y* 5
2)
{{ i* +x{Miz &* x R* i B i x
Ein|H n tiz{n& nixx vi* { <i ` i
6
+{nx Mx xn&....................
3)
+xEiE% S&*
nS{Snhb v|SUSVl*
ECnEli il zE**
These roots are known as Dvikarmakas.
is denied
32
H&', Bhakti is the agent which draws out longing. 'Abhila' is the longing
caused in one's own self for his own sake. Abhila can be seen in the
example H& i* and so in this example dative case cannot be
applied. In this way Bhaoji tries to explain some controversies through the
observations.
Krakas Acording to Ngea
Nagea in his Paramalaghumaj first of all describes the six
Krakas through a Krik thus
"Ei E S Eh |nx il S*
+{nxvEh <i& EEh b"
33
This means that Karttva is dependent on the efforts which lead to the state of
existence as in the cognition emerged from the usage ' Sj& i'
Karmatva
is
defined
'|Eivil|vxi{|V|Eivilixqi'
as
10
The
dependence of the result (fruit) of the said verb as a product of the action
resulted in the same verb. As all the verbs in Vykaraa are considered two
fold item viz. Phala and Vypra (fruit and action), the dependability of a
thing to the result side is termed into Karma. In the example Sj& Vi
(Caitra worships Hari) the root V indicates an action which results in the
9. Op.Cit. p.223.
10. Ibid. p.235.
34
The ability of a thing to act as the most attainable entity can be called as
11
35
appearance of her husband), the word 'pati' gets Sampradnatva and fourth
case is assigned to it.
Apdna as ikiEiiikiGVx|EiviSMi{nxi . In
the example 'v& {]{jE +fi&' (The inhabitants of Madhura are
richer than those of Palputra), separation can be mentioned by two
methods. First one is real and the other ideological or intellectual. Apdna
and its corresponding case, ablative, functions according to the separation
intellectually considered. In the example Oi +i (Rma comes
from the village), the agent is Rma and the action of going which leads to
reach a village is the product of separation indicated by the verb indicated.
According
to
Ngea,
15
Adhikaraa
is
12.
13.
14.
15.
Op.Cit. K N, p.251.
Ibid. K N, p.253
Ibid. K N, p.257
Ibid. K N, p.264
36
and action through the agent and object in a given statement. lnx M
{Si (he cooks food in a pot at the house) is an example. Here pot is the
abode through the agent.
Abhivypaka,
The case ah is used to denote certain relations like (ownerowned) xv& etc After explaining the meanings of Kraka and
Prtipadika, Pini has framed the rule ` with an intention to
exclude it from other Krakas. In the example Y& {& (king's man) the
meaning of the sentence is thus understood " a man closely related to the
king '.
ix iunxi*
Ghx{k l vx n&**'16
' iui +xi ix Gh +x{k l vx n&*
This means that the efficiency of any substance to bring out an action is
called Sdhana or Kraka.
16. V P , SS, v.1.
37
Kartkraka
Pini gives the definition of the agent as "ixj: Ei ". In an action
the meaning that is expressed most independently is known as Kart. i.e. the
agent is the one who employs accessories.
i* "
According to Bharthari, Kart is independent because of six reasons
1.
The agent has its power before other accessories begin their operation.
2.
The agent keeps himself above other accessories which means that
others are subordinates.
3.
All the other accessories act according to the direction given by the
agent.
4.
When the other accessories start their function, then also the agent, if
needed, can hold them back.
5.
6.
Hetu
To attain the Vivakitrtha, without depending on the Vypras and
which acts as a Nimitta is called Hetu. According
"ii|VE iS
38
Bharthari says-
"+xi i { xk ii*
+iv i Ih Ih n:**" 17
This term is used as prompter (in AS 3/1/26 and AS7/3/40) and cause
(in AS 2/3/23, AS2/3/20 etc.) by Pini
Karmakraka
Pini defines Karma as "Ei{ii E"* (AS1/4/49). Karma
(object) is defined as that which is most desired to be obtained by the agent by
a particular action.
Bharthari defines Karman as follows,
x EE i {it nx:*
] EJnnx ni {i**
xi S E S |{ Si jv i
ij{ii E Sivxk E{i** 18
39
"+nxx i |{ SS Eix{i*
Yxixi tSS{x{E** 19
i.e. +nx|{ (that which is attained in another way), +x{i
(that which is disliked by the agent), +Eli (that to which the name of any
other Kraka cannot be given) and +x{E (that which has already another
name ).
Karaa
Pini introduces Karaakraka with the Stra "vEi Eh "
(AS1/4/42). The Kraka which is most useful to carryout the Kriy is called
Karaa. Bharthari says.
"G& {x{kn{nxxi*
Ii n ij Ehi in i**"
20
"iiinxn x i li" 21
A thing becomes an instrument according to the intention of the
speaker. The example is lx {l n{x i* (He goes along the way on a
chariot with a lamp). In this sentence one can see more than one instrument.
19. Op.Cit.v.46
20. Ibid. v.90.
21. Ibid.v.91.
40
Sampradna
Pini defines Sampradna as "Eh |i |nx"
Sampradna is the one who is intended by Dnakriy. Bharthari says on
this Kraka as
22
Sampradna is that where desire to obtain is made by the object or with its
medium.
Apdna
Pini defines Apdna as "w{%{nx"* When the departure
takes place then that which is still firm is called Apdna. Bharthari
divides this Kraka into three.
i.e.
41
Adhikaraa
Pini defines Adhikaraa as +v%vEh* Through the agent and
object that which becomes the abode of action in the given passages is called
Adhikaraa. Bharthari defines Adhikaraa thus
"EiEiIri G *
={Ei Gr j%vEh i**'
24
3)
25
42
'If the entire material thing has a support the latter being material itself
must have a support that is ka. Parts are considered to be support of whole
thing and in the last resort atoms are the support of divisible things but ka
is the support of atoms. The existence of ka is based on the principle that
for grammarians what the word convey in the object. <n xIj +j i`i,
Here the word 'atra' must point to something and not to nothing. Whatever it
points to is ka. While ka is the support of all Siddha things (finished) it
26
is now considered that time is the support of all unfinished (Sdhya) things'
Time is the only cause of the birth, existence and delay and we can
regard the time as the support of all these three process. Bharthari opines that
time and space are the Adhikaraa of everything in the universe.
Genitive case
Pini introduces Genitive case with " ` ". When any of these
above six relations are not mentioned, then there becomes ea. There comes
the genitive case. The notable thing is that this eaahi is regarded as
Kraka by Bharthari. At the beginning of the easamuddea, Helrja, the
commentator of Vkyapadya says like this "<nx `l: {i: EEn
Si.
Ihxv:.
iiin{{ni" <i'
ij
El
EEni
El\S
27
43
Bharthari says-
"<inhG VxVxEn xv
nniliVxnG|i {EEikl{xMii i
29
: EE" .
Krakas in Candra
In Cndravykaraa a very few number of Stras are there to remember
and so it will be easier for the beginners to study grammar.
accomplishment of the action 'make' depends upon the pot. So pot is used as
'E]' . But according to Pini that which especially desired by the agent to
28. V P, S S. v.156.
29. V P, p. 392
44
Candra divides the Stra of Pini which defines the Karaa as "Ei
ii' and "Eh ". Here the first one means actions are always related to an
agent. Such agents should be indicated by the instrumental case, if they are not
otherwise represented. For eg:- Sjh Ei (It is done by Caitra). Here Caitra is
45
i" i.e. when departure of any object takes place from a point, that
point must be indicated using the fifth case. In the example " Oi
MSUi" (He goes from the Village), Village (O) is not the point of
departure. So there comes ablative case. In the place of w{%{nx
, hlx{i&,
+xniinCn\Sk{nVH
+xir
(AS1/4/24-31,
AS2/3/29) etc. , Candrcrya has only one Stra +v& {\S . We can
see the examples of all these Stras in the Cndravtti of +v& {\S*
46
E] +i (He sits in a mat). Here the action of sitting is supported by the mat
and so far the mat, locative case is employed. In the place of this Stra Pini
has two Stras. ie +vvEh
(AS1/4/45) and
{ivEh S
(AS2/3/36).
47
Krakas in Bhoja
Before going to the Krakas, Bhoja explains the sentence first. He gives
the definition of Vkya as "+Ji EEh C ". Then he
defines Krakas as " Gxk EE " ie The things which are responsible
for the accomplishment of an action, i.e. Agent etc. are known as Krakas.
This is explained in the Hdayahrii commentary with the verse of
Bharthari i.e.
" ix iunxi*
Ghx{k l vx n&**"
Mahbhyakra suggests that " G& +x{k i i ii
EE " which means the cause for the fulfillment of action is Kraka. Bhoja
has explained the Kraka according to the views of Patajali.
Bhoja defines the agent as "ixj& Ei " .The explanation for this is
'Gr |vxx Ii& EE& EiY i" i.e. the Kraka which is
48
the most important for attaining an action is called the agent. For eg:- nnk&
{Si *. Here Devadatta is the most important Kraka for attaining the action
of cooking. So Devadatta becomes the agent. This concept is different from
that of Pini. I.e. Pini employs '+xi ' as the head Stra and under that
comes Krakas. But according to Bhoja the agent is specified.
Bhoja gives the definition of Karma as that of Pini. i.e. Ei{ii
E i.e. object is that which is most desired by the agent for the
accomplishment of an action. This Karma is divided into three. Nirvartya,
Vikrya and Prpya. E] Ei ( He makes a mat) is the example.
49
recipient) with care and devotion. Here Bhoja combined the Vrtika " G
n&
Bhoja combines the views of Pini, Ktyyana and Patajali into
Stras. He does not use the head Stras like EE and +xi etc.
Bhoja defines first of all the Vkya (sentence). Then defines the
Krakas. He defines every Kraka but Vibhakti is not allotted along with the
Krakas. He combines Vrtikas also along with the Stras. +xi EE etc
50
is not treated as the head Stras. The continuity of the Stra can be seen in
Saraswatkahbharaa.
Thus it can be seen that the concept of Krakas in the schools of Pini,
Candra and Bhoja has much differences which are illustrated with examples in
the following chapters.
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