Key Notes

Chapter-11
Three Dimensional Geometry
Direction cosines of a line are the cosines of the angles made by the line with the positive direct
ions of the coordinate axes.

If l , m, n are the direct ion cosines of a line, then l2 + m 2 + n 2 = 1

Direct

ion

cosines

of

line

joining

two

points P(x1 , y1, z1 ) and Q(x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) are

x 2 x1 y 2 y1 z 2 z 2
,
,
PQ
PQ
PQ

PQ = (x 2 x1 )2 + (y2 y1 )2 + (z 2 z1 )2

Where

Direction ratios of a line are the numbers which are proportional to the direct ion cosines of a
line.

If l , m, n are the direct ion cosines and a, b, c are the direct ion ratios of a line
a

l=

a 2 + b 2 + c2 ,

Then,

m=

b
a 2 + b2 + c2 ,

n=

c
a 2 + b2 + c2

Skew lines are lines in space which are neither parallel nor intersecting. They lie in different
planes.

Angle between skew lines is the angle between two intersecting lines drawn from any point
(preferably through the origin) parallel to each of the skew lines.

If

l1 , m1, n1 and l2 , m2 , n2 are the direction cosines of two lines; and is the acute angle

between the two lines; then,

cos =

a1a 2 + b1b 2 + c1c 2

a12 + b12 + c12

a 22 + b 22 + c 22

Vector equation of a line that passes through the given point whose position vector is a and
parallel to a given vector b is r = a + b

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Key Notes

Equation of a line through a point

(x1, y1, z1 )

and having direct ion cosines l , m, n is

x x1 y y1 z z1
=
=
l
m
n

The vector equation of a line which passes through two points whose posit ion vectors are

a and b is r = a +(b a)

Cartesian equation of a line that passes through two points

(x1, y1, z1 )

and

(x 2, y2 , z 2 )

is

x x1
y y1
z z1
=
=
x 2 x1 y 2 y1 z 2 z1

If is the acute angle between r = a1 + b1 and r = a 2 + b 2 then,

x x1 y y1 z z1
=
=
l
m
n1
1
1
If

b.b 2
| b1 || b2 |

x x 2 y y2 z z2
=
=
l
m
n 2 are the equations of two lines, then the
2
2
and

acute angle between the two lines is given by

cos =

cos = l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n 2

Shortest distance between two skew lines is the line segment perpendicular to both the lines.
(b1 b2 ).(a 2 a1 )
b1 b2

Shortest distance between r = a1 + b1 and r = a 2 + b2

x x1 y y1 z z1
x x 2 y y2 z z2
=
=
=
=
a
b
c
a
b
c1 is
1
1
1
1
1
Shortest distance between the lines:
and

Distance between parallel lines r = a1 + b1 and r = a 2 + b2

(b) (a 2 a1 )
b1

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Key Notes

In the vector form, equation of a plane which is at a distance d from the origin, and n is the

unit vector normal to the plane through the origin is r.n = d

Equation of a plane which is at a distance of d from the origin and the direction cosines of the
normal to the plane as l, m, n is lx + my + nz = d .

The equation of a plane through a point whose posit ion vector is a and perpendicular to the
vector N is ( r - a

) . N=0

Equation of a plane perpendicular to a given line with direction ratios A, B, C and passing
through a given point

(x1, y1, z1 )

is

A(x x1 ) + B(y y1 ) + C(z z1 ) = 0

Equation of a plane passing through three non collinear points

x x1
x 2 x1
(x 2, y2 , z2 )and (x3, y3 , z3 ) is x 3 x1

Vector equation of a plane that contains three non collinear points having position vectors

a, b and c is ( r a). (b a) (c a) = 0

Equation of a plane that cuts the coordinates axes at

y y1 z z1
y2 y1 z 2 z1 = 0
y3 y1 z3 z1

(x1, y1, z1 )

( a,

0, 0 ) , ( 0, b, 0 ) and ( 0, 0, c )

is

x y z
+ + =1
a b c

Vector equation of a plane that p asses thro ugh the in the section of planes

r.n1 = d1 and r.n 2 = d 2 is r.(n1 + n 2 ) = d1 + d 2 where is any nonzero constant.

Cartesian equation of a plane that passes that passes through the intersection of two given
planes

A1x + B1y + C1z + D1 = 0 and A 2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 = 0 is

(A1x + B1y + C1z + D1 ) + (A 2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 = 0

Two lines

r = a1 + b1and r = a2 + b2

are coplanar if

(a2 a1 ).(b1 b2 ) = 0

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Key Notes

In the Cartesian form above lines passing through the points

y y2 z z2
=
b2
C2 are coplanar if

x 2 x1
a1
a2

A ( x1 , y1, z1 )

and

B ( x 2 , y2 z2 )

y2 y1 z 2 z1
b1
c1 = 0
b2
c2

r.n1 = d1
r.n 2 = d 2
In the vector form, if is the angle between the two planes,
and
, then
= cos 1

n1.n 2
n1 n 2
sin =

b.n
b n

The angle between the line r = a + b and the plane r .n = d

A x + B1y + C1z + D1 = 0 and A 2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 = 0 is

The angle between the planes 1
cos =

given by

A1A 2 + + B1B2 + C1C 2

A12

+ B12 + C12

A 22 + B22 + C 22

d a.n
The distance of a point whose position vector is a from the plane r .n = d is

The distance from a point

( x1, y1, z1 ) to the plane Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 is

Ax1 + By1 + Cz1 + D

A 2 + B2 + C 2

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